| Hyderabad State | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| State of India | |||||||||||||
| 1948–1956 | |||||||||||||
.svg) Hyderabad in India (1951) | |||||||||||||
| Area | |||||||||||||
| • Coordinates | 17°00′N78°50′E / 17.000°N 78.833°E /17.000; 78.833 | ||||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||||
• Hyderabad State formed fromPrincely State of Hyderabad | 17 September | ||||||||||||
• Reorganised and renamed asAndhra Pradesh | 31 October | ||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||
| Today part of | Telangana Maharashtra Karnataka | ||||||||||||
| States of India since 1947 | |||||||||||||
Hyderabad State was astate in theDominion and laterRepublic of India, formed after the accession of theState of Hyderabad into theUnion on 17 September 1948.[1] It existed from 1948 to 1956. Hyderabad State comprised present dayTelangana,Marathwada, andHyderabad-Karnataka.
Following theStates Reorganisation Act, which implemented a linguistic reorganisation of states, the Hyderabad state was dissolved. Its different regions were merged withAndhra State,Mysore State andBombay State respectively.[2]
TheAnnexation of Hyderabad (code-namedOperation Polo) was amilitary operation launched in September 1948 that resulted in theannexation of theprincely state ofHyderabad byIndia, which was dubbed a "police action".[3][4][5]
At the time ofpartition of India in 1947, the princely states of India, who in principle had self-government within their territories, were subject tosubsidiary alliances with theBritish, which gave control of external relations to the British. With theIndian Independence Act 1947, the British abandoned all such alliances, leaving the states with the option of opting for full independence.[6][7] However, by 1948 almost all hadacceded to either India or Pakistan. One major exception was that of the wealthiest and most powerful principality, Hyderabad, where the Nizam,MirOsman Ali Khan, Asaf Jah VII, a Muslim ruler who presided over a largely Hindu population, choseindependence and hoped to maintain this with anirregular army.[8]: 224 The Nizam was also beset by theTelangana rebellion, which he was unable to crush.[8]: 224
In November 1947, Hyderabad signed astandstill agreement with theDominion of India, continuing all previous arrangements except for the stationing of Indian troops in the state. India felt that the establishment of a Communist state in Hyderabad would be a threat to the country.[9][10] Nizam's power had weakened because of theTelangana Rebellion, which he could not put down. TheRazakars tried to ensure that Nizam's rule was maintained, however they proved unsuccessful. On 7 September,Jawaharlal Nehru gave an ultimatum to Nizam, demanding a ban of the Razakars and the return of Indian troops toSecunderabad.[11][12][13]India invaded the state on 13 September 1948, following a crippling economic blockade and multiple attempts at destabilising the state through railway disruptions, the bombing of government buildings, and raids on border villages.[14][15][16] After the defeat of the Razakars, the Nizam signed an instrument of accession, joining India.[17][18]
The operation led tomassive communal violence, at times perpetrated by the Indian Army.[19] The Sunderlal Committee, appointed by Indian prime ministerJawaharlal Nehru, concluded that between 30,000 and 40,000 people had died in total in the state, in a report which was not released until 2013.[20] Other responsible observers estimated the number of deaths to be 200,000 or higher.[21]
Following the Nizam's forces surrender on September 17, 1948, a military government headed byMajor General J. N. Chaudhuri who led Operation Polo was established. Afirman was issued by the Nizam on November 24, 1949 wherein he accepted henceforth the Indian Constitution to be applicable to the State of Hyderabad. TheInstrument of Accession was signed by the Nizam on January 25, 1950. Later the next day, as India became aRepublic on January 26, Nizam took over as theRaj Pramukh.[22]
On September 20, 1948, during the 359th meeting ofSecurity Council a representative from India informed that Nizam had instructed the representative of Hyderabad decided to withdraw the complaint from Security Council. On 22 September 1948 a cable sent by Nizam toSecretary General confirmed the same. The cable also stated that that Hyderabad delegation at United Nations ceased to have any authority to either representHyderabad or the Nizam. The Hyderabad delegation denied this, however on 24 September the delegation of Hyderabad confirmed the same and informed Security Council that Hyderabad State has surrendered and Government India had instructed Agents-General of Hyderabad to suspend all overseas activities.[23]
A military government headed byMajor General J. N. Chaudhuri who led Operation Polo was established. He stayed on as Military Governor till December 1949.[22]On 1 December 1949, the military government was dissolved and a civilian government headed byM. K. Vellodi was formed in its place. Later in 1952,Burgula Ramakrishna Rao became the second Chief Minister of Hyderabad State and the first democratically elected Chief Minister. The last NizamMir Osman Ali Khan continued as the head of state asRajpramukh till 1956 when Hyderabad State was split on linguistic basis and reorganised into three states.[24]
The state witnessedMulkhi agitation in 1952 by the locals after government jobs meant for the locals were given to non-locals.[citation needed]
| No | Portrait | Name | Term of office | Duration | Office(s) held | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  | Mir Osman Ali Khan | 26 January 1950 | 31 October 1956 | 6 years, 279 days | Rajpramukh |
| No | Portrait | Name | Term of office | Duration | Office(s) held | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  | Jayanto Nath Chaudhuri | 17 September 1948 | 1 December 1949 | 1 year, 75 days | Military Governor of Hyderabad |
| No | Portrait | Name | Term of office | Duration | Office(s) held | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  | M. K. Vellodi | 01 December 1949 | 6 March 1952 | 2 years, 96 days | Chief Minister of Hyderabad |
| No | Portrait | Name | Term of office | Duration | Office(s) held | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |  | Burgula Ramakrishna Rao | 6 March 1952 | 31 October 1956 | 4 years, 239 days | Chief Minister of Hyderabad |
In the firstState Assembly election in India, 1952, Dr.Burgula Ramakrishna Rao was elected Chief Minister of Hyderabad State. During this time there were violent agitations by someTelanganites to send back bureaucrats from Madras state, and to strictly implement 'Mulki-rules' (Local jobs for locals only), which was part of Hyderabad state law since 1919.[25]
Administratively, Hyderabad State was made up of sixteen districts, grouped into four divisions:[citation needed].
In 1956 during thereorganisation of the Indian states based along linguistic lines, the Telugu-speaking region of the state of Hyderabad State was merged withAndhra State. The Marathi speaking region was merged withBombay State and Kannada speaking region withMysore State.[citation needed]
TheStates Reorganisation Commission (SRC) was not in favour of an immediate merger of Telugu-speakingTelangana region of Hyderabad State withAndhra State, despite their common language. Para 378 of the SRC report saidOne of the principal causes of opposition of Vishalandhra also seems to be the apprehension felt by the educationally backward people of Telangana that they may be swamped and exploited by the more advanced people of the coastal areas.[citation needed]
Andhra and the Telugu speaking parts of Hyderabad State were merged to formAndhra Pradesh on 1 November 1956, after providing safeguards to Telangana in the form ofGentlemen's agreement. In June 2014, Andhra Pradesh was split and Telangana was created as a separate state.Hyderabad city remained as the joint capital of both Andhra Pradesh and Telangana for 10 years till 1st June 2024.[26]
| Part A States |  | |
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| Part B States | ||
| Part C States | ||
| Part D States | ||
| International | |
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| National | |
| Other | |
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