Howth Binn Éadair | |
|---|---|
Suburban village and district | |
 Howth, Dublin | |
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  Howth Location in Dublin | |
| Coordinates:53°23′10″N6°03′58″W / 53.386°N 6.066°W /53.386; -6.066 | |
| Country | Ireland |
| Province | Leinster |
| Traditional county | County Dublin |
| County | Fingal |
| Highest elevation | 171 m (561 ft) |
| Lowest elevation | 0 m (0 ft) |
| Population (2022)[1] | |
| • Urban | 8,399 |
| Time zone | UTC±0 (WET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+1 (IST) |
| Eircode routing key | D13 |
| Telephone area code | +353(0)1 |
Howth (/ˈhoʊθ/HOHTH;Irish:Binn Éadair, meaning 'Éadar's peak';[2][3]Old Norse:Hǫfuð) is a peninsular village and outersuburb ofDublin,Ireland. The district as a whole occupies the greater part of the peninsula ofHowth Head, which forms the northern boundary ofDublin Bay, and includes the island ofIreland's Eye, which holds multiple natural protection designations.
Howth has been settled since prehistoric times, and features in Irish mythology. Afishing village and small trading port from at least the 14th century, Howth has grown to become a busy and affluent suburb of Dublin, with a mix of suburban residential development, wild hillside and heathland, golf courses, cliff and coastal paths, a small quarry and a busy commercial fishing port.[4] The only neighbouring district on land isSutton. Howth is also home to one of the oldest occupied buildings in Ireland,Howth Castle, and its estate.[5][6][7][8]
Howth is also acivil parish in the ancientbarony ofCoolock.[9]
Howth is located on thepeninsula ofHowth Head, which begins around 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) east-north-east ofDublin's GPO, on the north side ofDublin Bay. The village itself is located just over 14 kilometres (8.7 mi) by road from Dublin city centre (the ninth of a series of eighteenth-century milestones from theDublin General Post Office (GPO) is in the village itself). The settlement spans much of the northern part of Howth Head, which was once an island but now is connected to the rest of Dublin via a narrow strip of land (atombolo) at Sutton. Howth is located in the administrative county ofFingal, within the traditionalCounty Dublin. The village is bounded by the sea and undeveloped land except along two roads, one rising towards the Summit, one running at sea level near the coast, towards Sutton Cross.[10]
Howth is at the end of a regional road (R105) from Dublin. One branch of theDART suburban rail system has its physical terminus by the harbour, the other northern terminus beingMalahide's station, which is actually on a through line for mainline rail towards Belfast.[10] Under the bus route network for Dublin overseen by theNational Transport Authority,Dublin Bus serves Howth with route H3, and the local route 290 which goes over the hill and through Sutton to Sutton DART station.[11] For decades prior to 2021, Howth was served by the 31 series of routes.[12] There was previously also atram service.
Howth, in addition to its fishery harbour, hosts a substantial marina,[13] and seasonal boat service to the uninhabitedIreland's Eye. Howth is also a waypoint for aircraft approachingDublin Airport.
The Irish name for Howth isBinn Éadair, meaning Éadar's Peak or Hill. In Old Irish, the name is recorded as Etar, which was first plundered by the Vikings around 819.[5] One of the possible origins of the Irish name is from Étar, wife of one of the fiveFir Bolg chieftains who is reported to have died at Howth.[14]
The nameHowth is thought to be of Norse origin, perhaps being derived from theOld NorseHǫfuð ("head" in English). Norsevikings colonised the eastern shores of Ireland and built the settlement of Dyflinn (one of two settlements which became Dublin) as a strategic base between Scandinavia and the Mediterranean.[citation needed]
On the grounds of Howth Castle is a 3000 year olddolmen tomb known asAideen's Grave. According to legend it is the resting place of the mythological figureAideen.[15] This legend is the subject of the poem 'Aideen's Grave' bySamuel Ferguson.[16]
In ancient historyPtolemy's second-century map of Ireland shows Howth as an island namedEdri Deserta (sometimes rendered asEdros).[17]
AfterBrian Ború, theHigh King of Ireland, defeated the Norse in 1014, many Norse fled to Howth to regroup and remained a force until their final defeat in Fingal in the middle of the 11th century. Howth still remained under the control of Irish and localised Norse forces until the invasion of Ireland by the Anglo-Normans in 1169.
Without the support of either the Irish or Scandinavian powers, Howth was isolated and fell to the Normans in 1177. One of the victorious Normans, Armoricus (or Almeric) Tristram, was granted much of the land between the village and Sutton. According to the historian Samuel Lewis:
In 1177, Sir Amorey Tristram and Sir John de Courcy landed here at the head of a large military force, and totally defeated the Danish inhabitants in a sanguinary battle at the bridge of Evora, over a mountain stream which falls into the sea near the Baily lighthouse. This victory secured to Sir Amorey the lordship of Howth, of which his descendants have continued in possession to the present day, under the name ofSt. Laurence, which Almaric, third baron, assumed in fulfilment of a vow previously to his victory over the Danes near Clontarf, in a battle fought on the festival of that saint. The territory of Howth was confirmed to Almaric de St. Laurence by King John....[18]
Tristam built his first castle overlooking the harbour and the St. Lawrence link remained until 2019 (seeEarl of Howth). The original title of Baron of Howth was granted to Almeric St. Lawrence byHenry II of England in 1181, for oneKnight's fee.
Howth was a minor trading port from at least the 14th century, with both health and duty collection officials supervising from Dublin, although the harbour was not built until the early 19th century.
A popular tale concerns the clan leader and sometime pirateGráinne O'Malley, who was rebuffed in 1576 while attempting a courtesy visit toHowth Castle, home of theEarl of Howth. In retaliation, she abducted the Earl's grandson and heir, and as ransom, she exacted a promise that unanticipated guests would never be turned away again. She also made the Earl promise that the gates of Deer Park (the Earl's demesne) would never be closed to the public again, and the gates are still open to this day, and an extra place is set for unexpected guests during formal dinners in the dining room.
In the early 19th century, Howth was chosen as the location for the harbour for the mail packet (postal service) ship. Construction began in 1807.[14] One of the arguments used against Howth by the advocates ofDún Laoghaire was that coaches might be raided inthe badlands ofSutton (at the time Sutton was open countryside).[1] However, due tosilting, the harbour needed frequentdredging to accommodate the packet and the service was relocated to Dún Laoghaire in 1809, after £350,000 had been spent on Howth.[14] English KingGeorge IV visited the harbour in August 1821, which is remembered today by an imprint of his shoes (see left picture) carved by a local stonemason on the West Pier.[19]
Irish poet and writerWilliam Butler Yeats was a resident of Howth in the 19th century. There is ablue plaque dedicated to Yeats at Balscadden House on Balscadden Road which was his cottage home from 1880 to 1883. The plaque contains thecouplet “I have spread my dreams under your feet/ Tread softly because you tread on my dreams” from his poem 'Aedh Wishes for the Cloths of Heaven' (1899).[20][21] Howth would feature in Yeats writings. The first time is the 1893 essay 'Village Ghosts' recounting the paranormal folklore of the village and the second is in the poem 'Beautiful Lofty Things' (1938); "Maud Gonne at Howth station waiting a train".[22][23][24]
On 26 July 1914, 900 rifles were landed at Howth byErskine Childers for theIrish Volunteers. Many were used against theBritish in theEaster Rising and in the subsequentAnglo-Irish War. Among the members of the Howth branches of theIrish Volunteers andCumann na mBan who participated in this event were the well-known writersPadraic Colum andMary Colum. Members of both the Howth Volunteers andBaldoyle section of theIrish Citizen Army participated in theEaster Rising in Dublin city and inFingal. A strong local branch ofSinn Féin developed in the area and there was considerable local involvement in both theIrish War of Independence andIrish Civil War.[25]
The harbour was radically rebuilt by the Office of Public Works in the late 20th century (a documentary was done on the much-delayed project in 1986), with distinct fishing and leisure areas formed, and the installation of a modern ice-making facility. A new lifeboat house was later constructed, and Howth is today home to units of both theRNLI (lifeboat service) and the Irish Coastguard.
In 2019, Howth Castle and its demesne, including Ireland's Eye, were sold to Tetrarch Investment group, with an element of the site close to the demesne gate immediately sold on again for development, to Glenveagh Properties.[26]
Howth Head is one of the dominant features ofDublin Bay, with a number of peaks, the highest of which is Black Linn. In one area, near Shielmartin, there is a small peat bog, the "Bog of the Frogs". The wilder parts of Howth can be accessed by a network of paths (many are rights of way) and much of the centre and east is protected as part of a Special Area of Conservation of 2.3 square kilometres (570 acres), as well as by a Special Amenity Area Order.
The peninsula has a number of small, fast-running streams, three of which run through the village, with more, including the Bloody Stream, in the adjacent Howth Demesne. The streams passing through the village are, from east to west, Coulcour Brook (falling to Balscadden Bay), Gray's Brook or the Boggeen Stream (falling to the eastern end of the harbour), and Offington Stream (passing under Findlater's to the western side of the harbour). Other streams are met along the cliff walks, including the Whitewater Brook, with a tributary in a sunken area of plants and ponds, and then the Balsaggart Stream.[27]
The island ofIreland's Eye, part of the Special Area of Conservation, lies about a kilometre north of Howth harbour, withLambay Island some 5 km further to the north. AMartello tower exists on each of these islands with another tower overlooking Howth harbour (opened as a visitor centre andYe Olde Hurdy Gurdy Museum of Vintage Radio on 8 June 2001[28]) and another tower at Red Rock, Sutton. These are part of a series of towers built around the coast of Ireland during the 19th century.
More than half of Howth Head, and of the Howth area, totalling around 1,500 acres, is subject to a Special Amenity Area Order, a provision of Irish law designed to protect areas of natural beauty or biodiversity. Prepared by the local authority, after a consultative process under a community environmental process known as SEMPA,[29] and formally proposed byBrendan Howlin as a minister, the order was developed in cooperation with a unit ofTrinity College Dublin. It was made in 1999, confirmed in 2000, and is subject to 5-yearly reviews, the most recent having been conducted in 2015.[30] At the time of its making the majority of the lands covered formed part of the Howth Estate, with the other significant landowners being developers Treasury Holdings (85 hectares) and Gerry Gannon (33 hectares), and Howth Golf Club (48 hectares). The Council stated that the order was needed to protect the environment of the designated area by restricting development there, while recognising the need "to encourage tourism-related developments in the remainder of Howth".[31]
The SAAO area runs from the vicinity of Bottle Quay northeast to Muck Rock, east to the reservoir at Balkill, east and south around the Loughoreen Hills and Black Linn, then to the Summit, turning north along the line of the Coulcour Brook, then taking in a narrow part of Howth village, including the Martello Tower and East Pier, and Ireland's Eye.[32] It also covers a network of over 20 km of designated footpaths and rights of way, and it was stated that "all existing scenic views and prospects from the entire length of public footpaths and roads in the area are to be protected".[31]
Fingal County Council explained the need for the order, noting that between the 1940s and the present day "Howth has been transformed from a rural area to a suburban extension of Dublin city" and that its natural or "semi-natural" areas had shrunk from over 70% to around 40% of land area, while highly developed areas had risen from 14% to 30%.[31]
As a semi-isolated area, Howth's flora and fauna have been studied in some detail, and aFlora of Howth, for example, was issued in 1887.[33]
Howth Castle, and its estate, at least part of which is known as Deer Park, are key features of the area.Corr Castle also previously formed part of the estate.
On the grounds of Howth Castle lies a collapsed megalithicdolmen (portal tomb), known locally as Aideen's Grave.
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At the southeast corner of Howth Head, in the area known as Bail(e)y (historically, the Green Bayley) is the automatedBaily Lighthouse, successor to previous aids to navigation, at least as far back as the late 17th century. This is the subject of a picture,Howth Lighthouse, from the Needles, byGeorge Petrie, which appears in Fisher's Drawing Room Scrap Book, 1835, with an attached poetical illustration byLetitia Elizabeth Landon.[34] At the end of the East Pier of Howth Harbour are theHowth Harbour Lighthouse, built in the 19th century and no longer in service, and the pole-mounted light which replaced it.[35]
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In Howth village are St. Mary's Church and its graveyard, overlooking the harbour. The earliest church on this site was built by Sitric, King of Dublin, in 1042. It was replaced around 1235 by a parish church, when that function was moved from the church on Ireland's Eye, and then, in the second, half of the 14th century, the present church was built. The building was modified in the 15th and 16th centuries, when the gables were raised, a bell cote was built and a new porch and south door were added. The St. Lawrence family, of nearby Howth Castle, also modified the east end to act as a private chapel; inside is the tomb ofChristopher St Lawrence, 2nd Baron Howth, who died in 1462, and his wife, Anna Plunkett of Ratoath.
Also of historic interest is a building known asThe College orThe Old College, on Abbey Street which was primarily constructed in the late 15th or early 16th century but also with earlier medieval elements.[36][37]
Drumleck Castle on a promontory in the Censure area of Howth was formerly on the Record of Protected Structures but removed as there were no structural elements remaining above ground to warrant retention. Alternative protection remains under the National Monuments Acts 1930–2004, as a Record Monument RMP Ref No. DU019-007.
Howth remains an active centre of the fishing industry, one of Ireland's "tier 2" fishing ports, with some processing performed in the fishing harbour area, and some boat maintenance. There is a State Fisheries Centre, including an ice-making plant, and a dry dock.
The area is active commercially, with a range of retail and leisure outlets, including multiple restaurants, two convenience stores and a post office, although the nearest supermarket is at Sutton Cross and the nearest service stations are in Baldoyle and Bayside.
Howth, having once held at least seven hotels, four still as of 1990,[38] saw the last, the Deer Park Hotel, on the Howth Estate, close in April 2014, although the premises continued to trade as a bar, and base for the Deer Park golf courses and a 'FootGolf' course, and later housed refugees. The area has multiple bed-and-breakfast establishments, andAirbnb hosts. The nearest operational hotel, The Marine Hotel (formerly the Golfers Hotel and the Strand Hotel), is located at Sutton Cross, approximately 2.5 km from Howth harbour.[citation needed] Other hotels that have closed include The Howth Lodge Hotel (formerly the Claremont Hotel), The Baily Court Hotel (formerly The Royal Hotel), The Saint Lawrence Hotel,Sutton Castle Hotel (part of its grounds were located in a remote part of Howth),[38] the Waverley Hotel on Kitestown Road (burned down in the 1960s) and the Asgard Hotel (formerly The Dalriada Hotel) on Balscadden Bay. The Asgard hotel was famously owned byPhil Lynott and operated by his motherPhilomena Lynott when it burned down in 1982, later being replaced by apartments.[39]
Large numbers of tourists visit Howth annually in order to avail of the views from the summit, to walk the piers, and to taste locally sourced seafood.[40]
Howth is a common area forbirdwatching andsailing, and is also popular with anglers.[citation needed] Fish likecod andray can be caught from Howth's rocky shore marks. Sea mammals, such as seals, are common sights in and near the harbour. It used to be popular to feed the seals but authorities banned the practice for a variety of reasons.[41] Birds seen regularly include razorbill, guillemot, fulmar, kittiwake, cormorant, stonechat, linnet, whitethroat, yellowhammer, skylark, wheatear, swallow, house martin, peregrine, buzzard and kestrel.
Howth is also a destination for cyclists, joggers and hill-walkers alike, particularly on weekends. One attraction is the six-kilometre long Cliff Path Loop.[42] The loop walk takes about two hours to complete, is rated with an easy to moderate difficulty, and begins and ends at the Howth DART [Railway] Station. Another common walk is the original Cliff Walk to Red Rock in Sutton.[citation needed]
Howth was within County Dublin from the introduction of the shire structure by the Normans, and within North Dublinrural district from its creation under theLocal Government (Ireland) Act 1898. In 1918, Howth became a separateurban district with the consent of theLocal Government Board for Ireland and despite the opposition of North Dublin rural district council.[43][44] In 1942, it was transferred to Dublincounty borough, withDublin Corporation superseding the urban district council.[44][45][46] In 1985, it was removed from the city and reassigned to the county. In 1994, it was in the area that becameFingal, the successor north of theRiver Liffey to County Dublin.[44][47] At the2019 Irish local elections, the Howth–Malahidelocal electoral area elected 7 councillors toFingal County Council.
Howth is in theDáil constituency of Dublin Bay North and the European Parliament constituency of Dublin.
Howth has been a filming location for movies such asThe Last of the High Kings,Boy Eats Girl,Love, Rosie andSing Street.[48]
Among Howth's better-known residents are or have been:
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