Husain Haqqani | |
|---|---|
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| 24thPakistan Ambassador to the United States | |
| In office 13 April 2008 – 22 November 2011 | |
| Preceded by | Mahmud Ali Durrani |
| Succeeded by | Sherry Rehman |
| High Commissioner of Pakistan to Sri Lanka | |
| In office 11 May 1992 – 28 June 1993 | |
| Preceded by | Tariq Mir |
| Succeeded by | Tariq Altaf |
| Personal details | |
| Born | (1956-07-01)1 July 1956 (age 68) Karachi, Pakistan |
| Citizenship | Pakistan |
| Spouse | Farahnaz Ispahani |
| Alma mater | University of Karachi |
| Profession | South Asia expert, journalist, diplomat, academic and political activist[1][2] |
| Website | http://www.husainhaqqani.com/ |
Husain Haqqani (حُسَین حقّانی; born 1 July 1956, alternately spelledHussain Haqqani) is aPakistani[1] journalist, academic, political activist,[2] and formerambassador of Pakistan to Sri Lanka and the United States.[3]
Haqqani has written four books on Pakistan, and his analyses have appeared in publications includingThe Wall Street Journal,The New York Times,Foreign Affairs, andForeign Policy.[4]
Haqqani is currently a Senior Fellow and Director for South and Central Asia at theHudson Institute in Washington, D.C., and co-editor of Hudson's journalCurrent Trends in Islamist Ideology.[5] He also is a Senior Research Fellow and Diplomat-in-Residence at the Anwar Gargash Diplomatic Academy in Abu Dhabi, which serves as a training institute for diplomats of the United Arab Emirates.[6]
Haqqani worked as a journalist from 1980 to 1988, and then as political adviser forNawaz Sharif and later as a spokesperson forBenazir Bhutto. From 1992 to 1993 he was ambassador toSri Lanka. In 1999, he was exiled following criticisms against the government of then-PresidentPervez Musharraf. From 2004 to 2008 he taught international relations atBoston University.[7] He was appointed as Pakistan's ambassador in April 2008, but his tenure ended after theMemogate incident, when the claim was made that he had been insufficiently protective of Pakistan's interests. A judicial commission was set up by the Supreme Court of Pakistan to probe the allegations against him. According to commission's report which was issued in June 2012, Haqqani was declared guilty of authoring a memo which called for direct US intervention into Pakistan, though Pakistan's Supreme Court noted that the commission was only expressing an opinion.[8][9] In February 2019, Pakistan's Chief Justice suggested the entire Memogate affair was a waste of time, saying that "Pakistan was not so fragile a country that it could be rattled by the writing of a memo."[10][9]
Haqqani began his interest in journalism in high school. In 1973 he joinedKarachi University. He frequently visited the library at the US consulate, reading volumes ofAmerican history. Later, when students wanted to attack the consulate as part of a protest against the United States, Haqqani refused.[11] Haqqani received aB.A. degree with distinction in 1977 and aMA degree in International Relations in 1980 from the University of Karachi.[12]
Haqqani worked as a full-time journalist from 1980 to 1988. He covered the war in Afghanistan forVoice of America radio; served as the Pakistan and Afghanistan correspondent forFar Eastern Economic Review; and worked in Hong Kong as the East Asian correspondent for the London-basedArabia: the Islamic World Review as well as theJamaat-e-Islami newspaperJasarat.[13] He worked for the state broadcasterPakistan Television during thegeneral elections of 1985.[14]
Haqqani started his political career at theUniversity of Karachi, where he joinedIslami Jamiat-e-Talaba, the student wing of theJamaat-e-Islami and became president of the student union.[15][13][14] Haqqani explained his association with Islamists as a student in an article in the Asian Wall Street Journal. "Over the last three decades, I have alternated between being attracted to and repulsed by political Islam."[16] In recent years, he has emerged as a staunch critic of radical Islamist groups.[17][18]
He started his national political career as a supporter ofZia-ul-Haq.[19] In 1988, he worked in the political campaign for an alliance led byGhulam Mustafa Jatoi, who was subsequently appointed Prime Minister. In 1990 he became Prime MinisterNawaz Sharif's special assistant and until 1992 functioned as his spokesman. From 1993 to 1995, he was spokesman to Prime MinisterBenazir Bhutto.
Haqqani's appointment as media advisor to Bhutto was opposed by her brother and mother because of his political past. Haqqani allegedly "orchestrated a campaign of dirty tricks against the Bhutto women, publishing leaflets which showed their faces superimposed on nude bodies," a claim refuted by Benazir Bhutto.[20][21]
From 1995 to 1996, Haqqani was chairman of the House Building Finance Corporation.[12]
In 1992 Husain Haqqani became one of Pakistan's youngest ambassadors, serving inSri Lanka until 1993.He served as Pakistan's ambassador to the United States from 2008 during the government ofAsif Ali Zardari. His tenure was not without controversy in Pakistan where he was called "Washington's ambassador to Pakistan," a play on his role of Pakistan's Ambassador in Washington, due to his pro-Western views.[22] As a "pro-American ambassador in Washington," Haqqani provided visas for a large number of US operatives to enter Pakistan, under instructions from Islamabad, in the lead up to the raid that killed Osama bin Laden.[23] He resigned in 2011 due to thememogate controversy.
Roughly a week after the raid on Bin Laden, Haqqani reportedly asked a Pakistani American businessmanMansoor Ijaz to pass a message to the Americans, at the request of PresidentZardari, that the Pakistani military was planning to intervene. Ijaz revealed this in an opinion column in theFinancial Times in October 2011, and mentioned that the message was communicated in an undated and unsigned memo sent to AdmiralMichael Mullen, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff of the US military. Later released to the press, the memo also spoke of a "unique window of opportunity" for the civilian government to gain the upper hand due to the military's complicity in the Bin Laden affair.[24] According to Ijaz, the military intended to stage a coup to wash off the embarrassment issuing from the raid on Bin Laden, and he drafted the memo in consultation with Haqqani.[25]
Haqqani resigned but denied writing the memo. He was recalled to Pakistan and accused of high treason. On the basis of a petition filed by thePML-N, the Supreme Court of Pakistan launched an investigation overriding the government, which had also started a parliamentary investigation.[26][27]
While a judicial commission appointed by the Supreme Court of Pakistan investigated, Haqqani was not allowed to leave the country. He sought refuge in the presidential palace and later the Prime Minister's residence, citing threats to his life by extremist groups that accused him of treason.[28]
In January 2012, Pakistan's Supreme Court allowed Haqqani to leave the country.[29] The Judicial Commission completed its investigation apparently without hearing from Haqqani, and submitted its report in June 2012 in sealed envelopes. It asserted that Haqqani had indeed authored the memo, whose purpose was taken to be assuring the United States that the civilian government was its ally.[30][31]: 119 It also declared that Haqqani had undermined the country's security and he had misled Ijaz to believe the memorandum had the Pakistani president's approval.[32] The commission's report further stated that "Husain Haqqani was not loyal to Pakistan" in drafting that memo.[9][33]
Pakistan's Supreme Court noted that the commission was only expressing its opinion.[34]
Haqqani said the Commission's report was one-sided and defended his patriotism[35] and his innocence.[36] Haqqani has not returned to Pakistan, citing threats on his life.[37] In 2018, former Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif said it was a mistake to take up the case with the Supreme Court, suggesting the government had been acting under external pressure.[38] In 2019, Pakistan's Supreme Court wrapped up the case saying that "the Supreme Court has nothing to do with this matter."[10]
Husain Haqqani has long had a difficult relationship with Pakistan's military. Haqqani had made enemies among some in Pakistan's military due to his criticism of the Army.[39][40] In 1999, he was kidnapped by Pakistani intelligence agents who roughed him up and held him for two months until a court ordered his release.[41] The powerfulInter-Services Intelligence Agency (ISI) tried to stop Haqqani from being appointed Ambassador to the United States and kept him under regular surveillance during his tenure due to his criticism of the military.[2]
There are, however, indications that Haqqani's relationship with the Pakistani military has improved. In December 2022, the Pakistani daily Dawn reported that Haqqani was subcontracted by former CIA Islamabad station chiefRobert Grenier to conduct "research" on Pakistan.[42] Grenier was acting as a registered lobbyist for the Pakistani government. The Dawn report cited a public disclosure filed by Grenier in November 2022 as required by theForeign Agents Registration Act.[43]
Officials with ex-cricketerImran Khan'sPakistan Tehreek-e Insaf (PTI) party allege that Haqqani was acting on behalf of a "senior figure in the [Pakistani] military establishment."[42] Haqqani has denied these charges, but has not explained the nature of his work for a Pakistani government lobbyist.[42] Since receiving payments from Grenier in September and October 2021,[43] Haqqani has called for the U.S. and Pakistan to reengage.[44] He has also praised the now-former army chief GeneralQamar Javed Bajwa.[45] In October 2022, a "study group" led by Haqqani released a report during Bajwa's visit to Washington calling for both countries to "find a way to work on areas of mutual concern."[46]
As per Ex-Prime Minister Imran Khan, Haqqani was hired to lobby against his government in the US. Since the allegations of his alleged role in the regime change operation, a cypher leak expose has been published by The Intercept which gives further credence.[47][48]
Haqqani has had a longtime relationship with the United Arab Emirates. He has served as a columnist for the UAE-based Gulf News for over two decades.[49] In 2017, Haqqani appeared on a documentary critical of Qatar, titled "Qatar: A Dangerous Alliance," produced by a UAE-based company.[50][51] In 2018, he spoke on human rights in Qatar at a London conference organized by the Foundation for Sports Integrity conference, which campaigned against Qatar's hosting of the 2022 football World Cup.[52][53][54]
In 2023, Haqqani joined the Anwar Gargash Diplomatic Academy in Abu Dhabi as a senior fellow.[6]
From 2004 to 2008, Haqqani was an associate professor for international relations atBoston University. In addition, he co-chaired the Project on Islam and Democracy at theHudson Institute in Washington, and was co-editor of the international scholarly journalCurrent Trends in Islamist Ideology. Among his numerous writing credits are "Pakistan Between Mosque and Military" for theCarnegie Endowment for International Peace; "Islam's Medieval Outposts" for the journal Foreign Policy, and "The Role of Islam in Pakistan's Future" forWashington Quarterly.[55][56] From 2012 to 2014 Haqqani was Professor of the Practice of International Relations and Director of Boston University's Center for International Relations.[57][58] During Fall 2015, Haqqani was a Resident Fellow at theUniversity of Chicago Institute of Politics.[59]
Husain Haqqani was named amongForeign Policy magazine's Top 100 Global thinkers for 2012 along with his wifeFarahnaz Ispahani "for pushing tough love for their troubled country."[60] The magazine wrote that "Husain Haqqani and Farahnaz Ispahani have spent their careers fighting the slow-motion radicalization of Pakistan—even as it became increasingly obvious that the deck was stacked against them."
Haqqani has authored four books onPakistan.
Husain Haqqani has describedIslamist extremism as "the single most dangerous idea that has emerged in the Muslim world".[67] He has called on Pakistan to crack down onIslamist militants, and has cautioned the U.S. against trying to negotiate with theAfghan Taliban, who he describes as "a movement with an extreme ideology [that] will not compromise easily on their deeply held beliefs."[68][69] In 2019, he warned not to trust the Taliban and that a U.S. withdrawal would leave a power vacuum to be filled by terrorists, and in 2021 he predicted that Pakistan would come to regret aiding the Taliban's resurgence.[70][71]
TheWall Street Journal described Haqqani as "a hostage" while he was in Pakistan and published an interview with him from the Prime Minister's house in which he outlined why he was hated by Pakistan's intelligence services and Jihadi groups.[72] Michel Hirsh, writing inThe Atlantic, described Haqqani as "The Last Friendly Pakistani" towards the US.[73] Jeffrey Goldberg, writing forThe Atlantic and Bloomberg News, has been a consistent supporter of Haqqani, calling him "The Hardest Working Man in Washington" and criticising Pakistan's military and security services.[74][75]Simon Tisdall ofThe Guardian called Haqqani "an instinctive ally of the west" and attributed Memogate to the ambassador's difficult relationship with Pakistan intelligence service.[76]
In 2017, Pakistan's Foreign Minister alleged that Haqqani had authored US President Donald Trump's South Asia policy.[77] Earlier that year, Haqqani co-authored a report on Pakistan with Lisa Curtis, who would go on to become Senior Director for South and Central Asia at theNational Security Council.[78] His critics in Pakistan describe him as a sympathizer of the Indian lobby in the US.[79] Haqqani has been vocal against the sale ofF-16 fighter jets andAH-1Z Viper helicopters to Pakistan. He testified in the US Congress in December 2015 stating that the sale of F-16s to Pakistan would only lead to their usage against India,[80][81][82] The Indian government also opposed and protested against the proposed sale of 8 F-16s to Pakistan.[83] Pakistan's Senate Defense Committee blamed him for working with pro-Indian lobbyists in Washington.[84] Haqqani has called on the Pakistani people to push the government of Pakistan to issue an official apology toBangladesh for the1971 genocide.[85]
Haqqani is a citizen of Pakistan and he stated in 2019 that he currently holds a Pakistani passport.[86] In March 2000, Haqqani marriedFarahnaz Ispahani, a former producer atCNN andMSNBC, member of thePakistani National Assembly, and the granddaughter ofMirza Abol Hassan Ispahani, Pakistan's first ambassador to Washington. The Pakistan Ambassador's residence in Washington was purchased and donated by her grandfather.[55] Haqqani has lived in the United States since 2002.[87]
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| Diplomatic posts | ||
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| Preceded by | Pakistan Ambassador to Sri Lanka 1992–1993 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Pakistan Ambassador to the United States 2008–2011 | Succeeded by |
| International | |
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| National | |
| People | |
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