| Husainid dynasty | |
|---|---|
.svg) | |
| Country | Beylik of Tunis Kingdom of Tunisia |
| Founded | 15 July 1705 |
| Founder | Hussein I |
| Current head | Muhammad XI Habib |
| Final ruler | Muhammad VIII al-Amin |
| Titles | Bey, King of Tunisia |
| Deposition | 25 July 1957 |
TheHusainid dynasty orHusaynid dynasty (Arabic:الحسينيون) was a rulingTurkish dynasty of theBeylik of Tunis (present-dayTunisia). The dynasty was ofGreek origin from the island ofCrete.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] It came to power underal-Husayn I ibn Ali in 1705, succeeding theMuradid dynasty. The Husainids ruled Tunisia until 1957 before the establishment of the Republic.[4]
The Husainids originally ruled under the suzerainty of theOttoman Empire. The Ottoman sultans officially regarded them asbeylerbeyis (provincial governors) and recognized their rights to hereditary succession.[1] Their succession to the throne was in theory determined bymale primogeniture,[1][8] but this was not always followed and, especially in later periods, the throne was often granted to an older male family member along the collateral branches of the family.[1] Theheir apparent to the Bey held the titleBey al-Mahalla and led themahalla, a biannual tax collection expedition around the country.[9]
After Husayn I ibn Ali was granted the title ofbeylerbeyi by SultanAhmed III in 1705, the Husaynid beys ruled with effective independence from the Ottomans, even going so far as to form separate diplomatic agreements with European powers such asFrance,England, and theItalian states.[1] Their independence was strengthened in the 19th century, especially afterHammuda Pasha suppressed the localJanissary Corps in 1811 after a revolt.[1][8] Nonetheless, they were able to retain advantageous relations with the Ottomans, sometimes requesting protection from them and at other times sending troops to assist in Ottoman wars.[1]
Under the reigns of Ahmed I Bey (r. 1837–1855),Muhammad II Bey (r. 1855–1859), andMuhammad III as-Sadiq (r. 1859–1882), efforts were made at significant reforms.[8] In 1845, with French support,Ahmad I Bey ended the regular payments of tribute to Istanbul, but continued to receive the official titles ofwali andmushir and to maintain a semblance of Ottoman authority.[1][8] Ahmad also abolishedslavery and removed the statutes that keptTunisian Jews legally inferior. Theabolition of the slave trade and the commission of major public works incurred large debts, which were mainly held by European (especially French) interests and businessmen.[8] On 10 September 1857, Muhammad II Bey enacted the"Fundamental Pact" (Arabic:عهد الأمان,romanized: 'Ahd al-Amān,lit. 'Security Covenant'), modeled on the OttomanTanzimat reforms.[8][10] In 1861 Muhammad III as-Sadiq promulgated a new constitution which transformed Tunisia into aconstitutional monarchy, with a legislative assembly.[8] The state's financial situation worsened, however, which led to raised taxes, rebellions, and larger debts. In 1869 Muhammad as-Sadiq was forced to consent to the creation of an "international financial commission" (composed of Tunisia, France, England andItaly) that oversaw management of the country's debt.[8][1]
French intervention and pressure continued to increase. In 1881, following aFrench invasion and occupation, theTreaty of Bardo was signed and Tunisia came under the control of France as aprotectorate.[8] Followingindependence from France on 20 March 1956, the BeyMuhammad VIII al-Amin assumed the title of King and reigned as such until thePrime MinisterHabib Bourguiba deposed the dynasty and declared Tunisia a republic on 25 July 1957.[11]
Since June 2013, the current head of the dynasty is Prince Muhammad al-Habib Bey (born 1929), who is a grandson ofMuhammad VI al-Habib.[citation needed]
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II. Ali I (1688-1756; r. 1735-1756)I. Hussein I (1675-1740; r. 1705-1735)III. Muhammad I (1710-1759; r. 1756-1759)VII. Mahmud I (1757-1824; r. 1814-1824)VIII. Hussein II (1784-1835; r. 1824-1835)XI. Muhammad II (1811-1859; r. 1855-1859)XV. Muhammad V (1855-1922; r. 1906-1922)XVIII. Muhammad VII (1881-1948; r. 1942-1943)XII. Muhammad III (1813-1882; r. 1859-1882)XIII. Ali III (1817-1902; r. 1882-1902)XIV. Muhammad IV (1855-1906; r. 1902-1906)XVII. Ahmad II (1862-1942; r. 1929-1942)XVI. Muhammad VI (1858-1929; r. 1922-1929)XIX. Muhammad VIII (1881-1962; r. 1943–1957; family head: 1957-1962)IX. Mustafa I (1786-1837; r. 1835-1837)X. Ahmad I (1806-1855; r. 1837-1855)IV. Ali II (1712-1782; r. 1759-1782)V. Hammud I (1759-1814; r. 1782-1814)VI. Uthman I (1763-1814; r. 1814)The Husaynid dynasty was founded by al-Husayn ibn Ali, a Turkish officer of Greek origin.
In his speeches, Bourgouiba frequently claimed that the Husaynids...were not really Tunisians, often referring to them as Greeks.
The dynasty of the Husaynids, founded by Husayn Ibn 'All, an Ottoman agha of Greek origin, ruled Tunisia until 1957 when, after independence, it was abolished and a republic was announced.
Founded by the son of a Muslim from Venetian-ruled and subsequently Ottoman-controlled Crete, the Husaynid dynasty (1705-1957) mirrored the larger play of trans-Mediterranean politics for two and a half centuries.
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