Huludao 葫芦岛市 Hulutao | |
|---|---|
 The new district of Huludao | |
.png) Location of Huludao City jurisdiction in Liaoning | |
  Huludao Location of the city centre in Liaoning | |
| Coordinates (Huludao municipal government):40°42′40″N120°50′13″E / 40.711°N 120.837°E /40.711; 120.837 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Liaoning |
| Municipal seat | Longgang District |
| Districts and Counties | List
|
| Government | |
| • CPC Party Secretary | Chen Xiaokun |
| • Mayor | Liu Tengfei |
| Area | |
| 10,582 km2 (4,086 sq mi) | |
| • Urban | 2,365.7 km2 (913.4 sq mi) |
| Population (2020 census)[2] | |
| 2,434,194 | |
| • Density | 230.03/km2 (595.78/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 944,495 |
| • Urban density | 399.25/km2 (1,034.0/sq mi) |
| • Metro | 1,252,660 |
| GDP[3] | |
| • Prefecture-level city | CN¥ 72 billion US$ 11.6 billion |
| • Per capita | CN¥ 28,071 US$ 4,507 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 125000 |
| Area code | 429 |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-LN-14 |
| Licence plates | 辽P |
| Administrative division code | 211400 |
| Website | www |
Huludao (Chinese:葫芦岛;pinyin:Húludǎo), formerly known asJinxi (锦西) until 1994, is a coastalprefecture-level city in southwesternLiaoning province,People's Republic of China. Its name literally means "Gourd Island", referring to thefiddle-shaped contour of thepeninsula ("half-island" in Chinese), which resembles abottle gourd, at the city'sLonggang District. It has a total area of 10,582 km2 (4,086 sq mi) and as of the 2020 census a population of 2,434,194 of whom 1,252,660 inhabitants lived in the built-up (or metro) area made of the 2 urban districts and Xingcheng City largely being conurbated.[2]
Located on the northwestern shore of theLiaodong Bay, Huludao is one of the three principal cities (along withJinzhou andHebei province'sQinhuangdao) in the Liaoxi Corridor, and isNortheast China's gateway through theShanhai Pass intoNorth China. It borders Jinzhou to the northeast,Chaoyang to the north, andQinhuangdao to the southwest, as well as sharingmaritime boundaries withYingkou andDalian to the east and southeast across the bay.
The area occupied by Huludao city has been settled by the Chinese since ancient times. Archeological evidence indicates that during theShang andZhou dynasties, the region enjoyed advancedBronze Age technology, while urban civilization first developed during theWarring States era.
TheMing dynasty saw the construction of the Liaoning section of theGreat Wall through Huludao. During this time the town ofXingcheng was fortified with a defensive wall which still stands today.[4]
In 1906, the county of Jinxi was established. It became an important center for resistance during theJapanese invasion. During 1945–1948, it was a battleground between theKuomintang andChinese Communist forces, and overone million Japanese prisoners of war were repatriated from its port.
Jinxi county was granted city status in 1982 under the jurisdiction of Jinzhou, before becoming a prefecture-level city in 1989.[5] The city was renamed Huludao, originally the name of the peninsula and port in the city area, in 1994.
Huludao is a coastal city on theBohai Sea at 120°38' east longitude and 40°56' north latitude. It lies in the southwest ofLiaoning, at the border withHebei, forming theBohai Sea economic rim with such cities asDalian,Yingkou,Qinhuangdao, andQingdao. As the first city outside theShanhai Pass, it serves as the gateway intoNortheast China.
Huludao is in the north temperate zone with a continentalmonsoon climate that brings cold dry winters and hot humid summers. Annual precipitation averages between 550 and 650 millimetres (22 and 26 in) while the year round mean temperature is 8.5 to 9.5 °C (47.3 to 49.1 °F).[6]
| Climate data for Huludao (Lianshan District), elevation 39 m (128 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2025) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 11.4 (52.5) | 17.5 (63.5) | 29.0 (84.2) | 33.7 (92.7) | 38.9 (102.0) | 39.7 (103.5) | 37.7 (99.9) | 37.3 (99.1) | 35.6 (96.1) | 30.3 (86.5) | 23.3 (73.9) | 14.4 (57.9) | 39.7 (103.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −1.3 (29.7) | 2.4 (36.3) | 8.9 (48.0) | 16.9 (62.4) | 23.2 (73.8) | 26.4 (79.5) | 28.8 (83.8) | 28.9 (84.0) | 25.3 (77.5) | 18.0 (64.4) | 8.2 (46.8) | 0.9 (33.6) | 15.6 (60.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −7.4 (18.7) | −3.6 (25.5) | 3.1 (37.6) | 11.1 (52.0) | 17.7 (63.9) | 21.7 (71.1) | 24.8 (76.6) | 24.3 (75.7) | 19.4 (66.9) | 11.9 (53.4) | 2.5 (36.5) | −4.9 (23.2) | 10.0 (50.1) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −12.6 (9.3) | −8.7 (16.3) | −2.1 (28.2) | 5.7 (42.3) | 12.3 (54.1) | 17.4 (63.3) | 21.2 (70.2) | 20.1 (68.2) | 13.9 (57.0) | 6.1 (43.0) | −2.6 (27.3) | −9.8 (14.4) | 5.1 (41.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −26.7 (−16.1) | −22.3 (−8.1) | −14.1 (6.6) | −5.9 (21.4) | 3.0 (37.4) | 8.1 (46.6) | 13.4 (56.1) | 10.3 (50.5) | 0.7 (33.3) | −6.5 (20.3) | −15.7 (3.7) | −23.3 (−9.9) | −26.7 (−16.1) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 2.6 (0.10) | 3.4 (0.13) | 8.4 (0.33) | 25.1 (0.99) | 50.2 (1.98) | 88.1 (3.47) | 140.5 (5.53) | 138.8 (5.46) | 48.5 (1.91) | 33.6 (1.32) | 15.1 (0.59) | 3.3 (0.13) | 557.6 (21.94) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 1.6 | 1.7 | 2.5 | 4.6 | 7.4 | 11.1 | 10.6 | 9.0 | 6.0 | 5.0 | 3.2 | 1.8 | 64.5 |
| Average snowy days | 2.5 | 2.1 | 2.0 | 0.6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 12.2 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 52 | 51 | 48 | 50 | 57 | 72 | 81 | 79 | 70 | 61 | 55 | 53 | 61 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 196.9 | 198.5 | 235.9 | 237.9 | 260.3 | 216.1 | 188.9 | 211.4 | 224.6 | 217.7 | 184.7 | 187.6 | 2,560.5 |
| Percentagepossible sunshine | 66 | 65 | 63 | 59 | 58 | 48 | 42 | 50 | 61 | 64 | 63 | 66 | 59 |
| Source:China Meteorological Administration[7][8] | |||||||||||||
Huludao has six immediate sub-municipal divisions:
| Map | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| # | Name | Chinese | Hanyu Pinyin | Population (2020 census) | Area (km2) | Density 2020 (/km2) |
| 1 | Longgang District | 龙港区 | Lónggǎng Qū | 284,250 | 190 | 1,551 |
| 2 | Lianshan District | 连山区 | Liánshān Qū | 468,110 | 1,173 | 399 |
| 3 | Nanpiao District | 南票区 | Nánpiào Qū | 182,135 | 1,003 | 182 |
| 4 | Xingcheng City | 兴城市 | Xīngchéng Shì | 490,300 | 2,135 | 230 |
| 5 | Suizhong County | 绥中县 | Suízhōng Xiàn | 545,963 | 2,906 | 188 |
| 6 | Jianchang County | 建昌县 | Jiànchāng Xiàn | 453,436 | 3,175 | 143 |
More than 40 mineral resources have been discovered in the Huludao region, including gold, zinc,molybdenum, lime and manganese. As a result, major pollution has been an ongoing issue for Huludao's local residents.[9] West of the city center, the town of Yangjiazhangzi is an important global center for molybdenum mining.[10]
Huludao boasts a long coastline of 237 km, and the surrounding waters are rich in fish, shrimp and shellfish, with plentiful reserves ofnatural gas and oil. With a climate suitable for the cultivation of fruit trees, Suizhong county is home to the Qiansuo orchard, Asia's largest, which grows a wide variety of fruits including apples, pears, nectarines and jujubes.
Huludao's economy is dominated by some of China's most important industrial enterprises, providing employment for a large proportion of the population. These include Asia's biggest zinc manufacturing operation, the Huludao Zinc Smelter, the Jinxi oil refinery and Jinhua chemical engineering, as well as Huludao's massiveBohai Shipyard, the building site for all of China'snuclear submarines.[11] The oilfield off the coast of Suizhong county produces 5 million tons of crude oil annually. Electricity generation is set to increase annual capacity to 3.6 million kilowatts.[10]
In the city itself are special development areas designed to attract foreign investment to the region, including the Huludao Economic Development Zone and the Huludao Hi-tech Development zone, which is the location for a Siemens turbomachinery plant.
Huludao is an important link in rail and road networks betweenBeijing and northern cities such asShenyang andHarbin. The newly renovatedNorth Station (葫芦岛北站) serves high-speed passenger trains that cover the 300 km (190 mi) to Beijing in about three hours.
Public transportation in the city is provided by over 25 bus services and innumerable taxis. Traditionalcycle rickshaw andauto rickshaws were banned from the city in 2010 but can be seen in smaller cities and towns in the region. Long-distance buses and trains link the centers in the greater Huludao region.
Huludao is endowed with scenic areas and sites of historical interest. It attracts many domestic tourists in summer with its picturesque sandy beaches, including Longwan Beach near the city center and Xingcheng Beach, a traditional resort known as the 'second Beidaihe'.[12]
The old town in Xingcheng is a beautifully preservedMing dynasty city, with its original walls intact and an interior studded with temples and historical architecture. The hot springs in the Xingcheng region and its uncrowded beaches have contributed to its fame as a health destination for Party cadres across the country, while the stunning Juhua island is a significant tourist attraction.
The Great Wall passes through Huludao in spectacular fashion atJiumenkou on the Hebei border, where the wall spans the Daqing river in nine gates. It is the only section of the Great Wall to be built over water and was listed as a World Heritage site in 2002.[13]
Other attractions in the area include the remains of Jieshi palace, built by the first emperor of the Qin dynasty over 2,000 years ago.
Tertiary institutions of importance in Huludao include:
Bohai Economic Rim Region | ||
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List of major cities and ports in theBER region | ||
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