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Saudi Arabia ratified the 2000 UN TIP Protocol in July 2007.[1]
With respect tohuman trafficking, Saudi Arabia was designated, together withItaly,Japan,Turkey,United Arab Emirates,Uruguay,Germany,Greece,Croatia,Israel,Iceland,Norway, andAngola, as a Tier 2 country by theUnited States Department of State in its 2021Trafficking in Persons Report required by theVictims of Trafficking and Violence Protection Act of 2000 on which this article was originally based.[2] Tier 2 countries are "countries whose governments do not fully comply with the TVPA’s minimum standards, but are making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with those standards". The 2021 report showed some effort by the Kingdom to address the problems, but continued to classify the Kingdom as a Tier 2 country.
The U.S. State Department'sOffice to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons placed the country in"Tier 2 Watchlist" in 2017 and upgraded it to "Tier 2" in 2021.[3][2]
The Government of Saudi Arabia does not fully meet the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking but is making significant efforts to do so. The government demonstrated overall increasing efforts compared to the previous reporting period, considering the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on its anti-trafficking capacity; therefore Saudi Arabia was upgraded to Tier 2. These efforts included reporting more investigations, prosecutions, and convictions overall, particularly for forced labor; implementing its national referral mechanism (NRM); and providing robust training on the mechanism, identification, and referral procedures across all government agencies.[4]
The country remained at Tier 2 in 2023.[5]
Saudi Arabia is historically a known destination for men and women from South East Asia and East Africa trafficked for the purpose of labor exploitation, and for children fromYemen,Afghanistan, andAfrica for forcedbegging. Hundreds of thousands of low-skilled workers fromPakistan,India,Indonesia, thePhilippines,Sri Lanka,Bangladesh,Ethiopia,Eritrea andKenya migrate voluntarily to Saudi Arabia; some fall into conditions ofinvoluntary servitude, suffering fromphysical andsexual abuse, non-payment or delayed payment of wages, the withholding of travel documents, restrictions on their freedom of movement and non-consensual contract alterations.[4]
According to the 2022Trafficking in Persons Report, the government maintained law enforcement efforts.[6] The 2009 anti-trafficking law criminalized sex trafficking and labor trafficking and prescribed punishments of up to 15 years’ imprisonment, a fine or both; penalties increased under aggravating circumstances, including trafficking committed by an organized criminal group or against a woman, child, or person with disabilities. These penalties were sufficiently stringent; however, by allowing for a fine in lieu of imprisonment, the penalties for sex trafficking were not commensurate with those prescribed for other serious crimes such as kidnapping, false imprisonment, or sexual abuse. By the end of 2022, 30 abusive employers had been barred from hiring workers. The government provides training forpolice officers to recognize and handle cases of foreign worker abuse.
The SaudiMinistry of Human Resources and Social Development operated shelters across the country for vulnerable populations and abuse victims, and it reported the government allocated approximately $6.67 million to specifically support trafficking victims during the year. The ministry operated shelters for child victims of forced begging inMecca,Jeddah,Dammam,Medina,Qassim, andAbha, in addition to welfare centers for vulnerable female domestic workers and trafficking victims in 13 locations throughout the Kingdom. Each shelter provided accommodation, social services, health care, psychological counseling, education, and legal assistance. The Saudi government offered these services to all 173 victims it referred to care during 2022. Diplomats from labor-source countries had regular access to their nationals residing in government-run shelters and reported conditions and quality of services in the shelters varied slightly across the Kingdom but were overall satisfactory and safe. Some embassies and consulates—including those of Bangladesh, India, Indonesia, Nigeria, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Uganda - also operated shelters for their respective nationals. Foreign diplomats noted that Saudi officials frequently left potential trafficking victims at their respective embassies rather than referring them to Saudi shelters and noted that Saudi government shelters accepted only female domestic workers. The government did not have shelters to accommodate male victims or females from other employment sectors.[6] The government demonstrated overall uneven efforts to protect trafficking victims. During 2022, the government identified 1,175 potential victims and referred 185 to government shelters for care. Of the 105 potential victims identified and referred to care by NGOs and international organizations, all were female foreign nationals, including 43 victims of forced labor, 60 victims of forced begging and "slavery-like practices", and two victims of sex trafficking. The victims were nationals ofBangladesh,Burkina Faso,Burma,Burundi,Egypt, Ethiopia,Ghana,India,Indonesia, Kenya,Kuwait,Lebanon,Morocco,Nepal,Nigeria,Pakistan,the Philippines, Saudi Arabia,Somalia, Sri Lanka,Sudan,Syria,Uganda,Vietnam, andYemen.[6]
Saudi Arabia's efforts to prevent trafficking include: distributing information at embassies abroad,licensing andregulating the activities ofrecruitment agencies, monitoring immigration patterns andvisa issuance, and promoting awareness through the media and religious authorities. The government has begun working withUNICEF and the Yemeni Government to prevent trafficking of children for begging. A plan envisioned several years ago to distribute information toforeign workers at Saudi Arabian airports upon arrival has not been implemented. Religious leaders have preachedsermons inmosques about the evil of abusing employees.
In 2008 Saudi controlled media mounted a public relations campaign advocating compassionate treatment of domestic employees and foreign workers. The campaign was controversial with critics complaining that it presented a negative view of Saudi behavior.[7]
