 Anita approaching the Gulf Coast of Mexico on September 1 | |
| Meteorological history | |
|---|---|
| Formed | August 29, 1977 (1977-08-29) |
| Dissipated | September 4, 1977 (1977-09-05) |
| Category 5 major hurricane | |
| 1-minute sustained (SSHWS/NWS) | |
| Highest winds | 175 mph (280 km/h) |
| Lowest pressure | 926mbar (hPa); 27.34 inHg |
| Overall effects | |
| Fatalities | 11 direct |
| Areas affected | Gulf Coast of the United States, Mexico |
IBTrACS | |
Part of the1977 Atlantic and Pacific hurricane seasons | |
Hurricane Anita was a powerfultropical cyclone during the otherwise quiet1977 Atlantic hurricane season, and the latest first named storm on record since tropical cyclones were first named in 1950. The firsttropical cyclone of the season, Anita developed from atropical wave on August 29 in the north-centralGulf of Mexico. It tracked westward into an area with conditions favorable for further development, and quickly intensified into a hurricane by late on August 30. Initially, Anita was forecast to strike Texas, though a buildingridge turned it to the west-southwest. The hurricane rapidly strengthened to attain peak winds of 175 mph (280 km/h), and on September 2 Anita madelandfall in easternTamaulipas as aCategory 5 hurricane. It quickly weakened as it crossed Mexico, and after briefly redeveloping into a tropical depression in the easternPacific Ocean, Anita dissipated on September 4 to the south of theBaja California Peninsula.
The hurricane produced light rainfall and high tides along theGulf Coast of the United States. Some low-level flooding was reported, but damage was slight. In Mexico, the hurricane caused strong winds and moderate rainfall. The winds caused extensive damage to villages in northeastern Mexico, with about 25,000 people left homeless. The rainfall, reaching over 17.52 inches (445 mm), caused flooding and mudslides which killed eleven people in Tamaulipas.
Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depressionAtropical wave moved off the coast ofAfrica on August 16. The wave axis tracked steadily westward, and on August 23 convection increased after the wave passed beneath a cold-core upper-level low. By August 27, the wave axis was located overCuba, with the area of convection located between Florida and theBahamas after tracking northwestward. The disturbance crossed southern Florida, and after entering theGulf of Mexico ananticyclone provided favorable conditions for further development. It tracked slowly westward at 5 mph (7 km/h), and after developing a surface circulation the system developed into a tropical depression on August 29 while located about 230 miles (370 km) south-southwest ofNew Orleans, Louisiana.[1]
With aridge of high pressure to its north, the depression tracked westward. Favorable conditions persisted for several days prior to the arrival of the depression, and as such the depression quickly intensified into Tropical Storm Anita. The storm tracked slowly over warm water temperatures, and throughout its duration it was embedded within warm, moist tropical air; Anita rapidly organized and attained hurricane status late on August 30;[1] this is the latest date for the first hurricane since1967.[2] Initially it threatened to strike Texas, though building high pressures to the north of the hurricane turned Anita to the west-southwest. The hurricane developed a well-definedeye, and Anita began torapidly intensify late on September 1 after attainingmajor hurricane status. During a two-day period up to its peak intensity, Anita deepened at a rate of 2 mbar per hour, and on September 2 the hurricane reached peak winds of 175 mph (280 km/h) while located just offshore northeastern Mexico, making Anita aCategory 5 on theSaffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale.[1]
Hurricane Anita maintained its strength as it approached land, and at 1100 UTC on September 2 it madelandfall onSoto la Marina,Tamaulipas, about 145 miles (235 km) south ofBrownsville, Texas or 80 miles (130 km) north ofTampico, Mexico.[2][3] It rapidly weakened over the mountainous terrain of Mexico, and on September 3, about 25 hours after moving ashore, Anita emerged into the easternPacific Ocean as a tropical depression. Reclassified asTropical Depression Eleven, the system continued to the west, and weakened further after encountering cooler water temperatures. The depression gradually lost its deep convection, and on September 4 it dissipated off of the southern tip of theBaja California Peninsula.[4]
Shortly after first developing, one oil company evacuated its oil rigs off of Texas andLouisiana by helicopter, with several other companies beginning to evacuate unneeded workers.[5] Ultimately, 7,000 oil workers were removed from offshore oil platforms.[1] The threat of the developing disturbance prompted officials to close a state park in southern Louisiana. TheNational Hurricane Center advised small craft along the northern Gulf Coast to remain at port.[5] Initially, Anita was predicted to continue tracking west-northwestward and make landfall near the Texas/Louisiana border. As a result, schools inCameron Parish, Louisiana were closed,[6] and on August 30 ahurricane watch was issued for the southwestern Louisiana and northeastern Texas coastlines. After the track shifted further to the south, the watch was replaced with a hurricane warning betweenBrownsville and just south ofCorpus Christi, Texas.[1] An emergency shelter was opened inBrownwood, Texas, andArmy trucks were prepared to assist in evacuations.[7] An official from theNational Weather Service recommended evacuation for all residents east ofGalveston, Texas living in an area below 5 feet (1.5 m) above sea level; about 20,000 leftCameron, Louisiana.[8] In all, about 58,000 people evacuated coastal locations in Louisiana and Texas.[1]
Though the National Hurricane Center did not issue hurricane warnings for Mexico, officials warned the Mexican government of the potential danger of the hurricane. Across the northeastern coastline of the country, 35,000 people evacuated prior to the arrival of the hurricane,[1] including all of the residents in the village where the hurricane struck.[9] The Mexican army assisted in evacuations and preparing emergency shelters.[10]
As the precursor tropical disturbance crossed southern Florida, it dropped rainfall of over 1 inch (25 mm) in theMiami area.[11] Later, as a developing tropical depression, the system produced gusty winds and heavy rainfall in southernLouisiana;[5] one station nearGalliano reported over 3 inches (76 mm) of precipitation.[11] Hurricane Anita produced astorm tide of 2 feet (0.6 m) above normal inGrand Isle, which resulted in hundreds of families being asked to leave their homes.[8]
The hurricane produced above-normal tides along the Texas coastline, which closed several highways includingTexas State Highway 87.[8] The northern periphery of Hurricane Anita produced light to moderate rainfall across the southern portion of the state, which peaked at 4.97 inches (126 mm) atRio Grande City.[11] Damage in the state was minor; onSouth Padre Island damage was limited to a few broken windows.[12]
Hurricane Anita made landfall in a sparsely populated portion of Mexico; as a result, few meteorological statistics exist. A station near where the hurricane moved ashore recorded 17.52 inches (445 mm) of precipitation in six hours, which resulted in severe flooding and mudslides.[1]
The hurricane caused extensive damage to fishing and farming communities in northeastern Mexico.[1] Strong winds destroyed thousands of homes and left about 25,000 people homeless, according to newspaper reports from Mexico City. The winds destroyed the roofs of most buildings near where the hurricane moved ashore,[13] and also caused widespread power outages which disrupted communications. Heavy rainfall destroyed or obstructed roadways across the region,[14] with some flooded avenues inTampico and reports of flooded highways nearCiudad Victoria.[13] Eleven people were killed in floods and mudslides acrossTamaulipas.[15] In all, at least 50,000 people were affected by the hurricane in Mexico.[16]
Shortly after the hurricane made landfall, the government of Mexico sent two truckloads of food to the areas of greatest impact.[14] Additionally, officials permitted full use of the Mexican railway system to facilitate the distribution of aid.[10] Three municipalities were also declared disaster areas following the storm.[15] In Texas, the combination of moderate rainfall and high tides in low-lying marshland led to a mosquito outbreak nearGalveston following the storm.[17]
On account of the severe damage caused by the hurricane in the Atlantic basin, the nameAnita wasretired at the end of the 1977 season. It will never again be used to name a tropical storm in the basin.[18]
This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in thepublic domain.
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Tropical cyclones of the1977 Atlantic hurricane season | ||
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Tropical cyclones of the1977 Pacific hurricane season | ||
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