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Húxiān (simplified Chinese:胡仙;traditional Chinese:狐仙;trans. "Fox Immortal"), also calledHúshén (胡神;狐神; "Fox God") orHúwáng (胡王;狐王; "Fox Ruler")[1] is adeity inChinese religion whosecult is present in provinces ofnorth China (fromHenan andShandong northwards), but especially innortheast China where it can be said to be the most popular deity.[2]
The deity can be represented as either male or female, but is most frequently identified as the femaleHúxiān Niángniáng (狐仙娘娘; "Fox Immortal Lady") whose animal form is a nine-tailed fox.[3]
Mythology tells that fox spirits are masters of the arts of metamorphosis, and can manifest in human form to seduce men or women. In exchange, they convey wealth and property.[4] In mystical literature, influenced byTaoism, fox spirits areimmortal or transcendent beings of a high level in the spiritual hierarchy of beings who engage in the pursuit of becoming immortals.[5]
The fox deity is also represented as a couple of gods, male and female, called the Great Lord of the Three Foxes (胡三太爷;Húsān Tàiyé) and the Great Lady of the Three Foxes (胡三太奶;Húsān Tàinǎi). As a goddess, the Fox Immortal is related toXīwángmǔ (西王母; "Queen Mother of the West"), the great goddess guardian ofMount Kunlun (axis mundi).[6][7]
Nagao Ryuzō, aJapanesesinologist, observed that the Fox Gods "enjoy such popularity to be worshipped by almost every household in north China andManchuria". Henry Doré documented the worship of the Fox God in the northern parts ofJiangsu andAnhui. In parts of Hebei, to every newborn is assigned his ownběnshén (本神; "patron god") manifestation of Huxian, usually a female for a boy and a male for a girl. After these boys and girls get married, their patrons will be represented sitting together.[8] In his survey of popular shrines and temples in Manchuria, Takizawa Shunryō found the number dedicated to Fox Gods overwhelming.[9]
