 | It has been suggested thatEffects of Hurricane Jeanne in the Mid-Atlantic region bemerged into this article. (Discuss) Proposed since November 2025. |
 Hurricane Jeanne making landfall in Florida at peak intensity on September 26 | |
| Meteorological history | |
|---|---|
| Formed | September 13, 2004 |
| Extratropical | September 28, 2004 |
| Dissipated | September 29, 2004 |
| Category 3 major hurricane | |
| 1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS) | |
| Highest winds | 120 mph (195 km/h) |
| Lowest pressure | 950mbar (hPa); 28.05 inHg |
| Overall effects | |
| Fatalities | 3,037 direct |
| Damage | $7.94 billion (2004USD) |
| Areas affected | U.S. Virgin Islands,Puerto Rico,Hispaniola,Bahamas,Eastern United States |
IBTrACS | |
Part of the2004 Atlantic hurricane season | |
Hurricane Jeanne was a Category 3 major hurricane that affected theLesser Antilles,Puerto Rico,The US Virgin Islands,Hispaniola,The Bahamas, and theUS East Coast. It was the deadliesttropical cyclone in theAtlantic basin sinceMitch in1998, and the deadliesttropical cyclone worldwide in 2004. Jeanne was the tenth named storm, the seventh hurricane, and the fifth major hurricane of the season, as well as the third hurricane and fourth named storm ofthe season to makelandfall inFlorida. After wreaking havoc onHispaniola, Jeanne struggled to reorganize, eventually strengthening and performing a complete loop over the open Atlantic. It headed westwards, strengthening into a Category 3 hurricane and passing over the islands ofGreat Abaco andGrand Bahama in theBahamas on September 25. Jeanne made landfall later in the day in Florida just two miles (three kilometers) from whereHurricane Frances had struck a mere three weeks earlier.
Building on the rainfall of Frances andHurricane Ivan, Jeanne brought near-record flood levels as far north asWest Virginia andNew Jersey before its remnants turned east into the open Atlantic. Jeanne is blamed for at least 3,006 deaths inHaiti with about 2,800 inGonaïves alone, which was nearly washed away by floods and mudslides. The storm also caused 18 in theDominican Republic, 8 deaths inPuerto Rico, and 5 in the rest of theUnited States, bringing the total number of deaths to at least 3,037, making Hurricane Jeanne one of thedeadliest Atlantic hurricanes on record. Final property damage in the continental United States was $7.5 billion, plus an additional $270 million in the Dominican Republic and $169.5 million in Puerto Rico.
Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depressionAtropical wave exited the west coast of Africa on September 7, accompanied by scatteredconvection, or thunderstorms. It continued westward across the Atlantic Ocean, steered by aridge to the north.[1][2] Further organization was hampered bywind shear produced byHurricane Ivan in the Caribbean.[3] On September 11, convection became slightly better organized as the wave approached theLesser Antilles, with some broad cyclonic turning.[4][5] Late on September 13, the system developed into Tropical Depression Eleven about 70 mi (110 km) east-southeast ofGuadeloupe.[6] At 04:00 UTC on September 14, the depression crossed the island. Later that day it strengthened into a tropical storm,namedJeanne by theNational Hurricane Center (NHC).[1]
The developing tropical storm formedrainbands, well-definedoutflow, and a tight inner-core, fueled by the warm waters of theCaribbean Sea.[7][8] Continuing to the west-northwest, Jeanne madelandfall nearGuayama, Puerto Rico at 16:00 UTC on September 15 with winds of 70 mph (110 km/h).[1] As it moved ashore, Jeanne was in the process of developing aneye.[9] While crossing the island, Jeanne maintained its eye feature, and it intensified further over theMona Passage. At 11:00 UTC, Jeanne attained hurricane status as it struck the eastern tip of theDominican Republic on September 16. It quickly weakened over land, and late on September 17, Jeanne emerged back into the Atlantic Ocean as a tropical depression. Around that time, the NHC noted the potential that Jeanne could strike the southeastern United States in about five days; however, there was uncertainty in the forecast related to the remnants of Hurricane Ivan and a building ridge.[10]
Jeanne's original circulation dissipated as a new vorticity developed closer to the convection, and it soon regained tropical storm status. The storm moved northward through theTurks and Caicos Islands and slowly reorganized. Late on September 20, Jeanne re-attained hurricane status while passing northeast of the Bahamas. Around this time, it turned to the east and began executing a clockwise loop.[1] A large eye developed,[11] and the hurricane crossed over its former track on September 23. By this time, cooler waters fromupwelling caused Jeanne to weaken briefly, followed by re-intensification on September 24.[1] As it moved toward warmer waters, Jeanne's central convection intensified as its outflow improved.[12][13] At 12:00 UTC on September 25, Jeanne became a Category 3 on theSaffir-Simpson scale, which ismajor hurricane status. Two hours later, it made landfall onAbaco Island in the Bahamas, and later it moved overGrand Bahama Island.[1]
Originally, the NHC anticipated that Jeanne would turn northwestward and move ashore northeastern Florida.[12] However, the ridge to its north caused Jeanne to continue westward.[13] Late on September 25, Jeanne attained peak winds of 120 mph (195 km/h).[1] Aneyewall replacement cycle halted further strengthening, and at 0400 UTC on September 26, Jeanne made landfall at peak intensity on the southern end ofHutchinson Island nearStuart, Florida. Its eye was 58 mi (93 km) in diameter, and the minimumbarometric pressure at landfall was 950 mbar (28 inHg).[1][14] The hurricane moved ashore in almost the same location thatHurricane Frances hit 21 days prior.[1][15] As it moved inland, Jeanne weakened, quickly losing its eye.[1] By 14 hours after landfall, Jeanne weakened to tropical storm status near theTampa Bay area.[1] After turning northward, Jeanne entered southernGeorgia and weakened into a tropical depression.[1] The ridge to its north moved off the coast as a weakcold front moved toward Jeanne. The interaction between nearby dry air and Jeanne's circulation produced conditions favorable for a tornado outbreak.[16] After crossing intoVirginia, Jeanne transitioned into anextratropical cyclone by September 29 near Washington, D.C. Later that day, the remnants of Jeanne exited into the Atlantic Ocean and merged with a cold front.[1]
Upon Jeanne's formation,tropical storm watches and warnings were issued for islands across the northeastern Caribbean, including theAnguilla,Saba,Sint Eustatius,the Dutch portion of St. Martin,Saint Kitts and Nevis,Puerto Rico, and theVirgin Islands. The NHC issued hurricane warnings for the United States Virgin Islands (USVI) and Puerto Rico,[1] anticipating that Jeanne would become a hurricane before crossing the latter island.[17] USVI GovernorCharles Wesley Turnbull issued a state of emergency and ordered the territory's schools to close.[18] Airports in the territory closed during the storm passage. In Puerto Rico, all ports were closed, and most flights were canceled, while the island's power grid was turned off to prevent damage. Government offices and courts were also closed.GovernorSila María Calderón forbade the sale of alcohol during the storm. Ferry service was temporarily suspended between the mainland and both Vieques and Culebra.[19][20] More than 1,000 people fled to evacuation shelters in Puerto Rico.[21] InVega Baja, an elderly man fell from a roof to his death while installing storm shutters.[19]
The first tropical storm watches for the Dominican Republic were issued on September 14. By the time Jeanne made landfall, hurricane warnings were in place betweenSaona Island andPuerto Plata, covering much of the country's northeast coast.[1] Across the Dominican Republic, 22,740 evacuated, more than half of whom stayed in one of 145 official shelters. Officials in the country advised residents to stay away from the coast and waterways.[22] There were also tropical storm warnings along the northern coast of Haiti covering as far west asMôle-Saint-Nicolas.[1]
While Jeanne was still in the Caribbean, the Bahamas issued hurricane watches and warnings for the southeastern and central portion of the archipelago, beginning late on September 15. These were downgraded to tropical storm warnings by the time Jeanne moved through the region, and canceled altogether by September 19. Four days later, Jeanne again threatened the country, prompting additional hurricane watches and warnings for the central to northwestern Bahamas.[1] During Jeanne's second approach to the Bahamas, officials urged residents in low-lying homes to evacuate, while also setting up shelters onAbaco,Eleuthera, andGrand Bahama islands. About 2,500 people stayed at shelters during the hurricane. Theinternational airport on Grand Bahama temporarily closed during the storm. Because Hurricane Frances struck only about three weeks prior, numerous houses were still patched with plastic sheeting on their roofs, while displaced residents were still living with neighbors or relatives. Several cruise ships were diverted away from the country.[23][24]
On September 24, the NHC first issued hurricane warnings for the eastern Florida coast fromFlorida City toSt. Augustine, includingLake Okeechobee. Additional hurricane warnings were later added for Florida's west coast fromEnglewood to the mouth of theSuwannee River on theFlorida Panhandle. Tropical storm warnings were also issued as far west asDestin, for southern Florida, and as far northeast to central Georgia at the mouth of theAltamaha River.[1]
Due to Jeanne's threat, Florida governorJeb Bush issued a state of emergency. On September 25, officials first issued voluntary evacuations forPalm Beach,Martin, andSt. Lucie County counties. On the same day, theSt. Lucie Nuclear Power Plant started to shut down. On September 26, officials in six east Florida counties issued evacuation orders for residents in barrier islands, low-lying areas, and mobile homes.[25][26] Ultimately, about 2 million people were under mandatory evacuation orders across 28 counties. Roughly 61,000 people utilized one of 298 shelters. The roadways most used during the evuacuation were theFlorida Turnpike andInterstate 75.[27][28][29] Preparations were complicated by the damage fromHurricane Frances, which made landfall in the state three weeks earlier. At least 21 county school districts closed classes, with schools inSt. Lucie County having been closed since Hurricane Frances.[30]Florida Power and Light brought more than 2,500 electric workers from around the country to help with anticipated power outages.[31] ANational Football League game between thePittsburgh Steelers andMiami Dolphins was delayed by 7 hours and 30 minutes because of the storm.[32]
While Jeanne moved through the southeastern United States on September 27, theStorm Prediction Center issued a moderate risk of severe weather and tornadoes from Georgia to North Carolina.[16] VariousNational Weather Service (NWS) offices issued flood watches and warnings for the same states, extending into the Mid-Atlantic through Massachusetts.[33][34][35]
| Country | Total | |
|---|---|---|
| Dominican Republic | 23[36] | |
| Haiti | 3,006[37] | |
| United States | Puerto Rico | 7[1][38][19] |
| Florida | 6[1][39] | |
| North Carolina | 2[40] | |
| South Carolina | 2[1][41] | |
| Virginia | 1[1] | |
| Total: | 3,047 | |
In its formative stages, Tropical Storm Jeanne dropped heavy rainfall across the northeastern Caribbean, reaching around 300 mm (12 in) onGuadeloupe.[1][36] The communes ofBouillante,Deshaies, andPointe-Noire were the hardest hit. In Bouillante, 60 homes were damaged. The storm ruptured water pipes in the city of Bois Malher, isolating about 1,000 people. Damage to businesses resulted in 30 employees being laid-off. Crops also suffered impact, especially bananas. At the Malendure resort, which is located along the coast, the pier, restaurants, and dive base were rendered unusable. In Deshaies, 110 homes were severely damaged, including 60 in the city of Ferry. About a dozen boats were beached or capsized. Many roads and bridges were inflicted with damage.[42] In Point-Noire, nearly 300 single-family homes were damaged or demolished. Three bridges were destroyed, while numerous roads were also affected. Further south inVieux-Habitants, roads also suffered damage, particularly in the Beaugendre area, leaving a dozen households isolated. A primary school was impacted beyond repairs. InSaint-François, a trench was dug along a major highway to prevent a residential subdivision from flooding.[42]
The heavy rains also caused low-lying flooding on Antigua and Barbuda, where the rainfall reached 2.03 in (52 mm).[36] In the British Virgin Islands, the storm's rains led to landslides that covered roads.[20] In the United States Virgin Islands, Jeanne dropped 12.67 in (322 mm) of rainfall atCharlotte Amalie, the territory's capital onSt. Thomas. Around 20 people on the island required rescue from floods. On the nearby island ofSaint Croix, there were unofficial reports of 94 mph (151 km/h) wind gusts, while rainfall accumulated to 8.73 in (222 mm). The storm caused landslides, flooding, and crop damage on the island.[43] During the storm, two prisoners escaped from a St. Croix jail.[44] OnSt. John, the storm downed trees and caused landslides. Damage throughout the territory totaled US$6.4 million, and about 50,000 people lost power.[43][20]
While moving across Puerto Rico, Jeanne dropped heavy rainfall which caused severe flooding along many rivers across the island.[1] Up to 23.75 in (603 mm) was recorded on the island ofVieques which corresponded to a1 in a 100 year event.[38] A station atCayey recorded a wind gust of 72 mph (116 km/h), the highest recorded in Puerto Rico. Across Puerto Rico, Jeanne caused four direct fatalities. A woman died inYabucoa when her home collapsed.[1] A person drowned along a stream inMoca. Two people died, and another was injured, when a tree struck a car nearYauco after the storm had passed. There were also fatalities indirectly related to the storm's passage, including two deaths fromcarbon monoxide poisoning from using generators.[38] About 70% of the island was still without electricity by three days after the storm, and half did not have running water; officials issuedboil-water advisories as a result.[44]
Storm damage on Puerto Rico reached $169.5 million. This included about $101.5 million in crop damage, half of which involved bananas or plantains, affecting more than 15,500 acres (63 km2) of farmlands. The storm also damaged coffee and wheat fields.[38] The island's power grid incurred about $60 million in damage, with an additional $8 million in damage to water systems. Throughout the island, the storm closed 302 roads and bridges due to landslides and fallen trees. Flooding forced 3,629 people to evacuate their houses to emergency shelters. The storm damaged schools, homes, and businesses.[38] 400 people had to evacuate near the Río Grande de Añasco.[45]
Striking the Dominican Republic as a hurricane, Jeanne produced strong winds and heavy rainfall, leading to 23 fatalities.[1][36] A station atCape Engaño, the easternmost point in the country, recorded 129 km/h (80 mph) winds. Rainfall reached 505.2 mm (19.89 in) atSaona Island over a three day period, including 366 mm (14.4 in) recorded on September 16.Santo Domingo, the capital of the Dominican Republic, recorded 194.3 mm (7.65 in) over three ays, whileCabrera along the northern coast reported 330.2 mm (13.00 in) over the same period.[36] The rains led to river flooding and landslides, especially in the eastern half of the country.[36][22] TheYuna River overflowed and forced more than 37,000 people to evacuate their homes.[46] The swollenSoco River temporarily isolated about 4,000 people inRamón Santana, and forced thousands of people to the roofs of their houses inSan Pedro de Macorís.[36][22][47] Damage totaled $270 million, which represented about 1.7% of the country'sGDP. Hurricane Jeanne destroyed bridges and cut off roads, while also causing outages for electricity and telephone.[36] About 40% ofEl Seibo andSamaná provinces had damage to their electrical grid.[47] Hundreds of people were left homeless.[36] Floods knocked down trees and caused crop damage, with several farms losing all of their livestock.[22][48] Despite the impacts, however, the Dominican Republic suffered less damage than neighboring Haiti, in part due to more heavily forested areas.[49]
Although Jeanne's center passed north of Haiti, its large circulation dropped heavy rainfall across the country from September 17–19. Rainfall totals reached 330 mm (13 in) over a 36 hour period. The intense rainfall produced floods and landslides across the country, leading to 3,006 fatalities. In the coastal city ofGonaïves, floodwaters reached 16 ft (5 m) deep, resulting in 2,826 fatalities.[1][36][50][37] In addition, in Gonaïves, 4,000 homes were destroyed, resulting in 20,000 people becoming homeless.[51] There were 65 deaths inNord-Ouest department, mostly in Port-de-Paix, while around 300,000 people in the province were left homeless.[52][53] There were also 47 deaths elsewhere in Haiti.[52] Nationwide, Jeanne destroyed around 1,900 houses, while damaging another 3,500 homes.[54] Damage was heaviest inArtibonite,Centre, Nord-Ouest, andSuddepartments.[52] Due to the large number of deaths, many of the corpses were either incinerated or buried inmass graves.[55] In one instance, families of the deceased protested the mass burials and their lack of proper burial by throwing stones at a truck delivering corpses.[56] The floods and landslides were made worse by ongoingdeforestation in the country, as well asfloods in May 2004 that killed thousands in the country.[57][58] The country was also lacking proper disaster management when Jeanne struck, ruled by an interim government following acoup d'état, with security assistance from theUnited Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti (MINUSTAH).[59][60]
The floods from Jeanne inundated about 80% of Gonaïves, a city of around 100,000 people. Residents were forced onto their roofs or to flee to safer areas, including 600 people that stayed in the city's cathedral. The infrastructure of Gonaïves was largely destroyed, with no functioning water system and limited electricity after Jeanne's passage. The floods blocked roads connecting Gonaïves with bothSaint-Marc andPort-de-Paix. Floodwaters also destroyed the city's two hospitals and 90% of private clinics.[61][47][46][62][63][50][64] About 450 members of MINUSTAH were displaced when floods damaged their camp.[65] About 30% of the city ofPort-de-Paix was inundated byLes Trois Rivières, while parts of the city was covered in landslides.[46] InGros-Morne, 100 houses were destroyed.[50] The floods also washed away crops and livestock across the region.[47]
While moving through the Bahamas, Jeanne produced winds of major hurricane-force on Grand Bahama and Abaco islands.[1] The hurricane further damaged homes that were previously damaged by Hurricane Frances only three weeks earlier.[66] Nationwide, about 800 homes were damaged or destroyed.[67] Across Grand Bahama and Abaco, Jeanne damaged power and water systems, as well as several roads.[68] Prime MinisterPerry Christie declared both island groups as disaster areas on September 27.[69] AtSettlement Point on Grand Bahama, aCoastal-Marine Automated Network weather station recorded 142 km/h (89 mph).[1] Floodwaters inundated theisland's international airport, temporarily closing it.Storm surge flooding also entered several homes near the coast in the eastern portion of the island. Storm shelters inEight Mile Rock were damaged due to the hurricane's passage.[66] Floodwaters reached 3 ft (0.91 m) deep on Eleuthera, and 5 ft (1.5 m) deep atMarsh Harbour on Abaco. About one-third of the homes atSandy Point had flood damage, with several homes also experienced roofing damage. In theBerry Islands, Jeanne eroded a causeway while also damaging homes and schools.[24][70]
Throughout the mainland United States, Hurricane Jeanne left $7.66 billion in damage.[71] There were also five direct deaths in the country – three in Florida, one in South Carolina, and one in Virginia.[1]
While striking Florida, Jeanne produced hurricane-force winds from aroundStuart toCape Canaveral, and extended halfway across the state. The strongest sustained winds in the state was 91 mph (146 km/h), recorded at theMelbourne NWS office. Wind gusts reached 128 mph (205 km/h) atFort Pierce Inlet, and 122 mph (196 km/h) inVero Beach.[1] Farther inland,Orlando International Airport recorded gusts of 77 mph (124 km/h).[1] Jeanne also spawned nine tornadoes in the state, mostly in the eyewall or innermost rainbands. An F1 tornado touched down west of Vero Beach, knocking down trees near its path. Over a 20 minute period, two F1 tornadoes hitBarefoot Bay inBrevard County; the former knocked down a few trees, while the latter damaged about a dozen houses. The remaining tornadoes were all rated F0; two were inFlagler County, and the other four touched down inSt. Johns County.[39][72] While moving ashore, Jeanne produced a storm surge of 3.8 ft (1.2 m) in Cape Canaveral.[1] High tides and waveseroded beaches fromJupiter Inlet toNew Smyrna Beach, as well as parts of theIntracoastal Waterway, adding to the erosion caused by Hurricane Frances. FromMartin to Brevard counties, the storm surge occurred around low tide, which limited damaging tidal floods. In New Smyrna Beach, the surge coincided with the high tides, resulting in significant erosion. Sand and ocean water covered parts ofFlorida State Road A1A, and parts of the route was washed away onHutchinson Island. Erosion also damaged parts of theSebastian Inlet Bridge, closing it for a week.[39][73] Water levels alongLake Okeechobee reached 7 ft (2.1 m) above normal, which flooded a few marinas.[74] Above normal tides occurred as far south asKey West, with portions of its airport inundated.[75]Cedar Key on the west coast recorded tides 4.5 ft (1.4 m) below-normal due to offshore winds. The hurricane also dropped heavy rainfall across the state, with the heaviest totals recorded along the eyewall's path.[1] Precipitation in the state peaked at 11.97 in (304 mm), recorded inKenansville inOsceola.[76] InHolder inCitrus County, theWithlacoochee River swelled to a record crest of 10.86 ft (3.31 m).[77]
Across Florida, Hurricane Jeanne directly led to three fatalities. A man drowned inPalm Bay in Brevard County, driving his car into a flooded ditch. InIndian River County, an elderly woman died a few days after being injured during evacuations. InClay County, a falling tree limb struck and killed a child.[1] There were fatalities indirectly related to the hurricane. A man in St. Lucie County was electrocuted by a downed power line. In Orange County, a man died after falling off a ladder while using a chainsaw. In Lake County, a woman died due to a fire, caused by a candle lit during a power outage.[39] Statewide, the hurricane left around 2 million people without power.[78] The hurricane added to the agriculture damage caused by previous hurricanes Charley and Frances.[79] Jeanne destroyed the roofs of several homes that were previously damaged by Frances.[80]
In Martin County where Jeanne moved ashore, the hurricane damaged 4,234 homes, including 181 that were destroyed.[39] The hurricane destroyed half of the roof for the Martin Memorial Hospital North in Stuart, which had just been repaired following Hurricane Jeanne.[78] Thousands of homes inSt. Lucie County were damaged or destroyed, with dozens of mobile hometrailer parks heavily damaged. In Fort Pierce Inlet, Jeanne's high tides destroyed dozens of boats. More than 41,000 homes in Indian River County were damaged to some degree. County officials advised most residents to boil water, due to power outages. TheVehicle Assembly Building atKennedy Space Center sustained damage to panels. Farther north, thousands of homes were damaged inVolusia County due to the combination of high winds and floods along theSt. Johns River.[81][82] South of the landfall location, the rains caused generally minor flooding, with locally severe floods inPalm Beach Gardens,Jupiter, and on farms in western Palm Beach County.[74] Farther inland, Jeanne damaged roofs and mobile homes fromOkeechobee toOrange counties. InLake County, more than 2,800 homes were damaged, 111 of which were destroyed. The storm also damaged citrus and other crops across the area.[83] About 2,000 houses sustained severe damage inHighlands County, including 140 that were destroyed.[84] InLakeland in Polk County, a retention pond overflowed and caused parts of a strip mall to collapse.[85] Floods closed streets inSt. Cloud inOsceola County, including parts ofU.S. Route 192.[86] Most rivers across northern Florida reached flood stage, which closed portions ofInterstate 10. InLive Oak, several roads were washed out.[87] Parts ofPunta Gorda were flooded by Jeanne's storm surge, while gusty winds removed the tarps from roofs damaged previously by Hurricane Charley.[88] InDixie County along the Florida panhandle, Jeanne damaged 215 homes, with 15 of them destroyed. The storm also washed out 30 county roads.[89][90]
As Jeanne moved through the southeastern United States, it still produced gale-force wind gusts.Savannah/Hilton Head International Airport recorded wind gusts to 44 mph (71 km/h). The storm led to above-normal tides and beach erosion along the coast.[91] The storm also spawned five weak tornadoes across Georgia, all of them rated F0. The first touched down briefly in a forest in northernClinch County, with at least 20 trees snapped or knocked down. Two tornadoes struckBulloch County, one nearStatesboro and the other nearPortal. They both damaged a few trees. Weak tornadoes also touched down nearMillhaven inScreven County and nearPerkins inJenkins County.[91][92] The storm also dropped heavy rainfall. The highest precipitation total in Georgia was 8.98 in (228 mm), recorded nearTifton.[93] In southern Georgia, the rains produced flooding that washed out roads inLowndes County, after theWithlacoochee River exceeded its banks. InValdosta, around 700 people evacuated due to floods, while schools and businesses were closed. The rains, in addition to gale-force wind gusts, knocked down trees and power lines, some of which fell onto homes. Around 36,000 people in the Valdosta area were without power.[94] InBibb County, dozens of trees fall, leaving 600 people without power, and leading to one car accident.[95] NearMacon, the interchange between I-75 and I-16 was flooded. Farther north in the Atlanta area, heavy rainfall produced floods along theChattahoochee River, along with nearby creeks and streams. Both thePeachtree andNancy creeks inFulton County exceeded flood stage, which inundated nearby homes and businesses that were flooded ten days earlier by Hurricane Ivan. The river flooding covered parts of a golf course. InGwinnett County, the heavy rains damaged the roof of an apartment complex, forcing at least 75 people to evacuate. A small lake inUnion Point failed during the floods. Several minor roads across the area were washed out or closed. Damage in the Atlanta area reached $5 million.[96]
While Jeanne was moving through the Bahamas, it producedrip currents that killed a swimmer inMurrells Inlet, South Carolina; five other people required rescue.[41] During its passage through the southeastern United States, Jeanne produced a severe weather outbreak across the region, spawning 17 tornadoes in South Carolina.[16][91] The most significant was an F2 that touched down nearRidgeway inFairfield County, South Carolina. The twister destroyed five mobile homes while damaging two other homes, killing one person and injuring 13 others.[97][1] There were six tornadoes that were rated F1. The first hit nearAlcolu inClarendon County, which destroyed two mobile homes and damaged a school, injuring four people. NearLake City, a twister destroyed a barn and damaged a house. InGeorgetown County, a tornado destroyed several sheds and outhouses, while also moving a mobile home off its foundation. InMarion County, a tornado damaged two homes, along with sheds and power lines. A twister inNewberry County damaged five houses. The final F1 tornado touched down nearGaffney, which destroyed a mobile home.[98] The remaining ten tornadoes were all rated F0, which touched down inHampton,Berkeley,Aiken,Lee,Chesterfield,Dillon,Marlboro,Saluda,Lexington, and one in Newberry. The tornado in Dillon County touched down along I-95.[99] Jeanne's winds reached 41 mph (67 km/h) in Charleston. The wind gusts were strong enough to knock down trees and power lines, resulting in car crash and injuries in bothJasper andColleton counties. The combination of high tides and heavy rainfall produced coastal flooding in Charleston.[91] The highest precipitation in the state was 5.89 in (150 mm).[93] The rains caused flooding along rivers and streams, especially nearGreenwood andAbbeville. The floods damaged several roads and bridges, while also covering parts of interstates26 and385.[100][101] Waters from a water drain forced an apartment building inHonea Path to evacuate.[102] Several homes inFountain Inn were also evacuated.[101] Stranded drivers required rescue from the floodwaters inSpartanburg County.[103]
Along the North Carolina coast, rip currents and high surf in North Carolina killed a swimmers inCorolla inCurrituck County andOak Island inBrunswick County.[40] During Jeanne's passage through the southeastern United States, there were seven tornadoes in North Carolina, none of them rated stronger than an F1. The first touched down twice along an 8 mi (13 km) path throughMoore County, where it damaged 121 buildings, including eight that were destroyed. The twister also crossed four golf courses, knocked down hundreds of trees, and destroyed 12 cars. A brief F0 tornado, also in Moore County, knocked a tree onto a home. An F0 tornado touched down twice inApex inWake County, damaging a few power lines and mobile homes. A brief F0 tornado touched down inRichmond County, which downed a few trees and power lines. An F1 tornado hit nearOak City inMartin County, which blew the porch off a house and destroyed four large storage bins. In the town ofStar inMontgomery County, an F0 tornado destroyed a chicken coop and moved a barn off its foundation, while also knocking a tree onto a home. An F1 tornado hitPatterson Springs inCleveland County, knocking down several trees and power lines, some of which fell onto homes.[104] Jeanne also dropped heavy rainfall in the state, reaching 5.64 in (143 mm) atClear Creek.[93] The rains led to flash flooding in parts of the state, which flooded roads across the state such as I-40 and I-85. Several motorists inRowan County required rescue after driving through floodwaters. An elementary school was flooded inDanbury inStokes County. InCabarrus County, a school was evacuated due to rising floodwaters, while several homes and businesses were flooded.[105] Rainfall also extended into neighboring Tennessee, reaching 1.89 in (48 mm) inDel Rio.[93]
As the storm moved northward east of theAppalachian Mountains, it continued producing heavy rains and flash flooding. Rainfall exceeded 6.00 inches (150 mm) as far north asNew Jersey andPennsylvania.[106] Flash floods killed a woman inPatrick County, Virginia.[1]
In Maryland, Jeanne produced up to 4 in (100 mm) of rain,[106] triggering flash flooding throughout the state.[107] Numerous roads were flooded,[108] including parts ofMaryland Route 17.[109] Several rivers rose above their flood-stage, with the Big Elk Creek cresting at 9.3 ft (2.8 m), 0.3 ft (0.091 m) above food-stage.[110] A total of 50 roads were closed due to high water throughout the state. Numerous reports of stranded vehicles were sent to the Emergency Operations Center. InCarroll County, a group of inmates required rescue after the jail they were in flooded.[111] One brief F0 tornado touched down in the state nearSolomons, causing minor damage.[112]
Throughout Delaware, the remnants of Jeanne produced between 4 and 8 in (100 and 200 mm) of rain,[113] peaking at 7.1 in (180 mm) at theUniversity of Delaware.[106] This led to widespread street flooding and several rivers overflowed their banks. Forty people had to be rescued from a bus along theWhite Clay Creek after the creek crested at .59 ft (0.18 m) above flood-stage.[113] A strongF2 tornado touched down in the state, injuring five people and leaving $1 million in damages. The tornado touched down in northernNew Castle County and tracked for 5 mi (8.0 km) and generated winds up to 130 mph (210 km/h). The county airport sustained significant damage, five C-130 cargo planes were damaged, thousands of pounds of jet fuel spilled, and damaged hangars. At a nearby industrial park, metal siding was torn off buildings, windows were shattered and power lines were downed. A self-storage facility sustained substantial damage.[114]
The heavy rains resulted in severe flash flooding inPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania and itsPennsylvania andNew Jersey suburbs on September 28. Tornadoes also touched down inWilmington, Delaware andCherry Hill, New Jersey.[citation needed]
As a result of the hurricane's impact, the nameJeanne was retired from the rotating lists oftropical cyclone names in the spring of 2005 by theWorld Meteorological Organization, and will never again be used for an Atlantic basin tropical cyclone.[115] It was replaced with the nameJulia for the2010 season.[116]
After the deadly floods in Haiti, Prime MinisterGérard Latortue declared three days of national mourning.[47] On September 22, members of the Haitian interim government, the United Nations, and the International Red Cross launched an appeal to the international community for donations.[117][52][60] The flood-stricken city Gonaïves was without electricity or communications. Road access was cut off until September 20, when the UN peacekeeping mission, MINUSTAH, reopened the road. Haiti's Ministry of Agriculture shipped water from St. Marc to Gonaïves, with assistance from the localRed Cross. On September 20 and again on the following day, theWorld Food Programme (WFF) sent a fleet of 12 trucks to Gonaïves, carrying 40 tons of food and 5,000 loaves of bread each day.[47][50][61] Workers used trucks, boats, mules, and donkeys to distribute food to nearby villages.[118] However, the streets of Gonaïves remained covered in mud and stagnant floodwaters for weeks after the storm.[119] Due to damaged or blocked roads,Air Serv International helped transport relief workers to the hardest hit areas.[120] Over a 12 day period after the disaster,CARE International provided meals to more than 278,000 people, equal to 961 metric tons of food.[121] United Nations troops used gunfire to suppress looting at food distribution locations.[122] Due to the insecurity, severalnongovernmental organizations (NGOs) stopped their work in Gonaïves.[123] Violence in Port-au-Prince, associated with protests supporting previous Haitian PresidentAristide, disrupted food transport for a week, until conditions became safer on October 7.[124][125] However, there were at least four instances of aid trucks being attacked or looted by mid-November, and three WFP trucks that were hijacked in December. On December 31, a mob looted four metric tons of food from a food truck.[126][127] On January 13, 2005, UN peacekeepers had to use tear gas after riots developed at a food distribution site.[128] The damage from Jeanne, in addition to subsequent drought conditions, diminished crop harvests in central Haiti by February 2005.[129] In the six months after the storm, the WFP distributed 6,386 metric tons of food to people affected by the floods. Food distribution ended on March 14, 2005.[130]
TheWorld Health Organization (WHO) andPan American Health Organization (PAHO) worked together to coordinate medical needs, providing personnel to assist local health departments and other humanitarian agencies. Teams fromMédecins Sans Frontières, Cuba, and Argentina operated fourfield hospitals in Gonaïves, while Médecins du Monde opened a medical center.[53][50][64] The Canadian and Norwegian Red Cross set up an emergency field hospital while also repairing one of the city's damaged hospitals.[131] A team of Mexican health workers flew to Haiti to help with animal and bug control, as well as other illnesses. By October 18, health access in Gonaïves improved to the levels before the floods. A day later, emergency relief activities ended, although thousands of people remained homeless.[54] The French Red Cross set up a water station capable of producing 30,000 L (7,900 US gal) of clean water each day.[132] There were 20 water distribution sites by mid-October.[54]UNICEF, or the UN's Children's Fund, helped restore 50 schools by the start of the 2005 school year.[133] TheWorld Bank International Development Agency provided more than $19 million toward the Emergency Recovery and Disaster Risk Management Project, which helped improved Haiti's capacity to manage natural disasters.[134] In July 2005, theInter-American Development Bank provided a $27.1 million loan to help farmers along theRivière la Quinte by providing seeds and soil management.[135]
Various countries and organizations helped Haiti in the storm's aftermath.[123] TheOrganization of American States donated $25,000 to Haiti.[136] TheUnited States Agency for International Development (USAID) provided $38 million in assistance, in addition to ongoing assistance after the country's floods in May 2004. The aid was distributed through a variety of agencies, while also setting up cash-for-work projects.[123][137] The Canadian International Development Agency sent a flight with 14 tons of supplies to Haiti, while also donating $1 million to the WFP.[138][139] TheEuropean Community Humanitarian Aid Office (ECHO) provided €4 million toward ongoing relief efforts in the country.[140] Separately, Germany authorized €200,000 in emergency aid, while the Netherlands sent €250,000.[141][142] The British Red Cross provided hygiene kits, blankets, and kitchen sets.[58] South Africa sent US$1 million to theCaribbean Disaster Emergency Response Agency toward disaster relief in the Caribbean.[143] The government of Japan sent generators,jerrycans, and other supplies.[144] The Australian Agency for International Development providedA$100,000 to CARE Haiti.[145] CARE helped restore water systems in Gonaïves, while also providing corn, bean and sorghum seeds to rural farmers.[146] Workers fromHydro-Québec helped restore electricity to water irrigation pumps.[128] The government of New Zealand sentNZ$100,000 each to theUnited Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) and UNICEF.[147] TheGates Foundation donated $300,000 toward CARE's flood relief work in the country.[148] TheAdventist Development and Relief Agency International distributed shoes, medicine, and food, while also providing counseling services.[149]Rise Against Hunger sent a boat with nearly $3 million in supplies, including food and medicine.[150]Télécoms Sans Frontières set up temporary telephone access for about 2,000 families over a 19 day period.[123] On December 14, 2004, Haitian musicianWyclef Jean released a music video for his songGonaïves, to raise awareness and funds for the WFP and Jean's charitable organization,Yéle Haiti.[151]
Across the Bahamas, workers began clearing roads and restoring power after the storm passed.[70] Due to the severe damage from Jeanne in Abaco and Grand Bahama islands, as well as previous damage from Hurricane Frances, Bahamian Prime Minister Perry Christie requested international assistance for rebuilding.[69] The government of Japan provided ¥5.5 million worth of emergency supplies, including tents and generators.[67]
The collective response to hurricanes Charley, Frances, Ivan, and Jeanne represented the largest operations in the history of both theAmerican Red Cross and theFederal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA). The previous largest FEMA operation was the response to the1994 Northridge earthquake. Florida governor Jeb Bush deployed more than 3,000 national guard members to help with relief work.[152][153][82]
Immediately after Jeanne's passage through Puerto Rico, electric companies began power restoration, with the western portion of the island repaired first.[154]United States PresidentGeorge W. Bush declared Puerto Rico a disaster area on September 17, two days after Jeanne struck the island. Ultimately, the federal government provided $457 million toward the disaster relief in Puerto Rico, which included emergency costs such debris removal. TheFederal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) approved 159,978 individual assistance applications, which included temporary housing programs.[155][156] FEMA opened six disaster recovery centers, while also operating mobile centers across the island.[157] FEMA also provided counseling services for storm victims.[158] The federal government provided money to repair and upgrade roads, bridges, and electrical grids.[159]
President Bush designated the United States Virgin Islands as a disaster area on October 7. The federal government provided about $1.7 million in disaster assistance.[160]
On September 26, the same day Jeanne moved ashore Florida, President Bush designated much of the state as a disaster area, covering all of the peninsula butMonroe County, and extending as far west asWakulla County. Ultimately, FEMA spent $919 million toward the Hurricane Jeanne recovery in the state. The agency approved individual assitance for 180,827 people in the state.[161][162] Occurring weeks before the2004 U.S. presidential election, the hurricane had significant political implications for the state of Florida. The storm cutting off electricity in the state lead to a lack of polling data, resulting in reduced campaign strategy by both candidates. In addition, especially in the aftermath of theprevious election, Democrats made efforts to ensure everyone could vote in the aftermath of the hurricane.[163]
On October 18, President Bush declared eight Virginia counties, as well as two cities, as a disaster area. FEMA provided $2.2 million in individual assistance to the state.[164][165]New Castle County, Delaware was also designated a federal disaster area on November 15. FEMA provided about $800,000 in public and emergency work.[166][167]
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