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| Huangjiu | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 A glass of Shaoxing wine, a variety of huangjiu | |||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 黄酒 | ||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 黃酒 | ||||||||||
| Hanyu Pinyin | huángjiǔ | ||||||||||
| Literal meaning | yellow wine | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
Huangjiu (Chinese:黃酒;lit. 'yellow wine') is a type of Chineserice wine (mijiu) most popular in theJiangnan area.Huangjiu is brewed by mixing steamedgrains includingrice,glutinous rice ormillet withqū as starter culture, followed bysaccharification andfermentation at around 13–18 °C (55–64 °F) for fortnights. Its alcohol content is typically 8% to 20%.
Huangjiu is usuallypasteurized,aged, and filtered before its final bottling for sale to consumers. The maturation process can be complicated but important for the development of the layers of flavors and fragrance. A few brands of premium gradehuangjiu could have been aged for up to 20 years. Ashuangjiu's name suggests, its typical color is typically light yellow and orange, but it can in fact range from clear to brown. Many famoushuangjiu brands promote the quality of water used in brewing[1][2] in their advertising, and some consider it to be the most important ingredient.[3]
The drink is commonly consumed warm, as the richness from the flavor compounds are released better when warm. In summer, it is popular to drink sweethuangjiu chilled or on ice.Liaojiu (料酒) is a type ofhuangjiu used in cooking, an example of this being theliaojiu-type ofShaoxing rice wine. Major producers ofhuangjiu includemainland China andTaiwan.[2]
Huangjiu in Chinese society had perhaps the same level of influence asbeer in the European societies throughout history. Archeology has established that ancient Chinese people once brewed some form of alcohol similar tobeer in China, however with the invention of the brewing method usingqu,huangjiu rapidly replaced the prototypic beer in ancient China and beer-like beverages fell out of fashion as the ancient Chinese drinkers preferred tastes ofhuangjiu. As beer was completely forgotten in China until the 19th century, when the Germans reintroduced a brewery in Qingdao (then romanized as Tsingtao) which later became the producer of today's famousTsingtao beer,huangjiu has always been the nation's favorite type of brewed alcoholic beverage (whereas baijiu has been the nation's favorite spirit or liquor).
The earliest form ofhuangjiu was supposedly devized byDu Kang during the reign ofShaokang of theXia. Dukang was subsequently deified as theChinesegod of wine. His son Heita is sometimes said to have accidentally inventedZhenjiang vinegar when his forgetfulness allowed a vat to spoil.[4]
Today,huangjiu has a great presence throughout China, especially in theJiangnan area. Most well-knownhuangjiu varieties includeGuyue longshan,Kuaijishan andTapai fromShaoxing,Huiquan jiu fromWuxi.
Huangjiu is produced widely throughout China, in a variety of styles, which reflect the wine's sugar content, the starter/innoculent (orqu) used, and its production method.
This is the formal classification for all Chinese wines. There are five categories:dry,semidry,semisweet,sweet, andextra-sweet.[5]
Some of the most popularhuangjiu include:
The three main ingredients of Chinese alcoholic beverages are the grain, water, and qu. Other ingredients may also be added to alter the color, taste, or medicinal properties of the final product.
During their creation, storage, or presentation, Chinese alcoholic beverages may be flavored or seasoned. Use of fruit is rare, particularly compared withKorean wines, butmedicinal herbs, flowers, and spices are much more common. Well-known examples includecassia wine (flavored withsweet osmanthus blossoms and consumed during theMid-Autumn Festival) andrealgar wine (dosed with a small amount ofarsenic sulfide and consumed during theDragon Boat Festival).
The earliest grains domesticated in China weremillet in the north andrice in the south. Both are still employed in production of alcohol. Modern production also employswheat,barley,sorghum, andcoixseed.
Forhuangjiu, the grains are degermed and polished of theirbran. They are then soaked and acidified with the aid oflactobacillus or through the addition oflactic acid into the soaking liquid. (Acidification is done to discourage the growth of other microbes on the grains, which can spoil the resulting liquor by creating undesired flavors in it or rendering it poisonous.) This process produces a taste andmouth-feel distinct from other forms ofrice wine.
Water hydrates the grains and enablesfermentation. ThepH and mineral content of the water also contribute to the flavor and quality of the drink. Many regions are famous not only for their alcoholic beverages but also for the flavor and quality of their water sources. Emphasis is placed on gathering the cleanest water directly from springs or streams or from the center of lakes, where the water has been exposed to the least amount of pollutants. Water should be low iniron andsodium, with a higher proportion ofmagnesium andcalcium ions as part of its total mineral content.
Thefermentation starter, known in Chinese as Jiuqu or simply as Qu, is usually a dried cake of flour cultured with variousmolds,yeasts andbacteria. In the production ofhuangjiu it is crushed and added to inoculate the cereal substrate to initiate fermentation into liquor. The various molds and filamentous yeasts found in Qu exude enzymes that digest the substrate into sugars that are in turn, fermented into alcohol by other yeasts and bacteria.[14]
There are three main types of starters:
Prior to the actual brewing of the liquor, another small batch of grain is prepared to produce the "seed mash" (酒母,jiǔmǔ). Seed mash is produced by soaking and acidifying glutinous rice and other grains, then steaming them on frames or screens for several minutes. This cooks the grains and converts their starch into agelatinized form that is more easily utilized by the starter culture. The inoculation temperature of the steamed grains is tightly controlled as it alters the flavor character. This is usually done when the grain has been doused with cold water and cooled to between 23 and 28 °C, which is considered the optimal initial fermentation temperature for the seed mash.
After the little starter is added, it is allowed around two days to begin thesaccharification, acidification, andfermentation of the grains. Inoculation with the first starter partially liquifies the steamed grains, which is the signal to add the big starter as well as more water to form a thickslurry. This slurry is carefully stirred by a brewmaster to aerate and maintain an optimal level of oxygen andcarbon dioxide in the mixture, as well as to maintain an even temperature throughout the fermenting mass. The slurry is periodically stirred over the course of a week. The stirred slurry is then allowed to go through a more thorough fermentation for approximately one month, following which thepH drops to around 3.4 and the alcohol content rises to approximately 15%. This is the seed mash that will be used to brew the main mash.
More soaked and acidified rice is prepared in the same fashion as in the seed mash. The grain is then either cooled with cold water or left out on a flat surface, depending on the type ofhuangjiu being produced, as the cooling method alters the flavor and mouth-feel of the resulting drink. The seed mash, an additional big starter, and fresh water is then mixed into this grain in large, glazedearthenware pots up to 2 meters (6 ft 7 in) in diameter and height. The mixture is pounded on the sides of the pots.
Similar to the production of Japanesesake,saccharification and fermentation usually happen in the same mash concurrently, as the seed mash and starter act on the cooked rice. The mixture is then left to mature in earthenware jars for a length of time from several months to several decades before being bottled and sold.
Northern breweries often use three big starters rather than an initial little starter. Large factories typically employ air blowers to cool the second batch of grain rather than using cold water or leaving it out to cool.
The brewery may also separate thesaccharification and fermentation of the grain, similar tobrewing. If this is desired, the seed mash is typically not used, since a main mash will never be produced. Instead, a mash of water, steamed glutinous rice, and other grains isinoculated with rice that has already been cultivated with the moldAspergillus oryzae or molds of the genusRhizopus and certain strains ofLactobacillus. When mixed into the mash, the molds cultivate the mixture and convert thestarch in the grains intosugar andlactic acid. This sweet and slightly sour liquid is drained and reserved, while additional water (and sometimes alsomalt) is added to the mixture. The process is repeated until the grains are exhausted. Yeast is then added to this liquid in order to convert the sugars in the liquid toalcohol.
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