Hoyt Sanford Vandenberg (January 24, 1899 – April 2, 1954) was aUnited States Air Forcegeneral.[1] He served as the secondChief of Staff of the Air Force, and the secondDirector of Central Intelligence.
DuringWorld War II, Vandenberg was the commanding general of theNinth Air Force, a tactical air force in England and in France, supporting the Army, from August 1944 until V-E Day.Vandenberg Space Force Base on the central coast ofCalifornia is named after him. In 1946, he was briefly the U.S. Chief of Military Intelligence. He was the nephew ofArthur H. Vandenberg, a former U.S. Senator from Michigan, and the father ofHoyt S. Vandenberg Jr., a retired major general in the United States Air Force.[2]
Vandenberg was born inMilwaukee, Wisconsin, the son of Pearl Kane and William CollinsVandenbergh, both from Dutch ancestry.[3][4] He grew up inLowell, Massachusetts, spending his teenage years there. While there he was one of the first Eagle Scouts in the Boy Scouts of America's Lowell Council. He graduated from theUnited States Military Academy on June 12, 1923, and was commissioned a second lieutenant in theUnited States Army Air Service.
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Vandenberg graduated from the Air Service Flying School atBrooks Field, Texas, in February 1924, and from the Air Service Advanced Flying School atKelly Field, Texas, in September 1924.
Vandenberg's first assignment was with the90th Attack Squadron, part of the3rd Attack Group at Kelly Field. (In 1926 Lt. Van was also a stunt pilot for the silent filmWings which was filming in San Antonio.Wings won the first Academy Award for a motion picture.) Vandenberg was appointed commander of the 90th AS on January 1, 1926. In 1927, he became an instructor at the Air Corps Primary Flying School atMarch Field, Calif. In 1928 he was promoted to first lieutenant. In May 1929 he went toWheeler Field,Hawaii, to join the6th Pursuit Squadron, and assumed command of it the following November.
Returning in September 1931, Vandenberg was appointed a flying instructor atRandolph Field, Texas, and became a flight commander and deputy stage commander there in March 1933. He entered theAir Corps Tactical School atMaxwell Field, Alabama, in August 1934, and graduated the following June. Two months later he enrolled in theCommand and General Staff School atFort Leavenworth, Kansas; he completed the course in June 1936 and was promoted to the rank of captain. He then became an instructor in the Pursuit Section of the Air Corps Tactical School, where he taught until September 1936, when he entered theArmy War College, where he specialized in air defense planning for the Philippines.
After graduating from the War College in June 1939, Vandenberg was assigned to the Plans Division in the Office of the Chief of Air Corps, selected personally by its head, Brigadier GeneralCarl Spaatz, whom he had met at the Command and General Staff College. In September 1939 and the autumn of 1940, Vandenberg developed two air plans for thePhilippine Department, the second based onRoyal Air Force interceptor operations in theBattle of Britain, but neither was adopted by the War Department when the Roosevelt Administration reaffirmed its long-standing opposition to any plan that called for extensive reinforcement of the defenses in the Philippines.[5] In 1940 Vandenberg was promoted to major and in 1941 to lieutenant colonel.
A few months after the United States enteredWorld War II, Vandenberg was promoted to colonel and became operations and training officer of the Air Staff. For his services in these two positions he received theDistinguished Service Medal.
In June 1942, Vandenberg was assigned to the United Kingdom and assisted in the organization of the Air Forces in North Africa. While in Great Britain he was appointed the chief of staff of theTwelfth Air Force, which he helped organize. In December 1942 Vandenberg earned the promotion to brigadier general. On February 18, 1943, Vandenberg became the chief of staff of theNorthwest African Strategic Air Force (NASAF), which was under the command of Major GeneralJames Doolittle. NASAF was the strategic arm of the newNorthwest African Air Forces (NAAF) under Lieutenant General Carl Spaatz. With NASAF, Vandenberg flew on numerous missions over Tunisia, Pantelleria, Sardinia, Sicily, and Italy. He was awarded both theSilver Star and theDistinguished Flying Cross for his services during this time. For his organizational ability with the Twelfth Air Force and his work as chief of staff of the NASAF, he was awarded theLegion of Merit.
In August 1943, Vandenberg was assigned to Air Force headquarters as Deputy Chief of Air Staff. In September 1943, he became head of an air mission to the Soviet Union, under AmbassadorAverell Harriman, and returned to the United States in January 1944. In March 1944, he earned the promotion to major general and then he was transferred to the European theater; in April 1944, he was designated the Deputy Air Commander in Chief of the Allied Expeditionary Forces and the Commander of its American Air Component.In August 1944, Vandenberg assumed command of theNinth Air Force. On November 28, 1944, he received anoak leaf cluster to his Distinguished Service Medal for his part in planning the Normandy invasion. He was promoted to lieutenant general in March 1945.
Vandenberg was appointed the Assistant Chief of Air Staff at theU.S. Army Air Forces (USAAF) headquarters in July 1945. In January 1946, he became Director of Intelligence on the War Department general staff where he served until his appointment in June 1946, asDirector of Central Intelligence, a position he held until May 1947.[6]
Vandenberg returned to duty with the Air Force in April 1947, and on June 15 became the Deputy Commander in Chief of the Air Staff. Following the division of theUnited States Department of War into theDepartments of the Army andthe Air Force, Vandenberg was designated theVice Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force on October 1, 1947, and promoted to the rank of general.
Even when Vandenberg was at the pinnacle of his military career, his boyish good looks and outgoing personality often made him the target of attacks on his credibility and experience. However, the attention that his appearance brought on was not all bad. He appeared on the covers ofTime andLife magazines. TheWashington Post once described him as "the most impossibly handsome man on the entire Washington scene," andMarilyn Monroe once named Vandenberg, along withJoe DiMaggio andAlbert Einstein, as one of the three people with whom she would want to be stranded on a deserted island.
On April 30, 1948, Vandenberg became theChief of Staff of the United States Air Force, succeeding General Carl Spaatz. He was renominated by PresidentHarry S. Truman for a second term as Air Force Chief of Staff on March 6, 1952. The nomination was confirmed on April 28, with Vandenberg serving until June 30, 1953.
A controversy arose while Vandenberg was the Air Force Chief of Staff, when he opposed theUnited States Secretary of DefenseCharles Erwin Wilson on a proposed $5 billion budget reduction for the Air Force. Vandenberg maintained that the cut backed by Wilson would reduce military aviation to a "one-shot Air Force," inferior to that of the Soviet Union. He said it was another instance of "start-stop" planning of a kind that had impeded Air Force development in previous years. The cut in appropriations went into effect in July 1953, immediately after his retirement from the Air Force.
Ascratch golfer,[7] he spent much time on golf courses. He was also a lover of movies, Westerns, andscotch. Vandenberg retired from active duty on June 30, 1953, and he died nine months later, at theWalter Reed Army Medical Center ofprostate cancer at the age of 55.[8] He is interred in Section 30 ofArlington National Cemetery.[9]
His wife, Gladys Merritt (Rose) Vandenberg (1898–1978), started the concept of theArlington Ladies while he was Air Force Chief of Staff. The program provides that a woman of the appropriate military service represents the service chief at all military funerals at Arlington National Cemetery.[10] She was buried, alongside her husband, in Arlington National Cemetery upon her death on January 9, 1978.[11] They are survived by their children, Gloria Vandenberg Miller (1925–2022) andHoyt S. Vandenberg, Jr., who had married the daughter of another Air Force general,Leon W. Johnson.
On October 4, 1958, the missile and space base at Camp Cooke inLompoc, California, was renamedVandenberg Air Force Base (which was redesignatedVandenberg Space Force Base in 2021). In July 1963, the instrument shipUSNS General Hoyt S. Vandenberg (T-AGM-10) was renamed atCape Canaveral, Florida, for duty on the Eastern Space and Missile Range in the Atlantic. One of the two cadets' dormitories at theUnited States Air Force Academy, Vandenberg Hall, is also named in his honor. In addition, Vandenberg Community Center, a "hangout" for technical school Airmen atKeesler AFB, Mississippi, is named in his honor, as was the Vandenberg Esplanade, along the Merrimack River in Lowell, Massachusetts and part of the Lowell Heritage State Park.
| Insignia | Rank | Component | Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| None | Cadet | United States Military Academy | June 13, 1919 |
 | Second lieutenant | Regular Army (United States Army Air Service) | June 12, 1923 |
 | First lieutenant | Regular Army (United States Army Air Corps) | August 19, 1928 |
 | Captain | Regular Army (United States Army Air Corps) | August 1, 1935 |
 | TemporaryMajor | Regular Army (United States Army Air Corps) | March 11, 1940 |
| Major | Regular Army (United States Army Air Corps) | July 1, 1940 |
 | TemporaryLieutenant colonel | Regular Army (United States Army Air Corps) | November 15 (accepted December 5) 1941 |
| Lieutenant colonel | Army of the United States | December 24, 1941 |
 | Colonel | Army of the United States | January 27, 1942 |
 | Brigadier general | Army of the United States | December 3, 1942 |
 | Major general | Army of the United States | March 13, 1944 |
 | Lieutenant general | Army of the United States | March 17, 1945 |
| Lieutenant colonel | Regular Army (United States Army Air Forces) | June 12, 1946 |
| Brigadier general | Regular Army (United States Army Air Forces) | June 22 (rank from April 30) 1946 |
| Major general | Regular Army (United States Army Air Forces) | August 1, 1947 |
 | General | Army of the United States | October 1, 1947 |
| General | United States Air Force | April 30, 1948 |
 | Unidentified Order, Officer (Italy) |
 | Grand Officer (with swords) of theOrder of Orange Nassau (Netherlands) |
 | Grand Officer of theNational Order of the Southern Cross (Brazil) |
 | Medal of War (Brazil) |
 | Grand Cross of theOrder of Adolphe of Nassau (Luxembourg) |
 | Croix de Guerre (Luxembourg) |
  | Officer with Palm of theOrder of Leopold (Belgium) |
 | Grand Officer of the Legion of Honor (France) |
 | Croix de Guerre with bronze Palm (France) |
 | Knight Commander of theOrder of the Bath (Britain) |
 | Commander's Cross (with Star) of theOrder of Polonia Restituta (Poland) |
 | Grand Cross of theOrder of Aviz (Portugal) |
 | Grand Cordon of theOrder of the Nile (Egypt) |
 | Grand CordonOrder of Pao Ting (Republic of China) |
| Medalla Militar de Primera Clase (Chile) |
| General Staff Emblem (Argentina) |
 | Knight Grand Cross of theMilitary Order of Italy |
The Manuscript Collection of Hoyt S. Vandenberg at the Library of Congress as of November 2005 isClassified information.
| Government offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by | Director of Central Intelligence 1946–1947 | Succeeded by |
| Military offices | ||
| New office | Vice Chief of Staff of the Air Force 1947–1948 | Succeeded by |
| Preceded by | Chief of Staff of the Air Force 1948–1953 | Succeeded by |
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| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| People | |
| Other | |
