Huai'an 淮安市 Hwaian, Huai-an | |
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     Left to right, top to bottom: Zhenhuailou Tower above the city gate, the skyline of Huai'an,Huai'an tram line 1, the Zhou Enlai Memorial Hall, night view of Hexia old town. | |
 Location of Huai'an City (red) in Jiangsu | |
 Interactive map of Huai'an | |
  Huai'an Location of the city center in Jiangsu Show map of Jiangsu Huai'an Huai'an (Eastern China) Show map of Eastern China Huai'an Huai'an (China) Show map of China | |
| Coordinates (Huai'an municipal government):33°33′04″N119°06′47″E / 33.551°N 119.113°E /33.551; 119.113 | |
| Country | People's Republic of China |
| Province | Jiangsu |
| Municipal seat | Huai'an District |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Hui Jianlin (惠建林) |
| Area | |
| 9,950 km2 (3,840 sq mi) | |
| • Urban | 4,494.3 km2 (1,735.3 sq mi) |
| • Metro | 3,202.6 km2 (1,236.5 sq mi) |
| Population (2020 census)[1] | |
| 4,556,230 | |
| • Density | 458/km2 (1,190/sq mi) |
| • Urban | 2,829,864 |
| • Urban density | 629.66/km2 (1,630.8/sq mi) |
| • Metro | 2,544,767 |
| • Metro density | 794.59/km2 (2,058.0/sq mi) |
| GDP[2] | |
| • Prefecture-level city | CN¥ 360 billion US$ 54.4 billion |
| • Per capita | CN¥ 73,204 US$ 11,083 |
| Time zone | UTC+8 (China Standard) |
| Postal code | 223000, 223200, 223300 (Urban center) 211600, 211700, 223100, 223400 (Other areas)(Other areas) |
| Area code | 517 |
| ISO 3166 code | CN-JS-08 |
| MajorNationalities | Han |
| County-level divisions | 8 |
| Township-level divisions | 127 |
| License Plate Prefix | 苏H |
| Website | www |
| Huai'an | |||||||||||
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| Chinese | 淮安 | ||||||||||
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| Huaiyin | |||||||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 淮陰 | ||||||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 淮阴 | ||||||||||
| Literal meaning | SouthBank of the Huai | ||||||||||
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Huai'an, formerlyHuaiyin, is aprefecture-level city in centralJiangsu Province inEastern China. As of2020, the built-up area (metro) of its 3 central urban districts had 2,544,767 inhabitants and the prefecture-level city as a whole had 4,556,230 inhabitants, down from 4.8 million in2010.
Long an important regional center, Huai'an lies on and is named for theHuai River, the historical boundary betweenNorthern andSouthern Chinese culture. Once much closer to theEast China Sea, it now lies in the middle ofJianghuai, the vastalluvial plain created by silt from the Huai and from theYellow River, which flowed nearby for centuries prior to the massive floods in the mid-19th century which returned it to its old course north ofShandong. Huai'an is known as the birthplace ofHan Xin, a famed general who helped found theHan dynasty and overwhelmXiang Yu in theChu-han contention;Wu Cheng'en (1500–1582), theMing author ofJourney to the West; andZhou Enlai (1898–1976), a prominent and earlyChinese Communist leader who served aspremier of thePRC from 1949 until his death in 1976.
Huai'an is theatonalpinyinromanization of theMandarin pronunciation of theChinese name淮安 (Huái'ān), the name of theRiver Huai and the Chinese word for "peaceful" or "pacified". The apostrophe is necessary because the second character begins with a vowel and pinyin generally avoids hyphens.[3] The same name was previously romanized asHuai-an inWade-Giles.
For much of the 20th century, Huai'an was officially known asHuaiyin in pinyin,Huai-yin in Wade–Giles, andHwaiyin inPostal Map, all romanizing the Chinese name written淮陰 intraditional characters and淮阴 insimplified ones, meaning "area on theyin, shady, or southbank of the Huai".
Huai'an lies on theHuai River in thealluvialJianghuai Plain. The area is very flat with only a few notable hills inXuyi County. The highest altitude in the municipality is 200 meters (660 ft). The area is notable for its large number of lakes, rivers, and canals. TheGrand Canal connects with the Huai in the city.Hongze Lake, the fourth-largestfreshwater lake in China, is southwest of the urban districts. Towards the south, there are also several smaller lakes. Huai'an is situated almost directly south ofLianyungang, southeast ofSuqian, northwest ofYancheng, and north ofYangzhou andNanjing inJiangsu and northeast ofChuzhou inAnhui.
The climate in Huai'an is mild, generally warm and temperate. Winters are much drier than summers. ItsKöppen climate classification is Cwa: humid subtropical climate with dry winters.
| Climate data for Huai'an, elevation 14 m (46 ft), (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1981–present) | |||||||||||||
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| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 20.1 (68.2) | 24.5 (76.1) | 31.2 (88.2) | 32.3 (90.1) | 34.5 (94.1) | 36.7 (98.1) | 36.6 (97.9) | 37.0 (98.6) | 35.1 (95.2) | 31.6 (88.9) | 27.4 (81.3) | 20.7 (69.3) | 37.0 (98.6) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 6.1 (43.0) | 8.8 (47.8) | 14.6 (58.3) | 20.5 (68.9) | 25.7 (78.3) | 29.6 (85.3) | 31.0 (87.8) | 30.6 (87.1) | 26.9 (80.4) | 22.0 (71.6) | 15.3 (59.5) | 8.1 (46.6) | 19.9 (67.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 1.6 (34.9) | 4.1 (39.4) | 9.2 (48.6) | 15.1 (59.2) | 20.5 (68.9) | 24.7 (76.5) | 27.3 (81.1) | 26.7 (80.1) | 22.1 (71.8) | 16.5 (61.7) | 10.1 (50.2) | 3.4 (38.1) | 15.1 (59.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −1.9 (28.6) | 0.3 (32.5) | 4.5 (40.1) | 10.0 (50.0) | 15.5 (59.9) | 20.4 (68.7) | 24.3 (75.7) | 23.7 (74.7) | 18.5 (65.3) | 12.2 (54.0) | 5.9 (42.6) | −0.2 (31.6) | 11.1 (52.0) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −11.2 (11.8) | −14.3 (6.3) | −6.9 (19.6) | −1.7 (28.9) | 5.3 (41.5) | 10.8 (51.4) | 18.0 (64.4) | 14.7 (58.5) | 8.7 (47.7) | 0.0 (32.0) | −5.3 (22.5) | −13.7 (7.3) | −14.3 (6.3) |
| Averageprecipitation mm (inches) | 24.4 (0.96) | 33.0 (1.30) | 34.2 (1.35) | 47.0 (1.85) | 70.6 (2.78) | 131.9 (5.19) | 252.1 (9.93) | 194.7 (7.67) | 90.9 (3.58) | 44.7 (1.76) | 44.3 (1.74) | 24.8 (0.98) | 992.6 (39.09) |
| Average precipitation days(≥ 0.1 mm) | 5.5 | 7.0 | 6.5 | 8.3 | 8.7 | 8.5 | 13.9 | 13.6 | 8.8 | 6.3 | 7.0 | 5.3 | 99.4 |
| Average snowy days | 3.1 | 2.8 | 0.9 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.4 | 1.0 | 8.3 |
| Averagerelative humidity (%) | 69 | 70 | 65 | 67 | 70 | 72 | 82 | 84 | 81 | 75 | 72 | 69 | 73 |
| Mean monthlysunshine hours | 139.1 | 129.4 | 179.0 | 193.1 | 196.9 | 161.1 | 154.9 | 166.9 | 164.3 | 164.7 | 145.1 | 143.2 | 1,937.7 |
| Percentagepossible sunshine | 44 | 42 | 48 | 49 | 46 | 37 | 36 | 41 | 45 | 47 | 47 | 47 | 44 |
| Source:China Meteorological Administration[4][5] all-time January high[6] | |||||||||||||
Theprefecture-level city of Huai'an administers 7county-level divisions, including 4urban districts and 3 morerural counties.
These are further divided into 127township-level divisions, including 84towns, 33townships, and 10subdistricts.
| Map | |||||
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| Subdivision | Simplified Chinese | Hanyu Pinyin | Population(2020) | Area(km2) | Density(/km2) |
| City Proper | |||||
| Qingjiangpu District | 清江浦区 | Qīngjiāngpǔ Qū | 1,010,704 | 438.5 | 2,305 |
| Suburban | |||||
| Huai'an District | 淮安区 | Huáiān Qū | 785,272 | 1,460 | 537.9 |
| Huaiyin District | 淮阴区 | Huáiyīn Qū | 748,791 | 1,315 | 569.4 |
| Hongze District | 洪泽区 | Hóngzé Qū | 285,097 | 1,338 | 216.3 |
| Rural | |||||
| Lianshui County | 涟水县 | Liánshuǐ Xiàn | 829,699 | 1,679 | 494.2 |
| Xuyi County | 盱眙县 | Xūyí Xiàn | 607,211 | 2,506 | 242.3 |
| Jinhu County | 金湖县 | Jīnhú Xiàn | 289,456 | 1,338 | 216.3 |
| Total | 4,556,230 | 9,971 | 456.9 | ||
| defunct districts -Qinghe District &Qingpu District | |||||
Huai'an lies southeast of the cradle of earlyChinese civilization on theWei andYellow Rivers. ModernChinese archaeology has found remains fromNeolithic civilizations in the area as far back as the 4th millennium BC. The most famous of these is the Qinglianggang culture (青莲岗文化). TraditionalChinese historiography considered the area part of theDongyi or "EasternBarbarians", butChinese myth sometimes extended theflood control efforts ofYu the Great to the Huai.
Under theZhou, the area became an important agricultural center contested by thepetty kingdoms of theSpring and Autumn period. In 486 BC, thehegemonFuchai ofWu completed the Han orHangou Canal(t邗溝,s邗沟,Hángōu), connecting his center of power atSuzhou near theYangtze Delta with the Huai River at Huai'an to ease his supply lines in conflicts againstQi. Increasing in commercial and strategic importance, the town also became a waypoint on the Qian and Shan Roads.[clarification needed] During theWarring States period, the area was held in turn by Wu,Yue, andChu before being conquered byShi Huangdi ofQin.
Under theQin, the area of present-day Huai'an was administered as thecounties or districts of Huaiyin (with its seat at present-dayMatou inHuaiyin), Xuyi, and Dongyang (with its seat at present-dayMaba inXuyi). Its people joined the rebels whooverthrew the Qin, prominently includingHan Xin.
Under theHan, the counties of Huaipu (with its seat in westernLianshui), Sheyang (with its seat in southeasternHuai'an), and Fulin (with its seat now under the waters ofHongze Lake) were added.
InJian'an 5 (c. 200), near the beginning of theThree Kingdoms period, theGuanglingcommanderChen Deng—then subordinate toLü Bu—constructed the first 30-li section of theGaojia Dike (高家堰,Gāojiāyàn) to minimize damage from flooding along the Huai.[8] He also expanded the Hangou Canal westward and combined the smallFuling lakes into a singlePofu Pond to assist withirrigation.
Under theSui, the Hangou Canal was expanded north and south to establish theGrand Canal, increasing traffic and trade through the city.Emperor Yang was also responsible for changing Pofu's name to the present-dayHongze Lake out of his delight at rainfall there, encountered after an inspection tour through drought-afflicted areas.[9]
During theSong,Kaifeng's governorDu Chong(杜充,Dù Chōng, d. 1141) breached the levees holding back the Yellow River in 1128 as part of theongoing wars with theJurchenJin further north. A series of massive floods, manmade and natural, then caused it tocapture theSi River and begin flowing into the lower reaches of the Huai. The massive amounts of silt greatly expanded the farmland to the east of Huai'an but also greatly expanded Hongze Lake[10] and caused repeated and disastrous floods despite centuries of attempts at river management byPan Jixun and similarviceroys,[8] often based within modern Huai'an.
TheMing Dynasty Ancestral Tomb (明祖陵,Míngzǔlíng) is located inXuyi. Now part of Huai'an, the area around it was administered as the separateSizhou Prefecture during theYuan, when it was the home of the family of the futureHongwu Emperor Zhu Yuanzhang. Although his family moved toFengyang in present-dayAnhui before his birth, he erected a large mausoleum in honor of his grandfather, great-grandfather, and great-great-grandfather after his establishment of theMing. The site's was entirely submerged—along with the entire city of Sizhou—in 1680. It did not reappear above water until the early 1960s.[11]
The originalQing Yan Garden was first built during the reign of theKangxi Emperor of theQing.
The area was occupied by theJapanesearmy duringWorld War II and administered as part ofWang Jingwei'spuppet regime.
After the Japanese surrender, on 1st November 1945, theSuwan Border Region Government was established by the Communists in Huai'an. At this time the Suwan (or Su-An) Border Region extended as far as the north bank of the Yangtze River, opposite the Republican capital,Nanjing. Currently some of the buildings occupied by the Regional Government are tourist attractions in the city.[12]
Presumably at some point, the city was recaptured by the Nationalists, because, during the closing phases of theChinese Civil War, it fell to theCommunistarmy in December 1948. On 21 April 1949, the area was reorganized as Huaiyin District and divided into the 10 counties of Guanyun, Huaiyin, Huaibao (western Huai'an and Baoyin with its seat at Chahe), Lianshui, Pisui (southern Pixian and northern Suining with its seat at Tushan), Shuyang, Siyang, Suining, Suqian, and Xin'an (parts of Shuyang and Suqian with its seat at Xin'an).
On 12 May 1950, Huaibao County was divided between Huaiyin County, Huai'an County in Yancheng District, and Baoyin County in Yangzhou District. On December 18 of the same year, the urban area of Huaiyin was separately organized as Qingjiang City, which became the seat for the district. Huaiyin District joined Jiangsu upon its reestablishment in January 1953. Xin'an County was renamed Xinyi and the seat of Pisui County was moved to Yunhe. Later the same year, Pisui, Suining, and Xinyi Counties were placed under the administration ofXuzhou District. Qingjiang was separately elevated to a prefecture-level city despite still being subordinate to Huaiyin District. Shortly thereafter, the district added Huai'an County from Yancheng, Sihong County from Suxian, and Xuyi County from Chuxian District in Anhui. In 1956, Hongze County was established from parts of Huaiyin, Sihong, and Xuyi Counties, with its seat at Gaoliangjian. In 1957, parts of Guanyun and Lianshui Counties were organized as the Xian'an Administrative Office, which shortly became the separate Guannan County. In 1958, Qingjiang absorbed the surrounding more rural Huaiyin County but was renamed Huaiyin City.
In 1964, Huaiyin County was again separated but kept its seat in the urban area, which again became Qingjiang. In 1966, Xuyi County was transferred to Luhe District.
In 1970, Huaiyin District became the Huaiyin Region. The next year, Xuyi was transferred back from the Luhe Region. Luhe also yielded Jinhu County. In 1975, Huaiyin County's administration moved from Qingjiang to Wangyin.
In 1983, the Huaiyin Region became the directly administered Huaiyin City, with its urban core losing the separate name Qingjiang and being instead divided intoQinghe andQingpu Districts. Most of the Huaiyin Region's counties—Guannan, Huai'an, Huaiyin, Hongze, Jinhu, Lianshui, Shuyang, Sihong, Siyang, Suqian, Xuyi—were placed under the city's administration while the last—Guanyun County—was placed under Lianyungang. In December 1987, Huai'an and Suqian Counties were promoted to county-level cities.
In 1996, the county-level city of Suqian was promoted to prefecture-level, taking Sihong, Siyang, and Shuyang Counties along with it. Guannan County was separately placed under the administration of Lianyungang.
On 21 December 2000, the prefecture-level city of Huaiyin was renamed Huai'an. The Huaiyin County and the county-level Huai'an City became Huaiyin and Huai'an Districts and the various districts' and counties' borders slightly adjusted in different ways. In October 2016, Qinghe and Qingpu reunited to form the city's currentQingjiangpu District.
The people of Huai'an are generallyethnicallyHan Chinese. The local culture is known as "Jianghuai", referring to its position between theHuai River and theYangtze, long known poetically in China as simply "The River" (江,Jiāng). The local dialect is a form ofJianghuai orLower Yangtze Mandarin. Similarly, the local cuisine isJianghuai orHuaiyang cuisine, historically considered one of thefour chief styles of trueChinese cooking.
The Huai'an City Sports Stadium is afootball stadium with a capacity of 30,000.
Huai'an is served by theXinyi-Changxing railway, which has a station in Huaiyin District.
Being at the intersection of theGrand Canal andHuai River Huai'an is an importantinland port.
The city is also served by nearbyHuai'an Lianshui International Airport. Currently the airport is served by China Eastern Airlines, which offers flights to Beijing-Capital, Chongqing, Guangzhou, Shanghai-Hongqiao, Shanghai-Pudong, Wenzhou, Wuhan, Xiamen, and Xi'an. Several other airlines offer domestic flights to cities such as Nanning and Zhengzhou. The airport is located 22 km (14 mi) from central Huai'an in Lianshui county.
Public transportation includes atram system that connects the city center with the southeastern side of the city.
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