Movatterモバイル変換

[0]ホーム
URL:

Jump to content
WikipediaThe Free Encyclopedia
Search

Hupa language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Athabaskan language of California, US
Not to be confused with theHup language.
Hupa
Na꞉tinixwe Mixine꞉wheʼ
Native toUnited States
RegionCalifornia (Hoopa Valley)
Ethnicity2,000Hupa (2007)
Native speakers
1 (2015)[1]
RevivalL2 users: 30 (2007)
Dialects
Latin script
Language codes
ISO 639-2hup
ISO 639-3hup
Glottologhupa1239
ELPHupa
Hupa and other Californian Athabaskan languages
Hupa is classified as Critically Endangered by theUNESCOAtlas of the World's Languages in Danger.

Hupa (native name:Na꞉tinixwe Mixine꞉wheʼ,lit. 'language of the Hoopa Valley people') is anAthabaskan language (ofNa-Dené stock) spoken along the lower course of theTrinity River in NorthwesternCalifornia by the Hoopa ValleyHupa (Na꞉tinixwe) andTsnungwe/South Fork Hupa (Tse꞉ningxwe) and, before European contact, by theChilula andWhilkut peoples, to the west.

Speakers

[edit]

The 2000 US Census estimated the language to be spoken by 64 persons between the ages of 5 and 17, including 4 monolingual speakers. As of 2012, there were fewer than 10 individuals whose Hupa could be called fluent, at least one of whom (Verdena Parker) was a fully fluent bilingual.[citation needed] Perhaps another 50 individuals of all ages have restricted control of traditional Hupa phonology, grammar and lexicon. Beyond this, many tribal members share a small vocabulary of words and phrases of Hupa origin.

Phonology

[edit]

The consonants of Hupa in the standard orthography are listed below (with IPA notation in slashes):

Hupa consonants[2][3]
LabialAlveolarPalatalVelarUvularGlottal
medianlateralplainlabial.plainlabial.plainlabial.
Nasalm ⟨m⟩n ⟨n⟩ŋ ⟨ng⟩
Plosiveplainp ⟨b⟩t ⟨d⟩kʲ⟨g, gy⟩[a](k ⟨G⟩)[b]q ⟨q⟩ʔ ⟨ʼ⟩
aspiratedtʰ ⟨t⟩kʲʰ⟨k, ky⟩[a](kʰ ⟨K⟩)[b]
ejectivetʼ ⟨tʼ⟩kʲʼ⟨kʼ, kyʼ⟩[a](kʼ ⟨Kʼ⟩)[b]qʼ ⟨qʼ⟩
Affricateplaints ⟨dz⟩tʃ ⟨j⟩
aspiratedtsʰ ⟨ts⟩tʃʷʰ ⟨chw⟩
ejectivetsʼ ⟨tsʼ⟩tɬʼ ⟨tłʼ⟩tʃʼ ⟨chʼ⟩(tʃʷʼ ⟨chwʼ⟩)[c]
Fricatives ⟨s⟩ɬ ⟨ł⟩(ʃ ⟨sh⟩)[d]x ⟨x⟩xʷ ⟨xw⟩h ⟨h⟩hʷ ⟨wh⟩
Approximantl ⟨l⟩j ⟨y⟩w ⟨w⟩
  1. ^abcThe palatal stops⟨g⟩,⟨k⟩, and⟨kʼ⟩ are written⟨gy⟩,⟨ky⟩, and⟨kyʼ⟩ before the letters⟨a⟩,⟨o⟩, and⟨u⟩.
  2. ^abcThe velar stops⟨G⟩,⟨K⟩, and⟨Kʼ⟩ have a limited distribution; G and K are only found in diminutive words.
  3. ^The sound⟨chwʼ⟩ occurs mainly as a variant pronunciation of⟨chw⟩ in some words.
  4. ^The sound sh is rare and occurs mainly in exclamations or loanwords.
Hupa vowel phonemes[4]
FrontCentralBack
Close-midɪ ~eo
Opena

Vowels may be lengthened.

Golla 1996 presents a different vowel system:[3]

FrontCentralBack
Near-closeɪ⟨i⟩
Close-mido⟨o⟩
Open-midɛ⟨e⟩ʌ⟨u⟩
Openɑ⟨a⟩

Vowelsɑ,ɛ ando can be lengthened.

Orthography

[edit]

The Hupa alphabet is as follows:

Hupa alphabet[3]
Spellingaa꞉bchchʼchwchwʼddzee꞉ggyhijkkʼkykyʼlłmnngoo꞉qqʼsshttʼtłtłʼtstsʼuwwhxxwyʼ
Phonemeaaːptʃʰtʃʼtʃʷʰtʃʷʼttsɛɛːkkʲhɪtʃkʰkʼkʲʰkʲʼlɬmnŋooːqqʼsʃtʰtʼtɬʰtɬʼtsʰtsʼʌwhʷχχʷjʔ

Morphology

[edit]

Verb themes and classes

[edit]

As with other Dene languages, the Hupa verb is based around a theme. Melissa Axelrod has defined a theme as "the underlying skeleton of the verb to which prefixes or strings of prefixes or suffixal elements are added in producing an utterance. The theme itself has a meaning and is the basic unit of the Athabaskan verbal lexicon."[5] In addition to a verb stem, a typical theme consists of aclassifier, one or moreconjunct prefixes, and one or moredisjunct prefixes.[6]

According to Victor Golla (1970, 2001 and others), each Hupa theme falls into one of eight structural classes according to its potential for inflection, along the following three parameters:active vs.neuter,transitive vs.intransitive, andpersonal vs.impersonal.[7]

  1. Active themes are inflected for aspect-mode categories, while neuter themes are not.
  2. Transitive themes are inflected for direct object, while intransitive themes are not.
  3. Personal themes are inflected for subject, while impersonal themes are not.

Golla (2001) presents examples of themes from each of the eight structural classes.[8] Orthography has been changed to conform to the current accepted tribal orthography:

Active themes:

  • Transitive
Personal:OBJ-ƚ-me꞉n'fillOBJ'
Impersonal:no꞉=OBJ-d-(n)-ƚ-tan'OBJ gets used to something'
Personal:tsʼi-(w)-la꞉n/lan'play (at a rough sport)'
Impersonal:(s)-daw'melt away disappear'

Neuter themes:

Personal:OBJ-si-ƚ-ʼa꞉n'have (a round object) lying'
Impersonal:OBJ-wi-l-chwe꞉n'OBJ has been made, created'
Personal:di-n-chʼa꞉t'ache, be sick'
Impersonal:kʼi-qots'there is a crackling sound'

Verb template

[edit]

As with other Dene languages, the Hupa verb is composed of a verb stem and a set of prefixes. The prefixes can be divided into a conjunct prefix set and disjunct prefix set. The disjunct prefixes occur on the outer left edge of the verb. The conjunct prefixes occur after the disjunct prefixes, closer to the verb stem. The two types of prefixes can be distinguished by their different phonological behavior. The prefix complex may be subdivided into 10 positions, modeled in the Athabaskanist literature as a template, as follows:

Hupa verb template[9]
11109876543210
ADVthematic materialPL/aug-thematic3.SBJOBJthematic materialADVDISTR-thematicmode-ASP1.SBJ/2.SBJclassifier (voice/valency marker)verb stem

Pronouns, pronominal inflection

[edit]

Hupa verbs havepronominal (i.e., pronoun) prefixes that mark bothsubjects andobjects. The prefixes can vary in certain modes, particularly the perfective mode (See e.g.,Mode and Aspect for a discussion of modes in Navajo, a related Dene language). The prefixes vary according toperson andnumber. The basic subject prefixes are listed in the table below:

Subject PrefixesObject Prefixes
SingularPluralSingularPlural
1st person-wh--di--wh--noh-
2nd personni--oh-ni-
3rd
person		animate-chʼi-xo-
obviativeyi--Ø-
indefinitekʼi--Ø-
impersonal
(areal-situational)		-xo--Ø-
Reflexive–ʼa꞉di-
Reciprocal–n- łi

The subject prefixes occur in two different positions. The first and second subject prefixes (-wh- (or allomorph-e꞉ ),-di-,-ni-,-oh-) occur in position 2, directly before the classifier (voice/valency) prefixes. The animate, obviative, indefinite and "areal-situational" subject prefixes (chʼi-,yi-,kʼi- andxo-) are known as "deictic subject pronouns" and occur in position 8.

The direct object prefixes occur in position 7.

The Hupa free personal subject pronouns are as follows:

singularplural
1st personwhe꞉nehe
2nd personningnohni
3rd personxong, min (low animacy)xong

Golla (2001) notes that the 3rd person free pronouns are very rarely used, with demonstrative pronouns being used in their place.[10]

Demonstrative pronouns

[edit]
  • hay(i) <hay-i'the one (who)'
  • hay-de꞉ <hay-de꞉-i'the one here' (de꞉'here')
  • hay-de꞉d <hay-de꞉-d-i'this one here' (de꞉-di'this here')
  • hay-yo꞉w <hay-yo꞉w-i'the one there (close)' (yo꞉wi'there')
  • hay-ye꞉w <hay-ye꞉w-i'the one in the distance' (ye꞉wi'yonder')

References

[edit]
  1. ^Hupa atEthnologue (25th ed., 2022)Closed access icon
  2. ^Golla 1970, pp. 25–34.
  3. ^abcGolla 1996.
  4. ^Golla 1970, p. 25.
  5. ^Axelrod 1993, p. 17.
  6. ^Sapir & Golla 2001.
  7. ^Sapir & Golla 2001, p. 817.
  8. ^Sapir & Golla 2001, p. 818.
  9. ^adapted fromCampbell (2007)
  10. ^Sapir & Golla 2001, p. 865-866.

Bibliography

[edit]

External links

[edit]
Italics indicate extinct languages
Indigenous
Algic
Athabaskan
Chumashan
Hokan ?
Penutian ?
Uto-Aztecan
Yukian
Sign languages
Non-Indigenous
Indo-European
Asian
Sign language
Northern
Southern Alaskan
Central Alaska–Yukon
Northwestern Canada
Central British Columbia
Other North Athabaskan
Pacific Coast
California Athabaskan
Oregon Athabaskan
Southern
Western Apachean
Eastern Apachean
Plains Apachean
Proto-language
Italics indicateextinct languages
Authority control databases: NationalEdit this at Wikidata
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hupa_language&oldid=1337685621"
Categories:
Hidden categories:
[8]ページ先頭
©2009-2026 Movatter.jp