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Hungarian diaspora

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Hungarian diaspora in the world (includes people with Hungarian ancestry or citizenship).
  Hungary
  +1,000,000
  +100,000
  +10,000
  +1,000
Areas with ethnic Hungarian majorities in the neighboring countries of Hungary, according to László Sebők.[1]

TheHungarian diaspora orMagyar diaspora refers to ethnicHungarians (Magyars) living outside the borders of present-dayHungary. The diaspora can be divided into two main groups.

The first group includes those who are autochthonous to their homeland, living in parts of neighbouring regions that were part of Hungary (Kingdom of Hungary) before the Treaty of Trianon.[2][note 1] FollowingWorld War I, theTreaty of Trianon in 1920 led to the separation of 32% of ethnic Hungarians, along with many entirely Hungarian-populated regions, from their historical Hungarian motherland. Most of theanti-Hungarian sentiment and incidents still occur today in Hungary's neighboring countries (modern Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Ukraine), as their predecessor states received large historical Hungarian territories.

The other main group is the emigrants who have left Hungary at various times, and their descendants. Migrations increased during certain pivotal events, notably theHungarian Revolution of 1956 and theFall of the Berlin Wall. There has been some emigration since Hungary joined the EU in 2004, especially to countries such as Germany and the United Kingdom,[3] but those patterns have been less extensive than for certain other countries ofCentral and Eastern Europe, such asPoland andBulgaria. Additionally, there are theMagyarabs, a small community inNubia resulting from a historical migration of Magyars, likely during theOttoman period in Hungary.[4]

Distribution by country

[edit]
Linguistic makeup of Slovakia, according to Census 2021, Yellow Hungarian
Ethnic structure of Serbia, according to 2022 Census; Hungarians are shown in red
Hungarians in Romania (2021)
Hungarians in eastern Croatia (2011 census)
CountryHungarian populationNoteArticle
Neighboring countries
Romania1,002,151 (2021)[5] (excludingCsángós)[6]Native toTransylvania,[7]Csángós inWestern Moldavia (moved from Transylvania there in the past), and a very small community ofSzeklers also inBukovina (see alsoSzékelys of Bukovina)Hungarians in Romania
Slovakia456,154 (2021)[8]Autochthonous[9]Hungarians in Slovakia
Serbia184,442 (2021)[10]Autochthonous inVojvodinaHungarians in Serbia
Ukraine156,600 (2001)[11]Autochthonous inZakarpattia OblastHungarians in Ukraine
Austria107,347 (2024)[12]Autochthonous inBurgenlandHungarians in Austria
Croatia10,315 (2021)[13]Autochthonous inCroatia, except inIstria andDalmatiaHungarians in Croatia
Slovenia10,500 (2021)[citation needed]Autochthonous inPrekmurjeHungarians in Slovenia
Other countries
United States1,563,081 (2006)[14]ImmigrantsHungarian Americans
Canada348,085 (2016)[15]ImmigrantsHungarian Canadians
Germany296,000 (2021)[16]ImmigrantsHungarians in Germany
Israel200,000 to 250,000 (2000s)[17]Immigrants; most areHungarian Jews
United Kingdom200,000 to 250,000 (2020)[18][19]ImmigrantsHungarians in the United Kingdom
France200,000 (2021)[20]ImmigrantsHungarians in France
Brazil80,000 (2002)[21]ImmigrantsHungarian Brazilians
Australia69,167 (2011)[22]ImmigrantsHungarian Australians
Argentina200,000 (2025)[23]ImmigrantsHungarian Argentines
Sweden33,018 (2018)[24]ImmigrantsHungarians in Sweden
 Switzerland27,000 (2019)[25]Immigrants
Netherlands26,172 (2020)[26]Immigrants
Czech Republic20,000 (2013)[27]People of Hungarian descent forcibly relocated from the Slovak part of theThird Czechoslovak Republic
Belgium15,000 (2013)[27]Immigrants
Italy14,000 (2019)[25]Immigrants
Spain10,000 (2019)[25]Immigrants
Ireland9,000 (2019)[25]Immigrants
Norway8,316 (2015)[28]Immigrants
New Zealand7,000 (2013)[27]ImmigrantsHungarian New Zealanders
Turkey6,800 (2001)ImmigrantsHungarians in Turkey
Denmark6,000 (2019)[25]Immigrants
Japan5,600 (2022)[25]Immigrants
Bosnia and Herzegovina4,000[citation needed]Immigrants
South Africa4,000 (2013)[27]Immigrants
Venezuela4,000 (2013)[27]ImmigrantsHungarian Venezuelans
Mexico3,500 (2006)ImmigrantsHungarian Mexicans
Finland3,000 (2019)[25]ImmigrantsHungarians in Finland
Uruguay3,000 (2013)[27]ImmigrantsHungarian Uruguayans
Greece2,387 (2018)[19]Immigrants
Chile2,000 (2012)[29]ImmigrantsHungarians in Chile
Luxembourg2,000 (2019)[25]Immigrants
Poland1,728 (2011)[30]ImmigrantsHungarians in Poland
Russia1,460 (2021)[31]Immigrants
Portugal1,230 (2022)[32]Foreign citizens only; for instance, excludes 79 Luso-Hungarians who have acquiredPortuguese citizenship since 2008[33]
Jordan1,000 (2019)[25]Immigrants
Cyprus620 (2018)[19]Immigrants
Kazakhstan500 (2021)[34]Immigrants
Montenegro400[citation needed]Immigrants
Latvia300[citation needed]Immigrants
Uzbekistan300[citation needed]Immigrants
Philippines206 (2010)[35]Immigrants
Iceland200 (2015)[28]Immigrants
North Macedonia200[citation needed]Immigrants
Estonia173 (2018)[19]Immigrants
Bulgaria153 (2015)[28]Immigrants
Vietnam100 (2015)[36]Immigrants
Liechtenstein44 (2015)[28]Immigrants
Lithuania23 (2015)[28]Immigrants
Total5.2–5.5 millionHungarians

Hungarian immigration patterns to Western Europe increased in the 1990s and especially since 2004, after Hungary's admission in theEuropean Union. Thousands of Hungarians from Hungary sought available work through guest-worker contracts in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Finland, Sweden, Spain, and Portugal.

Hungarian citizenship

[edit]
Flag of Hungary

A proposal supported by theDAHR to grant Hungarian citizenship to Hungarians living inRomania but without meeting Hungarian-law residency requirements was narrowly defeated at a 2004 referendum in Hungary.[37] The referendum was invalid because of not enough participants. After the failure of the 2004 referendum, the leaders of the Hungarian ethnic parties in the neighboring countries formed the HTMSZF organization in January 2005, as an instrument lobbying for preferential treatment in the granting of Hungarian citizenship.[38]

In 2010, some amendments were passed in Hungarian law facilitating an accelerated naturalization process for ethnic Hungarians living abroad; among other changes, the residency-in-Hungary requirement was waived.[39] In May 2010, Slovakia announced it would strip Slovak citizenship from anyone applying for Hungarian citizenship.[40] Romania's PresidentTraian Băsescu declared in October 2010: "We have no objections to the adoption by the Hungarian government and parliament of a law making it easier to grant Hungarian citizenship to ethnic Hungarians living abroad."[41]

The new citizenship law took effect on 1 January 2011. It did not grant the right to vote, even in national elections, to Hungarian citizens unless they also resided in Hungary on a permanent basis.[42] In February 2011, theFidesz government announced that it intended to grant the right to vote to its new citizens.[43] Between 2011 and 2012, 200,000 applicants took advantage of the new, accelerated naturalization process;[44] there were another 100,000 applications pending in the summer of 2012.[45] As of February 2013, the Hungarian government had granted citizenship to almost 400,000 Hungarians ‘beyond the borders’.[46] In June 2013, Deputy Prime MinisterZsolt Semjén announced that he expected the number to reach about half a million by the end of the year.[47]

Hungarian citizens abroad have been able to participate in the parliamentary elections without Hungarian residency starting from the2014 Hungarian parliamentary election, however, they cannot vote for a candidate running for the seat in a single-seat constituency, but for a party list.

Famous people of Hungarian descent

[edit]
Main category:People of Hungarian descent
CountryNameOccupationSource
Austria AustriaFerenc AnisitsEngineer
United States United StatesAlbert-László BarabásiPhysicist and discoverer ofscale-free networks
United States United StatesDrew BarrymoreActress[48][49]
Austria AustriaBéla BarényiEngineer and prolific inventor
Germany GermanyJosef von BákyFilm director
United States United StatesBéla BartókComposer
United States United StatesZoltán BayPhysicist and engineer
United States United StatesGyörgy von BékésyBiophysicist andNobel Prize winner
United States United StatesPal BenkoChess player and a record eight-timeU.S. Open winner
United States United StatesAdrien BrodyActor and youngest winner of theAcademy Award for Best Actor[50]
United States United StatesGyörgy Buzsáki[51]Neuroscientist
United States United StatesMihály CsíkszentmihályiPsychologist offlow
United States United StatesLarry CsonkaAmerican football fullback
United States United StatesTony CurtisActor[52][53]
France FranceGyörgy CziffraPianist
United States United States
Mexico Mexico
Louis C.K.Comedian[54]
United States United StatesRodney DangerfieldComedian[55]
United States United StatesFrank DarabontFilm director and screenplay writer
United States United StatesErnst von DohnányiComposer, pianist, and conductor
United States United StatesBobby FischerChess player
Germany GermanyFerenc FricsayConductor
United Kingdom United KingdomStephen FryComedian[56]
United States United StatesZsa Zsa GaborActress[57]
United States United StatesPeter Carl GoldmarkEngineer and inventor
United States United StatesAndrew GroveBusinessman and entrepreneur
United States United StatesMickey HargitayActor, body builder, and1955 Mr. Universe
United States United StatesHarry HoudiniEscapologist and magician
United States United StatesTim HowardSoccer goalkeeper
Sweden Sweden
Germany Germany
George de HevesyRadiochemist and co-discoverer ofhafnium[58]
United States United StatesIlonka KaraszDesigner and illustrator known for her manyNew Yorker magazine covers
United States United StatesKatalin KarikóBiochemist andNobel Prize winner
United States United StatesTheodore von KármánAeronautical engineer
United States United StatesJohn George KemenyMathematician, computer scientist, and co-developer ofBASIC[59]
United States United StatesLaszlo B. KishPhysicist
Sweden SwedenGeorge KleinMicrobiologist and author
Austria AustriaFerenc KrauszPhysicist andNobel Prize winner
Belgium BelgiumAlexandre LamfalussyEconomist
Germany GermanyPhilipp LenardPhysicist andNobel Prize winner
United States United StatesBela LugosiActor
Mexico MexicoLuis MandokiFilm director
United States United StatesIlona MasseyActress
United States United StatesPaul NeményiPhysicist and mathematician[60]
United States United StatesJohn von NeumannMathematician, physicist, computer scientist, and polymath[61][62]
Slovakia SlovakiaĽudovít ÓdorPrime Minister,Deputy Governor of the national bank
United States United StatesThomas PeterffyBusinessman and founder ofInteractive Brokers
United States United StatesJoaquin PhoenixActor[63]
United States United StatesJoseph PulitzerJournalist[64]
United Kingdom United KingdomÁrpád PusztaiBiochemist
Slovakia SlovakiaĽudovít RajterConductor
United States United StatesFritz ReinerConductor
Sweden SwedenMarcel RieszMathematician
France FranceNicolas Sarkozy23rdPresident of France[65]
Austria AustriaFranz SchmidtComposer
United States United StatesJerry SeinfeldComedian, actor, writer, and producer[66]
United States United StatesMonica SelesTennis player
United States United StatesGene SimmonsMusician[67]
Canada CanadaHans SelyeEndocrinologist
United States United StatesCharles SimonyiSoftware architect
United States United StatesVictor SzebehelyAstronomist and physicist
United States United StatesAlbert Szent-GyörgyiBiochemist andNobel Prize winner
United States United StatesLeó SzilárdPhysicist and inventor[68]
United States United StatesMária TelkesBiophysicist and inventor
United States United StatesEdward TellerPhysicist, engineer, and “father of thehydrogen bomb[69]
United Kingdom United KingdomKálmán TihanyiPhysicist, engineer, and inventor
Czech Republic Czech RepublicTomáš UjfalušiAssociation football player
France FranceVictor VasarelyArtist ofop art movement
United States United StatesGabriel von WayditchComposer
Germany GermanyRichárd ZsigmondyChemist andNobel Prize winner
France FranceGyula Halász (Brassaï)Photographer, sculptor, medalist, writer, and filmmaker
United States United StatesIvan SoltészScientist
Czech Republic Czech RepublicTomáš UjfalušiFootball player
Israel IsraelYair LapidFormer Prime Minister of Israel
Israel IsraelBenny GantzFormer Israeli Minister of Defence
Australia AustraliaPeter MalinauskasPremier of South Australia
Australia AustraliaDon HanyActor
Australia AustraliaMichael Peter BalzaryMusician, bass guitarist of theRed Hot Chili Peppers
Australia AustraliaFrank LowyBusinessman, founder ofWestfield Corporation

Politics

[edit]

Since the Hungarian diaspora could start voting in elections in Hungary from 2012,[70] they have overwhelmingly supported the rulingFidesz. In the2014 Hungarian parliamentary election, Fidesz won over 95% of the vote,[71] in the2018 Hungarian parliamentary election, over 96%, while in the2019 European Parliament election in Hungary, Fidesz received 96%.[72]

In the2022 Hungarian parliamentary election, over 93%, while in the2024 European Parliament election in Hungary, Fidesz received 90%.

Minority interest parties

[edit]

In several Eastern European countries, parties that represent the interests of Hungarian minorities have emerged.

CountryPartyParty support at last election
CroatiaDemocratic Union of Hungarians of Croatia
RomaniaDemocratic Alliance of Hungarians in Romania585,589 6.34%
RomaniaHungarian Alliance of Transylvania
SerbiaAlliance of Vojvodina Hungarians64,747 1.74%
SlovakiaHungarian Alliance130,183 4.39%
UkraineParty of Hungarians of Ukraine (KMKSZ)

Gallery

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^Before enteringWorld War II, Hungary regained some areas, but later lost after the 1947Treaty of Paris.

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Sebők László's ethnic map of Central and Southeastern Europe". Archived fromthe original on 2009-02-26.
  2. ^Mathey, Éva (2012-09-14)."Chasing a Mirage: Hungarian Revisionist Search for U.S. Support to Dismantle the Trianon Peace Treaty, 1920–1938"(PDF).The Trianon Syndrome and Treaty Revision. University of Debrecen. pp. 38–39. Retrieved2021-05-08.Since the Great Powers who dictated the peace terms disregarded the principle of national self-determination in Hungary's case and did not draw the new borders of Hungary to follow ethnic and linguistic lines, 3.3 million ethnicHungarians were lost to the successor states.
  3. ^"See page 21 of this report"(PDF). Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 2017-10-25. Retrieved2014-04-26.
  4. ^huconedit (2023-06-19)."Magyarabs, the Descendants of Hungarians in Africa | Hungarian Conservative".www.hungarianconservative.com. Retrieved2023-08-24.
  5. ^Széchely, István (3 January 2023)."Mintha városok ürültek volna ki" [As if cities had been emptied].Székelyhon (in Hungarian). Retrieved24 January 2023.
  6. ^1,370 personsArchived March 2, 2009, at theWayback Machine declared themselves Csángós at the 2002 Romanian census. Some estimates of the Csángó population run higher. For instance, theCouncil of EuropeArchived 2008-10-02 at theWayback Machine suggests a figure as high as 260,000.
  7. ^Patrick Heenan, Monique Lamontagne (1999).The Central and Eastern Europe Handbook.Taylor & Francis. p. 70.ISBN 978-1-57958-089-6.
  8. ^"Népszámlálás, 2021: nézzünk szét a "házunk tájékán"!".felvidek.ma. January 21, 2021.
  9. ^Roseann Duenas Gonzalez, Ildiko Melis (2001).Language Ideologies: Critical Perspectives on the Official English Movement. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. p. 302.ISBN 978-0-8058-4054-4.
  10. ^"2011 Census of Population, Households and Dwellings in the Republic of Serbia"(PDF). Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 11 August 2014.
  11. ^https://mek.oszk.hu/12300/12394/12394.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  12. ^"Átlépte a lélektani határt az Ausztriában élő magyarok száma".24.hu. 19 February 2024.
  13. ^"World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples - Croatia : Overview (2001 census data)".United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. July 2008. Retrieved2009-03-16.
  14. ^"U.S. Census website".United States Census Bureau. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved2017-10-19.
  15. ^Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 25, 2017)."Ethnic Origin (279), Single and Multiple Ethnic Origin Responses (3), Generation Status (4), Age (12) and Sex (3) for the Population in Private Households of Canada, Provinces and Territories, Census Metropolitan Areas and Census Agglomerations, 2016 Census - 25% Sample Data".www12.statcan.gc.ca.
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  18. ^"It has been officially recognized: far more Hungarians live in the United Kingdom than previously thought". portfolio.hu. 16 February 2020. Retrieved1 March 2021.
  19. ^abcdSándor, Joób (April 21, 2018)."Hány magyar dolgozik külföldön és hol?".index.hu.
  20. ^"Hungarians in France". Archived fromthe original on February 4, 2007.
  21. ^"Hungarians in Brazil". Archived fromthe original on September 22, 2007.
  22. ^Hungary, About (November 19, 2019)."Prime Minister Viktor Orbán's address at the 9th meeting of the Hungarian Diaspora Council".Prime Minister Viktor Orbán’s address at the 9th meeting of the Hungarian Diaspora Council.
  23. ^"Thursday Top Ten: Top Ten Countries With The Largest Hungarian Diaspora In The World". December 1, 2016. Archived fromthe original on December 5, 2023. RetrievedApril 7, 2021.
  24. ^Befolkning efter födelseland och ursprungsland 31 december 2018
  25. ^abcdefghi"Immigrant and Emigrant Populations by Country of Origin and Destination".migrationpolicy.org. February 10, 2014.
  26. ^"Bevolking; geslacht, leeftijd, generatie en migratieachtergrond, 1 januari". CBS StatLine. Retrieved2021-03-14.
  27. ^abcdef"A diaszpóra tudományos megközelítése".Kőrösi Csoma Sándor program. July 3, 2015.
  28. ^abcdehttps://sefstat.sef.pt/Docs/Rifa2020.pdf[bare URL PDF]
  29. ^"Los obreros húngaros emigrados en América Latina entre las dos guerras mundiales. Ilona Varga"(PDF).www.ikl.org.pl. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on February 3, 2016.
  30. ^Ludność. Stan i struktura demograficzno-społeczna. Narodowy Spis Ludności i Mieszkań 2011 (National Census of Population and Housing 2011).GUS. 2013. p. 264.
  31. ^"Национальный состав населения".Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved6 May 2025.
  32. ^"Sefstat 2022"(PDF).
  33. ^"Acquisition of citizenship statistics".ec.europa.eu. Retrieved2023-05-28.
  34. ^April 2018, Assel Satubaldina in People on 19 (April 19, 2018)."Hungarians, Kazakhs are almost relatives, says Hungarian cultural centre head".{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  35. ^"Foreign Citizens in the Philippines (Results from the 2010 Census)".psa.gov.ph. Philippine Statistics Authority. November 19, 2012. RetrievedApril 7, 2021.
  36. ^Sain, Adrienn (December 20, 2015)."Hungarians in Vietnam – VIDEO".Daily News Hungary.
  37. ^Rogers Brubaker (2006).Nationalist Politics and Everyday Ethnicity in a Transylvanian Town. Princeton University Press. p. 328.ISBN 978-0-691-12834-4.
  38. ^Tristan James Mabry; John McGarry; Margaret Moore; Brendan O'Leary (30 May 2013).Divided Nations and European Integration. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 112.ISBN 978-0-8122-4497-7.
  39. ^Mária M. Kovács, Judit Tóth,Country report: HungaryArchived 2018-08-30 at theWayback Machine, Revised and updated April 2013, EUDO Citizenship Observatory, page 1 and 7
  40. ^Slovaks retaliate over Hungarian citizenship law, BBC, 26 May 2010
  41. ^Romania backs Hungarian citizenship lawArchived 2018-09-30 at theWayback Machine, 18 October 2010,AFP text syndicated to eubusiness.com.
  42. ^New double citizenship law does not change voting rights,EUobserver, 28.05.2010
  43. ^Dual citizenship at its logical conclusion. Policy Solutions’ analysis: A vote for lost Hungarians is a vote for the rightArchived 2016-08-10 at theWayback Machine,Budapest Times, 7 February 2011
  44. ^Mária M. Kovács, Judit Tóth,Country report: HungaryArchived 2018-08-30 at theWayback Machine, Revised and updated April 2013, EUDO Citizenship Observatory, page 11
  45. ^Mária M. Kovács, Judit Tóth,Country report: HungaryArchived 2018-08-30 at theWayback Machine, Revised and updated April 2013, EUDO Citizenship Observatory, page 18
  46. ^Hungary and Romania. Flag wars, 21 Feb 2013,The Economist
  47. ^Open wound. Trianon remembered 93 years onArchived 2013-06-14 at theWayback Machine,Budapest Times, 12 June 2013
  48. ^"Drew Barrymore News and Trivias at CelebrityWonder.com". Archived fromthe original on 2006-12-08. Retrieved2006-06-10. "She is half Hungarian on her mother's side."
  49. ^"Simply Drew - Biography".. "Drews Mother - Jaid Barrymore (nee Ildiko Jaid Mako) [was] Born on 8 May 1946 in Brannenburg, West Germany in a camp for displaced persons. Jaids parents (Drew's grandparents) were Hungarian."
  50. ^Fox, Chloe (November 12, 2006)."The prime of Adrien Brody". London: Guardian Unlimited. RetrievedDecember 13, 2006.
  51. ^"The Brain Prize Winners 2017 - Lundbeckfonden - The Brain Prize".www.thebrainprize.org.
  52. ^"Ananova - Tony Curtis to promote Hungarian tourism". Archived fromthe original on 2007-04-30. Retrieved2016-07-24.
  53. ^""Born Bernard Schwartz in 1925 to Jewish-Hungarian parents, Curtis grew up in New York's matinee movie-palaces..."". Archived fromthe original on 2011-11-11. Retrieved2011-12-24.
  54. ^Vogel, Laura (May 27, 2007)."Louis C.K."New York Post. Archived fromthe original on December 8, 2012. RetrievedNovember 10, 2010.
  55. ^Rodney Dangerfield: A Lifetime of No Respect but Plenty of Sex and Drugs by Rodney Dangerfield "The whole family had come to America from Hungary when my mother was four. My mother's father--my grandfather--was almost never referred to in that house. Rumor has it he's still in Hungary--and still drinking."
  56. ^"BBC - Family History - WDYTYA? Series Two: Celebrity Gallery".www.bbc.co.uk.
  57. ^"Zsa Zsa Gabor born, Budapest Hungary. Though some sources say 1918, 1919, or 1920. 1936 Elected Miss Hungary."
  58. ^George de Hevesy: life and work : a biography, Hilde Levi, A. Hilger, 1985
  59. ^Weibel, Peter (2005).Beyond Art - A Third Culture : a Comparative Study in Cultures, Art, and Science in 20th Century Austria and Hungary. Springer. p. 350.ISBN 3-211-24562-6.
  60. ^Nicholas, Peter (September 21, 2009)."Chasing the king of chess".Los Angeles Times. Archived fromthe original on September 25, 2009. RetrievedSeptember 21, 2009.
  61. ^Doran, p. 1
  62. ^Nathan Myhrvold,"John von Neumann".Time, March 21, 1999. Accessed September 5, 2010
  63. ^Naomi Pfefferman (2002-04-12)."The Days of Summer". Jewish Journal. Retrieved2007-09-01.
  64. ^András Csillag, "Joseph Pulitzer's Roots in Europe: A Genealogical History,"American Jewish Archives, Jan 1987, Vol. 39 Issue 1, pp 49–68
  65. ^Schmemann, Serge (15 May 2007)."Opinion - The New French President's Roots Are Worth Remembering".The New York Times.
  66. ^"Jerry Seinfeld's Biography". Movies & TV Dept.The New York Times. 2008. Archived fromthe original on June 6, 2008. RetrievedJuly 18, 2010.
  67. ^BiographyArchived 2012-09-06 atarchive.today. GeneSimmons.com. Retrieved on February 1, 2011.
  68. ^Blumesberger, Susanne; et al. (2002).Handbuch österreichischer Autorinnen und Autoren jüdischer Herkunft. Vol. 1. K. G. Saur.ISBN 3-598-11545-8.
  69. ^Video in which Teller recalls his earliest memories.
  70. ^"Hungary's Orban courts diaspora for election boost".France 24. 28 March 2018. Retrieved7 December 2021.
  71. ^"Viktor Orbán courts voters beyond 'fortress Hungary'".POLITICO. August 22, 2017.
  72. ^"Hungarians Outside EU Cast Votes for Fidesz". May 29, 2019. Archived fromthe original on July 22, 2021. RetrievedJuly 22, 2021.

External links

[edit]

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