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| Highestgoverning body | Gaelic Athletic Association |
|---|---|
| First played | Pre-medieval origins; first codified match played 27 January 1883 in Dublin, Ireland |
| Characteristics | |
| Contact | Yes |
| Team members | 26 (15 and 11 substitutes) |
| Mixed-sex | Camogie is the female variant |
| Equipment | Sliotar,hurley, helmet |
| Presence | |
| Olympic | Demonstration sport 1904 |
| Paralympic | No |
| Hurling | |
|---|---|
| Country | Ireland |
| Reference | 01263 |
| Region | Europe and North America |
| Inscription history | |
| Inscription | 2018 (13th session) |
| List | Representative |
Hurling (Irish:iománaíocht,iomáint) is an outdoorteam game of ancientGaelic Irish origin, played by men and women. One of Ireland's nativeGaelic games, it shares a number of features withGaelic football, such as the field and goals, the number of players and muchterminology. The same game played by women is calledcamogie (camógaíocht), which shares a common Gaelic root.
The objective of the game is for players to use anash wood stick called a hurl orhurley (in Irish acamán, pronounced/ˈkæmən/ or/kəˈmɔːn/ in English) to hit a small ball called asliotar (pronounced/ˈʃlɪtər/ in English) between the opponent's goalposts either over the crossbar for one point or under the crossbar into a net guarded by agoalkeeper for three points. Thesliotar can be caught in the hand and carried for not more than four steps, struck in the air or struck on the ground with the hurley. It can be kicked, or slapped with an open hand (the hand pass), for short-range passing. A player who wants to carry the ball for more than four steps has to bounce or balance thesliotar on the end of the stick (solo), and the ball can be handled only twice while in the player's possession. Provided that a player has at least one foot on the ground, he may make a shoulder-to-shoulder charge on an opponent who is in possession of the ball or is playing the ball, or when both players are moving in the direction of the ball. No protective padding is worn by players though a plastic protective helmet with a faceguard has been mandatory for all age groups since 2010.
Early forms of hurling have been played since at least theMiddle Ages, with the earliest written references appearing in Irish law tracts from the seventh century. The earliest archaeological evidence dates from the twelfth-century.[1] The first written rules for hurling were published in January 1883 by the Dublin Hurling Club.[2][3]
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Hurling is today administered by theGaelic Athletic Association (GAA). It has featured regularly in art forms such asfilm, music and literature. The final of theAll-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship was listed in second place byCNN in its "10 sporting events you have to see live", after theOlympic Games and ahead of both theFIFA World Cup andUEFA European Championship.[4]Financial Times columnistSimon Kuper wrote afterStephen Bennett's performance in the2020 All-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship Final that hurling was "the best sport ever and if the Irish had colonised the world, nobody would ever have heard offootball".[5]UNESCO lists hurling as an element ofintangible cultural heritage.[6] A 2024 survey found that hurling was the favourite sport of 25% of Irish people.[7]
A hurling pitch is similar in some respects to arugby pitch but larger. The grass pitch is rectangular, stretching 130–145 metres (140–160 yards) long and 80–90 m (90–100 yd) wide. There areH-shaped goalposts at each end, formed by two posts, which are usually 6–7 metres (20–23 feet) high, set 6.5 m (21 ft) apart, and connected 2.5 m (8.2 ft) above the ground by a crossbar. A net extending behind the goal is attached to the crossbar and lower goal posts. The same pitch is used forGaelic football; the GAA, which organises both sports, decided this to facilitate dual usage. Lines are marked at distances of 13 metres, 20 metres and 59 metres (41 metres for Gaelic football) from each end-line. Shorter pitches and smaller goals are used by youth teams.[10]
Teams consist of fifteen players: a goalkeeper, three full backs, three half backs, two midfielders, three half forwards and three full forwards (see diagram). The panel is made up of 24–30 players and five substitutions are allowed per game. An exception can now be made in the case of a blood substitute being necessary. Blood substitutes are a result of one player needing medical treatment for a laceration and another coming on as a temporary replacement while the injured player is tended to.[11]
From 1 January 2010, the wearing ofhelmets became compulsory for hurlers at all levels. A standardhurling helmet is a helmet designed specially for the games ofhurling andcamogie. It consists of aplastic rigid shell, lined with foam cushioning, which covers theforehead, temples, crown of the head and down to the nape of theneck. A wiregrillefaceguard covers the whole face and is secured by straps that clip at the back of the head.This saw senior players follow the regulations already introduced in 2009 at minor and under 21 grades. TheGAA hopes to significantly reduce the number of injuries by introducing the compulsory wearing of helmets with fullfaceguards, both in training and matches. Hurlers of all ages, including those at nursery clubs when holding a hurley in their hand, must wear a helmet and faceguard at all times. Match officials will be obliged to stop play if any player at any level appears on the field of play without the necessary standard of equipment.[12]
Senior inter-county matches last 70 minutes (35 minutes per half). All other matches last 60 minutes (30 minutes per half). For teams under-13 and lower, games may be shortened to 50 minutes. Timekeeping is at the discretion of the referee who adds on stoppage time at the end of each half. In 2020, water breaks were brought in after the first 15 minutes in each half.
There are various solutions for knockout games that end in a draw, such as a replay, or what the rules refer to as "Winner on the Day" measures such as extra time (20 minutes), further extra time (10 more minutes), or a shoot-out.[13][14] The application and details of these measures vary according to the importance of the match and the difficulty of scheduling possible replays, and can change from year to year. The general trend is that the GAA have been trying to reduce the need for replays, to ease scheduling.[citation needed]
The following are considered technical fouls ("fouling the ball"):
Can be deliberate or accidental, often accompanied by a card. They are as follows:
Scoring is achieved by sending thesliotar between the opposition's goal posts. The posts, which are at each end of the field, areH posts as inrugby football but with a net under the crossbar as in association football. The posts are 6.4 m apart and the crossbar is 2.44 m above the ground.
If the ball goes over the crossbar, apoint is scored and a white flag is raised by an umpire. If the ball goes below the crossbar, agoal, worth three points, is scored, and a green flag is raised by an umpire. A goal must be scored by either a striking motion or by directly soloing the ball into the net. The goal is guarded by a goalkeeper. Scores are recorded in the format {goal total} – {point total}. For example, the 1996All-Ireland final finished:Wexford 1–13Limerick 0–14. Thus Wexford won by two points (1–13 being worth sixteen points).
In speech, a score consisting of at least one goal and one point is read as simply the two numbers, so Wexford's 1–13 is read "one thirteen"; the words "goals" and "points" invariably omitted. Goals are never "converted" into points; it is incorrect to describe a score of 1–13 as "sixteen". 2–0 would be referred to as "two goals", never "two zero". Likewise, 0–10 would be referred to as "ten points", never "zero ten". 0–0 is said "no score". So the Wexford/Limerick match score would be read as "Wexford one thirteen, Limerick fourteen points".
Players may be tackled but not struck by a one-handed slash of the stick; exceptions are two-handed jabs and strikes. Jersey-pulling, wrestling, pushing, and tripping are all forbidden. There are several forms of acceptable tackling, the most popular being:
A hurling match is watched over by eight officials:
The referee is responsible for starting and stopping play, recording the score, awarding frees, noting infractions, and issuing yellow (caution) and red (sending off)penalty cards to players after offences. A second yellow card at the same game leads to a red card, and therefore to a dismissal.
Linesmen are responsible for indicating the direction of line balls to the referee and also for conferring with the referee. The fourth official is responsible for overseeing substitutions, and also indicating the amount of stoppage time (signalled to him by the referee) and the players substituted using an electronic board. The umpires are responsible for judging the scoring. They indicate to the referee whether a shot was: wide (spread both arms), a 65 m puck (raise one arm), a point (wave white flag), or a goal (wave green flag).
Contrary to popular belief within the association, all officials are not obliged to indicate "any misdemeanours" to the referee, but are in fact permitted to inform the referee only of violent conduct they have witnessed which has occurred without the referee's knowledge. A linesman or umpire is not permitted to inform the referee of technical fouls such as a "third time in the hand", where a player catches the ball for a third time in succession after soloing or an illegal pick up of the ball. Such decisions can only be made at the discretion of the referee.
Blunt injury to the larynx is an infrequent consequence of contact sports despite protective equipment and stringent rules. Hurling, one of the two national sporting games of Ireland, is seen as one of the fastest field sports on earth and played with only a facemask and helmet as protection, making injury an unavoidable feature of the game without further padding.[15] The two most common sites of injury in hurling are the fingers and the hamstrings.[16] Hurling is also considered to have "a notable proportion of blunt scrotal trauma."[17]
Forms of stick-and-ball games have been played in Ireland since at least the Early Middle Ages. References toiomáin andbáire are found across early Irish law tracts, annals and poetry. The word 'hurling' appears first as 'horlinge' in the 1366 Statute of Kilkenny, which prohibited Gaelic Irish cultural practices in the English colony.[18]
The eighteenth century is frequently referred to as "The Golden Age of Hurling". This was when members of theAnglo-Irish landed gentry kept teams of players on their estates and challenged each other's teams to matches for the amusement of their tenants.
The earliest effort to codify the rules was not made until the late nineteenth century, by which time the traditional forms of hurling had all but died out throughout most of country.
The founding of theGaelic Athletic Association (GAA) in 1884 in Hayes Hotel, Thurles, County Tipperary, ended decline by organising the game around a common set of written rules. In 1888, Tipperary represented by Thurles Blues beat Meelick of Galway to win the first All-Ireland Championship. However, the twentieth century sawCork,Kilkenny[19] as well asTipperary dominate hurling with each of these counties winning more than 20 All-Ireland titles each.Wexford,Waterford,Clare,Limerick,Offaly,Antrim,Dublin, andGalway were also strong hurling counties during the twentieth century.
An extended qualifier system resulted in a longerAll-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship. Pay-for-play remains controversial and theGaelic Players Association continues to grow in strength. The inauguration of theChristy Ring Cup andNicky Rackard Cup gave new championships and an opportunity to play inCroke Park to the weaker county teams. Further dissemination of the championship structure was completed in 2009 with the addition of theLory Meagher Cup to make it a four tier championship.
Although many hurling clubs exist worldwide, only Ireland has a national team (although it includes only players from weaker counties in order to ensure matches are competitive). It and the Scotlandshinty team have played for many years with modified match rules (as withInternational Rules Football). The match is the only such international competition. However, competition at club level has been going on around the world since the late nineteenth century thanks to emigration from Ireland, and the strength of the game has ebbed and flowed along with emigration trends. Nowadays, growth in hurling is noted in Continental Europe, Australia, and North America.
Irish immigrants began arriving inArgentina in the 19th century.[20] The earliest reference to hurling in Argentina dates from the late 1880s inMercedes, Buenos Aires. However, the game was not actively promoted until 1900, when it came to the attention of author and newspapermanWilliam Bulfin. Under Bulfin's patronage, theHurling Club was formed on 15 July 1900, leading to teams being established in different neighborhoods of Buenos Aires and the surrounding farming communities.
Games of hurling were played every weekend until 1914 and received frequent coverage from Argentina's Spanish language newspapers, such asLa Nación. After the outbreak ofWorld War I, it became almost impossible to obtain hurleys from Ireland. An attempt was made to use native Argentine mountain ash, but it proved too heavy and lacking in pliability. Although the game was revived after the end of the war, the golden age of Argentine hurling had passed.World War II finally brought the era to its close.
In the aftermath of the Second World War, immigration from Ireland slowed to a trickle. In addition, native born Irish-Argentines assimilated into the local community. The last time that hurling was played in Argentina was in 1980, when the Aer Lingus Hurling Club conducted a three-week tour of the country and played matches at several locations.[21] Since 2009, with the realization of several Summers Camps and the visit of the All Stars in December, hurling returned to be a frequent activity at the Hurling Club, where many boys and young men have since been trained and taught to play. The Hurling Club have even been invited to take part in the Hurling Festival within The Gathering events organised byAer Lingus. This team was present in September 2013 in thecity of Galway. The team consists of 21 players from Hockey and Rugby teams. Many have contributed to the return of hurling as an activity in the club. As an example we can name Alejandro Yoyo Wade, Johnny Wade, Barbie, Cecilia and Irene Scally, David Ganly, Dickie Mac Allister, Eduardo Cabrera Punter, Hernan Magrini Scally. Several Irish have participated in many opportunities to work with the skills and education: Jonathan Lynch, Kevin O'Connors and Michael Connery, who currently works with the team's training to participate in the Aer Lingus International Hurling Festival.[22]
The earliest reference to hurling in Australia is related in the book "Sketches of Garryowen". On 12 July 1844, a match took place at Batman's Hill inMelbourne as a counterpoint to a march by theOrange Order. Reportedly, the hurling match attracted a crowd of five hundred Irish immigrants, while the Orange march shivered out of existence.[23]
Several hurling clubs existed inVictoria in the 1870s including Melbourne, Collingwood, Upper Yarra, Richmond and Geelong.
In 1885, a game between two Sydney-based teams took place before a crowd of over ten thousand spectators. Reportedly, the contest was greatly enjoyed despite the fact that one newspaper dubbed the game "Two Degrees Safer Than War".[24]
Arden Street Oval inNorth Melbourne was used by Irish immigrants during the 1920s.The game in Australasia is administered byAustralasia GAA.
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Hurling was brought to Great Britain in the 19th century. The game is administered byBritish GAA. Warwickshire and Lancashire compete at inter-county level in theLory Meagher Cup, competing against other counties in Ireland.London is the only non-Irish team to have won theAll-Ireland Senior Hurling Championship (having captured the title in1901), and after winning the2012 Christy Ring Cup gained the right to contest the Liam MacCarthy Cup in 2013.
The first ever hurling game played in the Scottish Highlands was played at Easter 2012 between CLG Micheal Breathnach and Fir Uladh, an Ulster select of Gaeiligoiri, as part of the Iomain Cholmcille festival, na Breathnaich coming out victorious.
Wales has its own club,St. Colmcilles in Cardiff.[25]
Soldiers who served in theIrish Brigade during theAnglo-Boer War are believed to have played the game on theveldt. Immigrants fromCounty Wicklow who had arrived to work in the explosives factory inUmbogintwini,KwaZulu-Natal formed a team c. 1915–16. A major burst of immigration in the 1920s led to the foundation of theTransvaal Hurling Association inJohannesburg in 1928. Games were traditionally played in a pitch on the site of the modern-day Johannesburg Central Railway Station everyEaster Sunday afterMass.
In 1932, a South African hurling team sailed to Ireland to compete in theTailteann Games, where they carried a banner donated by a convent of Irish nuns inCape Town. On their arrival, they were personally received by theTaoiseach (Prime Minister) at the time,Éamon de Valera.
South African hurling continued to prosper until the outbreak of theSecond World War, which caused immigration from Ireland to cease and made it impossible to import equipment. Games of hurling andGaelic football were occasionally sponsored by theChristian Brothers schools inBoksburg andPretoria well into the 1950s. Both games have all but ceased to be played.[26]
References to hurling on the North American continent date from the 1780s in modern-day Canada concerning immigrants fromCounty Waterford andCounty Kilkenny,[27] and also, in New York City. After the end of theAmerican Revolution, references to hurling cease in American newspapers until the aftermath of theGreat Famine when Irish people moved to America in huge numbers, bringing the game with them.[28] Newspaper reports from the 1850s refer to occasional matches played in San Francisco,Hoboken and New York City. The first game of hurling played under GAA rules outside Ireland was played onBoston Common in June 1886.
In 1888, there was an American tour by fifty Gaelic athletes from Ireland, known as the 'American Invasion'. This created enough interest amongIrish Americans to lay the groundwork for theNorth American GAA. By the end of 1889, almost a dozen GAA clubs existed in America, many of them in and around New York City,Philadelphia and Chicago. Later, clubs were formed in Boston,Cleveland, and many other centers of Irish America.Concord, New Hampshire has its state's only hurling team, New Hampshire Wolves, sponsored by Litherman's Limited Craft Brewery.
In 1910, twenty-two hurlers, composed of an equal number from Chicago and New York, conducted a tour of Ireland, where they played against the County teams from Kilkenny,Tipperary,Limerick,Dublin andWexford.Traditionally, hurling was a game played by Irish immigrants and discarded by their children. Many American hurling teams took to raising money to import players directly from Ireland. In recent years, this has changed considerably with the advent of the Internet and increased travel. TheBarley House Wolves hurling team from New Hampshire was formed when U.S. soldiers returning from Iraq saw a hurling game on the television inShannon Airport as their plane refuelled.[29] Outside of the traditional North American GAA cities of New York, Boston, Chicago and San Francisco, clubs are springing up in other places where they consist of predominantly American-born players who bring a new dimension to the game and actively seek to promote it as a mainstream sport, especially Joe Maher, a leading expert at the sport inBoston.[30] TheMilwaukee Hurling Club, with 300 members, is the largest Hurling club in the world outside Ireland,[citation needed] and is made of mostly Americans and very few Irish immigrants. The St. Louis Gaelic Athletic Club was established in 2002 and has expanded its organization to an eight team hurling league in the spring and six teamGaelic football league in the fall. They also have a 30-member camogie league. Saint Louis has won two National Championships in Jr C Hurling (2004 and 2011), as well as two National Championships in Jr D Gaelic Football (2005, and 2013). The Indianapolis Hurling Club began in 2002, then reformed in 2005. In 2008, the Indy Hurling Club won the Junior C National Championship. In 2011, Indy had 7 club teams and sent a Junior B, Junior C and Camogie team to nationals.
The GAA have also begun to invest in American college students with university teams springing up atUniversity of Connecticut,Stanford University,UC Berkeley,Purdue University,Indiana University,University of Montana and other schools. On 31 January 2009, the first ever US collegiate hurling match was held between UC Berkeley and Stanford University, organized by the newly formed California Collegiate Gaelic Athletic Association. UC Berkeley won the challenge match by one point, while Stanford won the next two CCGAA matches to win the first collegiate cup competition in the U.S.[31] On Memorial Day Weekend of 2011, the first ever National Collegiate GAA championship was played. The Indiana University Hurling Club won all matches of the tournament, and won by four points in the championship final to be crowned the first everU.S. National Collegiate Champions.
Hurling was andemonstration sport at the1904 Summer Olympics inSt. Louis, Missouri, in the United States. A single match was played between two American clubs, Innisfails from St. Louis and Fenians from Chicago. Innisfails won 2-2 to 0-2.[32]
However, for All-Ireland football qualifiers and hurling's preliminary quarter-finals the rule is that the fixture must be decided on the day. That requires ordinary periods of extra time should teams be level, followed by two more periods of five minutes if neither side has won. In the event the sides are still inseparable, a shoot-out will take place, such as decided the O'Byrne Cup semi-final between Meath and Longford earlier this year.
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