 Surface weather map showing Hurricane King making landfall in Southern Florida on October 18 | |
| Meteorological history | |
|---|---|
| Formed | October 13, 1950 |
| Dissipated | October 20, 1950 |
| Category 4 major hurricane | |
| 1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS) | |
| Highest winds | 130 mph (215 km/h) |
| Lowest pressure | 955mbar (hPa); 28.20 inHg |
| Overall effects | |
| Fatalities | 11 direct |
| Damage | $32 million (1950USD) |
| Areas affected | Cuba,Florida,Georgia |
IBTrACS | |
Part of the1950 Atlantic hurricane season | |
Hurricane King was the most severe hurricane to strike the city ofMiami,Florida, since the1926 Miami hurricane. It was the eleventh tropical storm and the last of six major hurricanes in the1950 Atlantic hurricane season. The cyclone formed in the western Caribbean Sea on October 13, and initially moved northeastward, slowly strengthening. Hurricane King crossed Cuba on October 17, causing seven deaths and $2 million in damage (1950 USD). It reached its peak intensity of 130 mph (215 km/h) and subsequently madelandfall ondowntown Miami. The hurricane damaged 20,861 houses in southern Florida, 580 of them severely, and destroyed a further 248. Further inland, King caused heavy crop damage, particularly to thecitrus industry. After weakening to a tropical storm, King moved across Georgia, where it caused isolated power outages and minor damage. Across the United States, the hurricane left four fatalities and $30 million in damage ($316 million in 2014 USD).
Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depressionThe origins of Hurricane King were from atropical depression that developed just off the north coast ofHonduras on October 13.[1] It was a small system throughout its duration, and initially moved toward the east and east-northeast.[2] At the time, the system was considered a weak and broad depression, producingconvection, or thunderstorms, from Honduras to westernCuba.[3] It tracked to the east-northeast, becoming a tropical storm on October 14. The system was later given the name "King" from theJoint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet.[2]
The tropical storm slowly intensified as it tracked toward Cuba, and on October 16, King attained hurricane status while passing betweenJamaica and theCayman Islands. It quickly intensified that day, and at 22:00 UTC, the hurricane made landfall just west ofCamagüey with winds of 90 mph (150 km/h).[1][4] The hurricane remained small, as the city of Camagüey reported peak winds of only 65 mph (105 km/h).[2] Within twelve hours, Hurricane King crossed central Cuba, during which it weakened into a minimal hurricane. After entering theFlorida Straits, King quickly re-intensified,[1] andHurricane Hunters indicated maximum winds of 100 to 105 mph (161 to 169 km/h) over water. At the time, thebarometric pressure was 988 mb (29.2 inHg), and theeye was 20 miles (32 km) in diameter. The hurricane quickly intensified as it turned north-northwestward.[2] Early on October 18, King attainedmajor hurricane status; it was the sixth and final major hurricane of the season.[1] In 24 hours, the pressure dropped 33.2 mb (0.98 inHg) and the eye contracted to just 5 miles (8.0 km) in diameter.[2] At 05:00 UTC on October 18, Hurricane King made landfall nearGrove Isle,Coconut Grove, a short distance west of downtown Miami, with peak winds of 130 mph (215 km/h), making it aCategory 4 hurricane—the fifth inSouth Florida since1945.[1][5] A private barometer in Miami measured the storm's central pressure, 28.20 inHg (955 mb).[6] The MiamiWeather Bureau office, which was struck by the eastern eyewall, recorded sustained winds of 122 mph (196 km/h) with gusts estimated at 150 mph (240 km/h).[2]
Over land, the compact hurricane—its eye attended by a half-hour-long lull in the Miami area[6]—weakened as it continued through the state, though its eye was still well defined overBroward County, as celestial bodies such as stars and theMoon were seen during its passage.[7] At the time of its closest approach toFort Lauderdale, King was still a major hurricane, the most recent on record to affect the city.[8] After crossingLake Okeechobee, Hurricane King passed near the city ofOkeechobee, which recorded a minimum barometric pressure of 28.85 inHg (977 mb). The winds diminished along the southern and western side of the storm, although winds gusted to hurricane force in many locations in eastern coastal Florida.[2] Early on October 19, King weakened to tropical storm status over north-central Florida, and later that day weakened further into a tropical depression over westernGeorgia. King curved northwestward, dissipating over Alabama on October 20.[1]
Early in its duration, King produced a widespread area of convection that spread fromHonduras toCuba.[3]Swan Island, located just off of the coast of Honduras, reported 2.03 in (52 mm) of rainfall,[9] whileJamaica registered 25 in (640 mm) in 48 hours; the torrential downpour extensively damaged infrastructure on the latter island.[10] Prior to its first landfall, officials postedhurricane warnings across eastern Cuba and the Bahamas.[11] While crossing over Cuba, Hurricane King produced winds of up to 120 mph (190 km/h). The hurricane killed seven people and caused $2 million (1950 USD) in damage throughout the country.[12] Offshore, a freighter sunk during the storm, prompting the crew's rescue by the Cuban navy. There was an initial report of ten people missing on the ship, although it is unknown how many, if any, were related to the seven confirmed deaths in the country.[13]
About 36 hours prior to the hurricane making landfall, when it was still south of Cuba, the Miami Weather Bureau issued a hurricane alert for South Florida. About 18 hours before landfall, the alert was replaced by ahurricane warning. The advance warning time was believed to have prevented many deaths; however, the population was considered complacent with the warning, causing additional damage when they executed improper preparations, such as securing windows.[2] Due to its compactness, the storm initially confounded attempts to gauge its intensity, and so forecasters were taken aback by reports of its strength from the Miami area.[14]
Hurricane King struck Miami around midnight local time with a very compact area of strong winds. Its eye was about 5.2 miles (8.4 km) in diameter; the western edge of the eye moved acrossMiami International Airport, which reported wind gusts of 125 mph (201 km/h), and the eastern side struck the MiamiWeather Bureau office, which recorded sustained winds of 122 mph (196 km/h). The principal damage zone was sharply defined in an area 14 miles (23 km) in diameter; the boundaries of the damage resembled the path of a tornado, although a subsequent analysis indicated the majority of the damage was not tornadic in nature.[2] There was one confirmed report of a damaging tornado inDavie.[13] As it made landfall, Hurricane King produced lightning near its center, which was the first confirmed occurrence in Florida;[2] thunder was also heard at the time.[15] The Weather Bureau considered King the severest hurricane to hit Miami in more than 24 years.[2]
Across Florida, damage totaled $27.75 million (1950 USD), of which $15 million was in theMiami metropolitan area.[2] The hurricane damaged 20,861 houses in southern Florida, 580 of them severely. Additionally, 248 trailer homes were damaged, 188 of them severely. A total of 248 houses or trailers were destroyed in the Miami area.[16] A preliminary survey indicated there were about 2,000 store windows that were broken during the storm.[13] In Broward County aluminumjalousies were bent and shorn of paint, a home was stripped of half itsroof tiles, and all but one fruit tree were downed on a property.[7] Intense winds felled about a dozen radio towers in the Miami metropolitan area, flipped six airplanes at Miami International Airport, and tore the roofs off several hundred structures. Most homes in the worst-hit areas lost all or most of their roofing, damage to structures was significant, and many palm trees were splintered. Up to 2 ft (0.61 m) of water inundated sections ofMiami Beach and left behind deep layers of sand in the rooms and lobbies of dozens of hotels. Strong winds nearby flipped automobiles as well, and businesses and homes onSouth Beach were wrecked.[17] InWest Hollywood, a town of 2,000 people located north of Miami, strong winds destroyed or severely damaged about 150 houses, leaving hundreds homeless. At the Broward County airport in Fort Lauderdale, the winds damaged 55 buildings and destroyed one plane. Further north, damage was lighter inPalm Beach, consisting of downed trees and flooded streets.[18] Along its path through the state, strong winds were observed aroundLake Okeechobee, with 93-mile-per-hour (150 km/h) gusts inClewiston.[2] InOrlando, the winds destroyed the roof of an airport hangar.[13]
| Location | Peak | |
|---|---|---|
| mph | km/h | |
| Carysfort Reef Light | 66 | 107 |
| MiamiWeather Bureau | 122 150*^ | 197 242 |
| Miami International Airport | 125* | 202 |
| Hillsboro Inlet Light | 91 | 147 |
| Clewiston | 93* | 150 |
| Vero Beach | 72 | 116 |
| Jacksonville | 82*^ | 133 |
In central Florida, the hurricane caused widespread damage to crops and properties.[2] Damage to the grapefruit crop was heaviest in the region along theIndian River, where losses were expected to reach 30%. The orange crop was not as affected, and no area reported total losses at more than 5%. Losses to the citrus crop were considered better than initially anticipated.[19] Overall, the citrus crop damage totaled about $3 million,[13] with 2.5 million boxes destroyed.[20] Additionally, the hurricane flooded about 20.3 sq mi (53 km2) of vegetable fields around Lake Okeechobee.[13] NearPompano, high winds and rain caused heavy losses to crops planted during early autumn, including snap beans, lima beans, cucumbers, eggplant, pepper, and squash; most of the crops required replanting. Elsewhere, the snap bean and sweet corn crops were severely damaged around the Everglades, and farms around Fort Pierce experienced heavy losses to the tomato crop.[21]
Intenserainbands spread across the state's eastern coastline;Hillsboro Inlet Light near Fort Lauderdale recorded sustained winds of 91 mph (146 km/h), andSt. Augustine Light recorded a gust of 87 mph (140 km/h). Further inland,Jacksonville reported sustained winds of 72 mph (116 km/h) with gusts to 82 mph (132 km/h).[2]Cape Canaveral,Melbourne, andJupiter reported hurricane-force winds as well.[17] In Jacksonville, Hurricane King left widespread power outages due to the winds knocking over trees and power lines. Street flooding was reported, and around 30 families required evacuation due to the storm.[13] BetweenSt. Augustine andDaytona Beach, the storm generated 8-foot (2.4 m) tides, flooding many homes along theHalifax River. Surging waters also caused a dike to collapse atSebastian Inlet and flooded theTitusville area.[22] Packinghouses and docks were wrecked on the Indian River, and seawalls were washed out atCocoa Beach; up and down the east coast of the state a number of causeways and bridges were eroded. The cities ofDeLand and Daytona Beach deemed the storm their worst in several years.[23] At Clewiston, the storm generated tides of up to 19.3 ft (5.9 m), and hurricane-force winds swept the eastern side of Lake Okeechobee.[24]
Overall, there were 50 injuries in the state,[13] as well as at least three deaths.[2] Two of them – a woman in West Hollywood and a man inHallandale – were killed when their houses collapsed from the strong winds. The third death occurred inSanford when a boy drowned in a flooded stream. There were also unconfirmed reports of a fourth person drowning when his boat capsized west ofBunnell.[13] The hurricane was one of twomajor hurricanes – a Category 3 or higher on theSaffir-Simpson scale – to hit the state in 1950. It was the first time on record that two storms of such intensity hit Florida in the same year, and has only been repeated since in2004 with hurricanesCharley andJeanne, and in2005 with hurricanesDennis andWilma.[1]
Later in its duration, King moved intoGeorgia as a weakening tropical storm before dissipating.[1] The storm brought heavy rainfall and wind gusts of up to 55 mph (89 km/h), causing a three-hour power outage inValdosta and downing several trees.[25] Across the state, King produced $250,000 in damage (1950 USD) and caused one death.[2]
Throughout the United States, Hurricane King caused four deaths and $30 million in damage (1950 USD). The hurricane also caused 199 injuries, of which 16 were severe.[2]
After the hurricane's passage, officials deployed theFlorida National Guard to affected areas in order to maintain order and quell looting.[18] Across Florida, a total of 3,897 people filed damage claims after receiving damage from the hurricane, 80% of them in the Miami area. Insurance companies paid about $1 million to compensate for the storm damage.[26] Due to the loss in citrus crop, prices briefly increased, although they returned to normal levels by late October.[27]
The name King was not used again after the season, although it was on the naming list for1951 and1952 due to being part of theJoint Army/Navy Phonetic Alphabet. The Phonetic Alphabet was decommissioned in 1953 in favor of using female names.[1] Based on population growth in south Florida, it is estimated that a storm identical to Hurricane King would cause $2.8 billion in insured damage if it struck in 2001, with the total roughly split betweenBroward andMiami-Dade counties.[28]
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain.
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