Relics of the Qutb Shahi and Nizam eras remain visible today; theCharminar has come to symbolise the city. By the end of the early modern era, the Mughal Empire had declined in the Deccan, and the Nizam's patronage attracted men of letters from various parts of the world.A distinctive culture arose from the amalgamation of local and migrated artisans, withpainting,handicraft,jewellery,literature,dialect andclothing prominent even today. Forits cuisine, the city is listed as acreative city of gastronomy byUNESCO. TheTelugu film industry based in the city is the highest-grossing film industry in India as of 2021[update].
Until the19th century, Hyderabad was known for itspearl industry and was nicknamed the "City of Pearls", and was the only trading centre forGolconda diamonds in the world. Many of the city's historical and traditionalbazaars remain open. Hyderabad's central location between theDeccan Plateau and theWestern Ghats, and industrialisation throughout the20th century attracted major Indian research, manufacturing, educational and financial institutions. Since the 1990s, the city has emerged as anIndian hub of pharmaceuticals and biotechnology and information technology. The formation of thespecial economic zones ofHardware Park andHITEC City, dedicated to information technology, has encouraged leading multinationals to set up operations in Hyderabad.
The nameHyderabad means "Haydar's City" or "Lion City", fromhaydar 'lion' andābād 'city', afterCaliphAli Ibn Abi Talib, also known as Haydar because of his lion-like valour in battle.[8] The city was originally calledBaghnagar ("city of gardens").[9][10] The European travellersvon Poser andThévenot found both names in use in the 17th century.[11][12][13]: 6 A popular legend suggests that the founder of the city,Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, named itBhagya-nagar ("fortunate city")[14] afterBhagmati, a localnautch (dancing girl) whom he married. She converted toIslam and adopted the titleHyder Mahal, the city being subsequently namedHyderabad in her honour.[13]: 6 [15]
The discovery ofMegalithic burial sites andcairn circles in thesuburbs of Hyderabad, in 1851 byPhilip Meadows Taylor, apolymath in the service of the Nizam, had provided evidence that the region in which the city stands has been inhabited since theStone Age.[18][19] In 2008, Archaeologists excavating near the city have unearthedIron Age sites that may date from 500 BCE.[20] The region comprising modern Hyderabad and its surroundings was ruled by theChalukya dynasty from 624 CE to 1075 CE.[21] Following the dissolution of the Chalukya empire into four parts in the 11th century, Golconda—now part of Hyderabad—came under the control of theKakatiya dynasty from 1158, whose seat of power was atWarangal—148 km (92 mi) northeast of modern Hyderabad.[22] The Kakatiya rulerGanapatideva (1199–1262) built ahilltopoutpost—later known asGolconda Fort—to defend their western region.[19]
The Kakatiya dynasty was reduced to a vassal of theKhalji dynasty in 1310 after its defeat by SultanAlauddin Khalji of theDelhi Sultanate. This lasted until 1321 when the Kakatiya dynasty was annexed byMalik Kafur, Khalji's general.[23] During this period, Khalji took theKoh-i-Noor diamond, which is said to have been mined from theKollur Mines of Golconda, to Delhi.[24]Muhammad bin Tughluq succeeded to the Delhi sultanate in 1325, bringing Warangal under the rule of theTughlaq dynasty;Malik Maqbul Tilangani was appointed its governor. In 1336 the regional chieftainsMusunuri Nayakas—who revolted against the Delhi sultanate in 1333—took Warangal under their direct control and declared it as their capital.[25] In 1347 whenAla-ud-Din Bahman Shah, a governor under bin Tughluq, rebelled against Delhi and established theBahmani Sultanate in theDeccan Plateau, withGulbarga—200 km (124 mi) west of Hyderabad—as its capital, both the neighbouring rulers Musunuri Nayakas of Warangal and Bahmani Sultans of Gulbarga engaged in many wars until 1364–65 when a peace treaty was signed and the Musunuri Nayakas ceded Golconda Fort to the Bahmani Sultan. The Bahmani Sultans ruled the region until 1518 and were the first independent Muslim rulers of the Deccan.[26][27][28]
In 1496Sultan Quli was appointed as a Bahmani governor of Telangana. He rebuilt, expanded andfortified the old mud fort of Golconda and named the city "Muhammad Nagar". In 1518, he revolted against the Bahmani Sultanate and established theQutb Shahi dynasty.[22][29][30] The fifth Qutb Shahi sultan,Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, established Hyderabad on the banks of the Musi River in 1591,[31][32] to avoid water shortages experienced at Golconda.[33] During his rule, he had theCharminar andMecca Masjid built in the city.[34] On 21 September 1687, the Golconda Sultanate came under the rule of theMughal emperorAurangzeb after ayear-long siege of the Golconda Fort.[35][36] The annexed city "Hyderabad" was renamedDarul Jihad (House of War),[37] whereas the main territories of the Golconda Sultanate were incorporated into the Mughal empire as the provinceHyderabad Subah.[38] Mughal rule in Hyderabad was administered by three main governors:Jan Sipar Khan (1688–1700), his sonRustam Dil Khan (1700–13) andMubariz Khan (1713–24).[39]
Modern history
In 1713, Mughal emperorFarrukhsiyar appointedMubariz Khan as Governor of Hyderabad. During his tenure, hefortified the city and controlled the internal and neighbouring threats.[40] In 1714 Farrukhsiyar appointedAsaf Jah I asViceroy of the Deccan—(administrator of six Mughal governorates) with the titleNizam-ul-Mulk (Administrator of the Realm). In 1721, he was appointed as Prime Minister of theMughal Empire.[41] His differences with the court nobles led him to resign from all the imperial responsibilities in 1723 and leave for Deccan.[42][43] Under the influence of Asaf Jah I's opponents, Mughal EmperorMuhammad Shah issued a decree toMubariz Khan, to stop Asaf Jah I which resulted in theBattle of Shakar Kheda.[42]: 93–94 In 1724, Asaf Jah I defeated Mubariz Khan to establish autonomy over theDeccan, named the regionHyderabad Deccan, and started what came to be known as theAsaf Jahi dynasty. Subsequent rulers retained the titleNizam ul-Mulk and were referred to as Asaf Jahi Nizams, orNizams of Hyderabad.[40][44] The death of Asaf Jah I in 1748 resulted in a period of political unrest as his sons and grandson—Nasir Jung (1748–1750),Muzaffar Jang (1750–1751) andSalabat Jung (1751–1762)—contended for the throne backed by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces. The accession ofAsaf Jah II, who reigned from 1762 to 1803, ended the instability. In 1768 he signed theTreaty of Masulipatam—by which theEast India Company in return for a fixed annual rent, got the right to control and collect the taxes atCoromandel Coast.[45]
A picture of a doubledecker bus in Hyderabad in the 1940s.Bus services were introduced in Hyderabad by 1932
Until 1874 there were no modern industries in Hyderabad. With the introduction of railways in the 1880s, four factories were built to the south and east ofHussain Sagar lake,[46] and during the early 20th century, Hyderabad was transformed into a modern city with the establishment oftransport services, underground drainage, running water,electricity, telecommunications, universities, industries, andBegumpet Airport. TheNizams ruled theprincely state ofHyderabad during theBritish Raj.[40][44]
Post-Independence
A mill with a canal connecting to Hussain Sagar lake. Following the introduction of railways in the 1880s, factories were built around the lake.
On 1 November 1956 the states of Indiawere reorganised by language. Hyderabad state was split into three parts, which were merged with neighbouring states to formMaharashtra,Karnataka andAndhra Pradesh. The nineTelugu- andUrdu-speaking districts of Hyderabad State in the Telangana region were merged with the Telugu-speakingAndhra State to create Andhra Pradesh,[51][52][53] with Hyderabad as its capital. Several protests, known collectively as theTelangana movement, attempted to invalidate the merger and demanded the creation of a new Telangana state. Major actions took place in 1969 and 1972, and a third began in 2010.[54] On 30 July 2013 the government of India declared that part of Andhra Pradesh would be split off to form a new Telangana state and that Hyderabad city would be the capital city and part of Telangana, while the city would also remain the capital of Andhra Pradesh for no more than ten years. On 3 October 2013 the Union Cabinet approved the proposal,[55] and in February 2014 both houses ofParliamentpassed theTelangana Bill. With the final assent of the President of India, Telangana state was formed on 2 June 2014.
A satellite view of Hyderabad captured bySentinel-2A, the yellow and brown colours feature the city core, the light green showsarid fields and the dark green depicts vegetation. The Musi River and its adjacent small water bodies are highlighted with a blue colour.[56]
Hyderabad is 1,566 km (973 mi) south ofDelhi, 699 km (434 mi) southeast ofMumbai, and 570 km (350 mi) north ofBangalore by road.[57] It is situated in the southern part of Telangana in southeastern India,[58] along the banks of theMusi River, a tributary ofKrishna River located on theDeccan Plateau in the northern part of South India.[59][60][61] Greater Hyderabad covers 650 km2 (250 sq mi), making it one of the largest metropolitan areas in India.[62] With an average altitude of 542 m (1,778 ft), Hyderabad lies on predominantly sloping terrain of grey and pinkgranite, dotted with small hills, the highest beingBanjara Hills at 672 m (2,205 ft).[61][63]The city has numerous lakes sometime referred to assagar, meaning "sea". Examples include artificial lakes created by dams on the Musi, such as Hussain Sagar (built-in 1562 near the city centre),Osman Sagar andHimayat Sagar.[61][64] As of 1996[update], the city had 140 lakes and 834 water tanks (ponds).[65]
Climate
Hyderabad has atropical wet and dry climate (KöppenAw) bordering on a hotsemi-arid climate (KöppenBSh).[66] The annual mean temperature is 26.6 °C (79.9 °F); monthly mean temperatures are 21–33 °C (70–91 °F).[67] Summers (March–June) are hot and dry, with average highs in the mid-to-high 30s Celsius;[68] maximum temperatures often exceed 40 °C (104 °F) between April and June.[67] The coolest temperatures occur in December and January when the lowest temperature occasionally dips to 10 °C (50 °F).[67] May is the hottest month when daily temperatures range from 26–39 °C (79–102 °F); December, the coldest, has temperatures varying from 14.5–28 °C (58.1–82.4 °F).[68]
Heavy rain from thesouth-west summer monsoon falls between June and October, supplying Hyderabad with most of its mean annual rainfall.[68] Since records began in November 1891, the heaviest rainfall recorded in a 24-hour period was 241.5 mm (10 in) on 24 August 2000. The highest temperature ever recorded was 45.5 °C (114 °F) on 2 June 1966, and the lowest was 6.1 °C (43 °F) on 8 January 1946.[69] The city receives 2,731 hours of sunshine per year; maximum dailysunlight exposure occurs in February.[70]
Source 2: Tokyo Climate Center (mean temperatures 1991–2020)[76] Weather Atlas[77]
Hyderabad has been ranked 21st best "National Clean Air City" (under Category 1 >10L Population cities) in India according to 'Swachh Vayu Survekshan 2024 Results'[78]
According to theAndhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014 part 2 Section 5:[82] "(1) On and from the appointed day, Hyderabad in the existing State of Andhra Pradesh, shall be the common capital of the State of Telangana and the State of Andhra Pradesh for such period not exceeding ten years. (2) After the expiry of the period referred to in subsection (1), Hyderabad shall be the capital of the State of Telangana and there shall be a new capital for the State of Andhra Pradesh."
The same sections also define that the common capital includes the existing area designated as theGreater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation under the Hyderabad Municipal Corporation Act, 1955. As stipulated in sections 3 and 18(1) of the Reorganisation Act, city MLAs are members of the Telangana state assembly.
TheGreater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC) oversees the civic infrastructure of the city, there are six administrative zones of GHMC: South Zone–(Charminar), East Zone–(L. B. Nagar), West Zone–(Serilingampally), North Zone–(Kukatpally), Northeast Zone–(Secunderabad) and Central Zone–(Khairatabad); these zones consist of 30 "circles", which together encompass150 municipal wards. Each ward is represented by acorporator, elected by popular vote, as of 2020[update] the city has 7,400,000 voters of which 3,850,000 are male and 3,500,000 are female.[83] The corporators elect theMayor, who is thetitular head of GHMC; executive powers rest with the Municipal Commissioner, appointed by the state government. The GHMC carries out the city's infrastructural work such as building and maintenance of roads and drains, town planning including construction regulation, maintenance of municipal markets and parks, solid waste management, the issuing of birth and death certificates, the issuing of trade licences, collection of property tax, and community welfare services such as mother and child healthcare, and pre-school and non-formal education.[84] The GHMC was formed in April 2007 by merging theMunicipal Corporation of Hyderabad (MCH) with 12 municipalities of theHyderabad,Ranga Reddy andMedak districts covering a total area of 650 km2 (250 sq mi).[62]: 3 TheSecunderabad Cantonment Board is a civic administration agency overseeing an area of 40.1 km2 (15.5 sq mi),[85]: 93 where there are several military camps.[86]: 2 [87] TheOsmania University campus is administered independently by the university authority.[85]: 93 Appointed in February 2021,Gadwal Vijayalakshmi ofTelangana Rashtra Samithi (TRS) is serving as the mayor of GHMC.[88]
The jurisdictions of the city's administrative agencies are, in ascending order of size: the Hyderabad Police area, Hyderabad district, the GHMC area ("Hyderabad city"), and the area under theHyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA). The HMDA is an apolitical urban planning agency that covers the GHMC and its suburbs, extending to 54mandals in five districts encircling the city. It coordinates the development activities of GHMC and suburban municipalities and manages the administration of bodies such as theHyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (HMWSSB).[92]
The HMWSSB (Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply & Sewage Board) regulatesrainwater harvesting, sewerage services, and water supply. In 2005, the HMWSSB started operating a 116 km-long (72 mi) water supply pipeline fromNagarjuna Sagar Dam to meet increasing demand.[99][100] TheTelangana Southern Power Distribution Company Limited (TSPDCL) manages electricity supply.[101] As of 2014[update], there were 15fire stations in the city, operated by the Telangana State Disaster and Fire Response Department.[102] The government-ownedIndia Post has five head post offices and many sub-post offices in Hyderabad, which are complemented by private courier services.[61]
Pollution control
Hyderabad produces around 4,500 tonnes of solid waste daily, which is transported from collection units inImlibun,Yousufguda and Lower Tank Bund to the dumpsite inJawaharnagar.[103] Disposal is managed by the Integrated Solid Waste Management project which was started by the GHMC in 2010.[104] Rapid urbanisation and increased economic activity has led to increasedindustrial waste,air,noise andwater pollution, which is regulated by theTelangana Pollution Control Board (TPCB).[105][106] The contribution of different sources to air pollution in 2006 was: 20–50% from vehicles, 40–70% from a combination of vehicle discharge and road dust, 10–30% from industrial discharges and 3–10% from the burning of household rubbish.[107] Deaths resulting fromatmospheric particulate matter are estimated at 1,700–3,000 each year.[108][109][110] The city's "VIP areas", the Assembly building, Secretariat, and Telangana chief minister's office, have particularly lowair quality index ratings, suffering from high levels ofPM2.5's.[111]Ground water around Hyderabad, which has ahardness of up to 1000 ppm, around three times higher than is desirable,[112] is the main source of drinking water but the increasing population and consequent increase in demand has led to a decline in not only ground water but also river and lake levels.[113][114] This shortage is further exacerbated by inadequately treatedaffluent discharged from industrial treatment plants polluting the water sources of the city.[115]
TheNTR Gardens is among the gardens in the vicinity ofHussain Sagar lake serving as a recreation park.
The Commissionerate of Health and Family Welfare is responsible for planning, implementation and monitoring of all facilities related to health and preventive services.[116][117] As of 2010[update]–11, the city had 50 government hospitals,[118] 300 private and charity hospitals and 194 nursing homes providing around 12,000 hospital beds, fewer than half the required 25,000.[119] For every 10,000 people in the city, there are 17.6 hospital beds,[120] 9 specialist doctors, 14 nurses and 6 physicians.[119] The city has about 4,000 individual clinics.[121] Private clinics are preferred by many residents because of the distance to, poor quality of care at and long waiting times in government facilities,[122]: 60–61 despite the high proportion of the city's residents being covered by government health insurance: 24% according to a National Family Health Survey in 2005.[122]: 41 As of 2012[update], many new private hospitals of various sizes were opened or being built.[121] Hyderabad has outpatient and inpatient facilities that useUnani,homoeopathic andAyurvedic treatments.[123]
In the 2005 National Family Health Survey, it was reported that the city'stotal fertility rate is 1.8,[122]: 47 which is below thereplacement rate. Only 61% of children had been provided with all basicvaccines (BCG,measles and full courses ofpolio andDPT), fewer than in all other surveyed cities exceptMeerut.[122]: 98 The infantmortality rate was 35 per 1,000 live births, and the mortality rate for children under five was 41 per 1,000 live births.[122]: 97 The survey also reported that a third of women and a quarter of men are overweight or obese, 49% of children below 5 years areanaemic, and up to 20% of children are underweight,[122]: 44, 55–56 while more than 2% of women and 3% of men suffer fromdiabetes.[122]: 57
When theGHMC was created in 2007, the area occupied by the municipality increased from 175 km2 (68 sq mi) to 650 km2 (250 sq mi).[62][126] Consequently, the population increased by 87%, from 3,637,483 as of 2001[update] census to 6,809,970 as of 2011[update] census, 24% of which are migrants from elsewhere in India,[86]: 2 making Hyderabad the nation'sfourth most populous city.[1][3] As of 2011[update], the population density is 18,480/km2 (47,900/sq mi)[127] and the Hyderabad urban agglomeration had a population of 7,749,334 making it thesixth most populous urban agglomeration in the country.[3] as of 2011[update]census, there are 3,500,802 male and 3,309,168 female citizens—asex ratio of 945 females per 1000 males, higher than the national average of 926 per 1000.[128][129] Among children aged0–6 years, 373,794 are boys and 352,022 are girls—a ratio of 942 per 1000. Literacy stands at 83% (male 86%; female 80%), higher than the national average of 74.04%.[128][130] The socio-economic strata consist of 20%upper class, 50%middle class and 30%working class.[131]
Hindus are in the majority. Muslims form a very large minority and are present throughout the city and predominate in and aroundthe Old City of Hyderabad. There are also Christian, Sikh, Jain, Buddhist and Parsi communities and iconicchurches,mosques andtemples.[138] According to the 2011[update] census, the religious make-up of Greater Hyderabad was: Hindus (64.9%), Muslims (30.1%), Christians (2.8%), Jains (0.3%), Sikhs (0.3%) and Buddhists (0.1%); 1.5% did not state any religion.[139]
Telugu andUrdu are both official languages of the city, and most Hyderabadis are bilingual.[141] The Telugu dialect spoken in Hyderabad is calledTelangana Mandalika, and the Urdu spoken is calledDeccani.[142]: 1869–70 [143] English is a "Secondary official language" is pervasive in business and administration, and it is an important medium of instruction in education and publications.[144] A significant minority speak other languages, includingBengali,Hindi,Kannada,Marathi,Marwari,Odia,Punjabi andTamil.[132][failed verification]
Slums
As of 2012, in the greater metropolitan area, 13% of the population livebelow the poverty line.[145] According to a 2012 report submitted by GHMC to theWorld Bank, Hyderabad has 1,476 slums with a total population of 1.7 million, of whom 66% live in 985 slums in the "core" of the city (the part that formed Hyderabad before the April 2007 expansion) and the remaining 34% live in 491 suburban tenements.[146] About 22% of the slum-dwelling households had migrated from different parts of India in the last decade of the 20th century, and 63% claimed to have lived in the slums for more than 10 years.[86]: 55 Overall literacy in the slums is60–80% and female literacy is52–73%. A third of the slums have basic service connections, and the remainder depend on general public services provided by the government. There are 405 government schools, 267 government-aided schools, 175 private schools, and 528 community halls in the slum areas.[147]: 70 According to a 2008 survey by the Centre for Good Governance, 87.6% of the slum-dwelling households arenuclear families, 18% are very poor, with an income up to₹20,000 (US$230) per annum, 73% live below the poverty line (a standard poverty line recognised by the Andhra Pradesh Government is₹24,000 (US$270) per annum), 27% of thechief wage earners (CWE) arecasual labour and 38% of the CWE are illiterate. About 3.7% of the slum children aged 5–14 do not go to school and 3.2% work aschild labour, of whom 64% are boys and 36% are girls. The largest employers of child labour are street shops and construction sites. Among the working children, 35% are engaged in hazardous jobs.[86]: 59
The historic city established by Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah on the southern side of the Musi River forms the heritage region of Hyderabad called thePurana Shahar (Old City), while the "New City" encompasses the urbanised area on the northern banks. The two are connected by many bridges across the river, the oldest of which isPurana Pul—("old bridge") built in 1578 AD.[148] Hyderabad istwinned with neighbouringSecunderabad, to which it is connected byHussain Sagar.[149]
Qutb Shahi architecture of the 16th and early 17th centuries followed classicalPersian architecture featuring domes and colossal arches.[160] The oldest surviving Qutb Shahi structure in Hyderabad is the ruins of the Golconda Fort built in the 16th century. Most of the historical bazaars that still exist were constructed on the street north ofCharminar towards the fort. The Charminar has become an icon of the city; located in the centre of old Hyderabad, it is a square structure with sides 20 m (66 ft) long and four grand arches each facing a road. At each corner stands a 56 m (184 ft)-high minaret. The Charminar, Golconda Fort and theQutb Shahi tombs are considered to bemonuments of national importance in India; in 2010 the Indian government proposed that the sites be listed forUNESCO World Heritage status.[157][161][162]: 11–18 [163]
Recent estimates of the economy of Hyderabad's metropolitan area have ranged fromUS$40-US$74 billion (PPPGDP), and have ranked it eitherfifth- or sixth- most productive metro area of India.[169] Hyderabad is the largest contributor to thegross domestic product (GDP), tax and other revenues, of Telangana, and the sixth largest deposit centre and fourth largest credit centre nationwide, as ranked by theReserve Bank of India (RBI) in June 2012.[170] Its per capita annual income in 2011 was₹44,300 (US$510).[171] As of 2006[update], the largest employers in the city were the state government (113,098 employees) and central government (85,155).[172] According to a 2005 survey, 77% of males and 19% of females in the city were employed.[173] Theservice industry remains dominant in the city, and 90% of the employed workforce is engaged in this sector.[174]
Hyderabad's commercial markets are divided into four sectors: central business districts,[184] sub-central business centres, neighbourhood business centres and local business centres.[185] Many traditional and historicbazaars are located throughout the city, Laad Bazaar being the prominent among all is popular for selling a variety of traditional and cultural antique wares, along with gems and pearls.[186][187]
The establishment ofIndian Drugs and Pharmaceuticals Limited (IDPL), a public sector undertaking, in 1961 was followed over the decades by many national and global companies opening manufacturing and research facilities in the city.[188] As of 2010[update], the city manufactured one third of India's bulk drugs and 16% of biotechnology products,[189][190] contributing to its reputation as "India's pharmaceutical capital" and the "Genome Valley of India".[191] Hyderabad is a global centre of information technology, for which it is known asCyberabad (Cyber City).[154][155] As of 2013[update], it contributed 15% of India's and 98% of Andhra Pradesh's exports in IT and ITES sectors[192] and 22% ofNASSCOM's total membership is from the city.[171] The development ofHITEC City, a township with extensive technological infrastructure, prompted multinational companies to establish facilities in Hyderabad.[154] The city is home to more than 1300 IT and ITES firms that provide employment for 407,000 individuals; the global conglomerates includeMicrosoft,Apple,Amazon,Google,IBM,Yahoo!,Oracle Corporation,Dell,Facebook,CISCO,[86]: 3 [193] and major Indian firms includingTech Mahindra,Infosys,Tata Consultancy Services (TCS), Polaris,Cyient andWipro.[86]: 3 In 2009 theWorld Bank Group ranked the city as thesecond best Indian city for doing business.[194] The city and its suburbs contain the highest number ofspecial economic zones of any Indian city.[171]
Like the rest of India, Hyderabad has a largeinformal economy that employs 30% of the labour force.[147]: 71 According to a survey published in 2007, it had 40–50,000street vendors, and their numbers were increasing.[198]: 9 Among the street vendors, 84% are male and 16% female,[199]: 12 and four fifths are "stationary vendors" operating from a fixed pitch, often with their ownstall.[199]: 15–16 Most are financed through personal savings; only 8% borrow from moneylenders.[199]: 19 Vendor earnings vary from₹50 (57¢ US) to₹800 (US$9.20) per day.[198]: 25 Other unorganised economic sectors include dairy, poultry farming, brick manufacturing, casual labour and domestic help. Those involved in the informal economy constitute a major portion of the urban poor.[147]: 71 [200]
In 2024, theWorld Economic Forum established a Centre for Fourth Industrial Revolution (C4IR), in the city. Which it describes as a hub to leverage the latest technology in advancing the life sciences and health sectors.[201]
Hyderabad emerged as the foremost centre of culture in India with the decline of theMughal Empire. After thefall of Delhi in 1857, the migration of performing artists to the city particularly from the north and west of theIndian subcontinent, under the patronage of the Nizam, enriched the cultural milieu.[202][203] This migration resulted in a mingling of North and South Indian languages, cultures and religions, which has since led to aco-existence of Hindu and Muslim traditions, for which the city has become noted.[204][205]: viii A further consequence of this north–south mix is that bothTelugu andUrdu are official languages of Telangana.[206] The mixing of religions has resulted in many festivals being celebrated in Hyderabad such asGanesh Chaturthi,Diwali andBonalu of Hindu tradition andEid ul-Fitr andEid al-Adha by Muslims.[207]
In the past,Qutb Shahi rulers andAsaf Jahi Nizams attracted artists, architects, and men of letters from different parts of the world through patronage. The resulting ethnic mix popularised cultural events such asmushairas (poetic symposia),Qawwali (devotional songs) andDholak ke Geet (traditional folk songs).[213][214][215] The Qutb Shahi dynasty particularly encouraged the growth ofDeccani literature leading to works such as theDeccani Masnavi andDiwan poetry, which are among the earliest available manuscripts in Urdu.[216]Lazzat Un Nisa, a book compiled in the 15th century at Qutb Shahi courts, contains erotic paintings with diagrams for secret medicines and stimulants in the eastern form of ancient sexual arts.[217] The reign of theAsaf Jahi Nizams saw many literary reforms and the introduction of Urdu as a language of court, administration and education.[218] In 1824, a collection of UrduGhazal poetry, namedGulzar-e-Mahlaqa, authored byMah Laqa Bai—the first female Urdu poet to produce a Diwan—was published in Hyderabad.[219] Hyderabad has continued with these traditions in its annualHyderabad Literary Festival, held since 2010, showcasing the city's literary and cultural creativity.[220] Organisations engaged in the advancement of literature include theSahitya Akademi, the Urdu Academy, the Telugu Academy, theNational Council for Promotion of Urdu Language, the Comparative Literature Association of India, and the Andhra Saraswata Parishad. Literary development is further aided by state institutions such as the State Central Library, the largest public library in the state which was established in 1891,[221] and other major libraries including theSri Krishna Devaraya Andhra Bhasha Nilayam, theBritish Library and theSundarayya Vignana Kendram.[222]
South Indian music and dances such as theKuchipudi andBharatanatyam styles are popular in the Deccan region. As a result of their cultural policies,North Indian music and dance gained popularity during the rule of the Mughals and Nizams,[223] and it was also during their reign that it became a tradition among the nobility to associate themselves withtawaif (courtesans). These courtesans were revered as the epitome of etiquette and culture and were appointed to teach singing, poetry, and classical dance to many children of the aristocracy.[224] This gave rise to certain styles of court music, dance and poetry. Besideswestern and Indian popular music genres such asfilmi music, the residents of Hyderabad play city-basedmarfa music,Dholak ke Geet (household songs based on localfolklore), andqawwali, especially at weddings, festivals and other celebratory events.[225][226] The state government organises the Golconda Music and Dance Festival, the Taramati Music Festival and the Premavathi Dance Festival to further encourage the development of music.[227]
Although the city is not particularly noted for theatre and drama,[228] the state government promotes theatre with multiple programmes and festivals[229][230] in such venues as theRavindra Bharathi,Shilpakala Vedika, Lalithakala Thoranam andLamakaan. Although not a purely music-oriented event,Numaish, a popular annual exhibition of local and national consumer products, does feature some musical performances.[231]
The region is well known for its Golconda and Hyderabad painting styles which are branches ofDeccan painting.[237] Developed during the 16th century, the Golconda style is a native style blending foreign techniques and bears some similarity to theVijayanagara paintings of neighbouring Mysore. A significant use of luminous gold and white colours is generally found in the Golconda style.[238] The Hyderabad style originated in the 17th century under the Nizams. Highly influenced byMughal painting, this style makes use of bright colours and mostly depicts regional landscape, culture, costumes, and jewellery.[237]
Although not a centre for handicrafts itself, the patronage of the arts by the Mughals and Nizams attracted artisans from the region to Hyderabad. Such crafts include:Wootz steel,Filigree work,Bidriware, a metalwork handicraft from neighbouringKarnataka, which was popularised during the 18th century and has since been granted aGeographical Indication (GI) tag under the auspices of theWTO act;[157][239] andZari andZardozi, embroidery works on textile that involve making elaborate designs using gold, silver and other metal threads.[240]Chintz—a glazedcalico textiles was originated in Golconda in 16th century.[241][242] and another example of a handicraft drawn to Hyderabad isKalamkari, a hand-painted or block-printed cotton textile that comes from cities in Andhra Pradesh. This craft is distinguished in having both a Hindu style, known asSrikalahasti and entirely done by hand, and an Islamic style, known asMachilipatnam which uses both hand and block techniques.[243] Examples of Hyderabad's arts and crafts are housed in various museums including the Salar Jung Museum (housing "one of the largest one-man-collections in the world"[244]), theTelangana State Archaeology Museum, theNizam Museum, theCity Museum and theBirla Science Museum.[245]
Television broadcasting in Hyderabad began in 1974 with the launch ofDoordarshan, the government of India'spublic service broadcaster,[259] which transmits twofree-to-air terrestrial television channels and one satellite channel. Private satellite channels started in July 1992 with the launch ofStar TV.[260] Satellite TV channels are accessible viacable subscription,direct-broadcast satellite services orinternet-based television.[257][261] Hyderabad's first dial-up internet access became available in the early 1990s and was limited to software development companies.[262] The first public internet access service began in 1995, with the first private sectorinternet service provider (ISP) starting operations in 1998.[263] In 2015, high-speed public WiFi was introduced in parts of the city.[264]
During British rule, Secunderabad became a well-known sporting centre and many race courses, parade grounds andpolo fields were built.[286]: 18 Many elite clubs formed by the Nizams and the British such as theSecunderabad Club, theNizam Club and theHyderabad Race Club, which is known for its horse racing[287] especially the annual Deccan derby, still exist.[288] In more recent times, motorsports has become popular with the Andhra Pradesh Motor Sports Club organising popular events such as the Deccan1⁄4 Mile Drag,[289]TSD Rallies and 4x4 off-road rallying.[290] The2023 Hyderabad ePrix, at theHyderabad Street Circuit, was the firstFIA Formula E World Championship race in India.[291]
As of 2018[update], the most commonly used forms of medium-distance transport in Hyderabad include government-owned services such as light railways and buses, as well as privately operated taxis andauto rickshaws. These altogether serve 3.5 million passengers daily. Bus services operate from theMahatma Gandhi Bus Station in the city centre with a fleet of 3800 buses serving 3.3 million passengers.[292][293]
A scene from the street of Hyderabad shows—Public transport busses operated byTSRTC,Auto rickshaw, private cars and bikes, on the right—Traffic congestion over theBegumpet Flyover bridge.
As of 2018[update], there are over 5.3 million vehicles operating in the city, of which 4.3 million are two-wheelers and 1.04 million four-wheelers.[292] The large number of vehicles coupled with relatively low road coverage—roads occupy only 9.5% of the total city area[85]: 79 —has led to widespread traffic congestion[296] especially since 80% of passengers and 60% of freight are transported by road.[297]: 3 The Inner Ring Road, theOuter Ring Road, theHyderabad Elevated Expressway, the longest flyover in India,[298] and variousinterchanges, overpasses and underpasses were built to ease congestion. Maximum speed limits within the city are 50 km/h (31 mph) for two-wheelers and cars, 35 km/h (22 mph) for auto rickshaws and 40 km/h (25 mph) forlight commercial vehicles and buses.[299]
Air traffic was previously handled viaBegumpet Airport established in 1930, but this was replaced byRajiv Gandhi International Airport (RGIA) (IATA:HYD,ICAO:VOHS) in 2008,[301] capable of handling 25 million passengers and 150,000 metric-tonnes of cargo per annum. In 2020,Airports Council International, an autonomous body representing the world's airports, judged RGIA the Best Airport in Environment and Ambience and the Best Airport by Size and Region in the15-25 million passenger category.[302]
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Further reading
Ahmad, Akbar S. (July 1985). "Muslim society in South India: the case of Hyderabad".Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs.6 (2):317–331.doi:10.1080/13602008508715945.
Krishnan, Usha Ramamrutham Bala (2001).Jewels of the Nizams. Department of Culture, Government of India, India Book House.ISBN978-81-85832-15-9.Archived from the original on 1 January 2016. Retrieved6 November 2015.
Sastri, Kallidaikurichi Aiyah Nilakanta (1976).A History of South India from Prehistoric Times to the Fall of Vijayanagar. Oxford University Press. p. 192.ISBN978-0-19-560686-7.
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