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Howard Zinn | |
|---|---|
.jpg) Zinn in 2009 | |
| Born | (1922-08-24)August 24, 1922 New York City, U.S. |
| Died | January 27, 2010(2010-01-27) (aged 87) Santa Monica, California, U.S. |
| Education | New York University (BA) Columbia University (MA,PhD) |
| Occupation(s) | Historian, educator, author, playwright |
| Spouse | |
| Children | 2, includingJeff |
| Military career | |
| Allegiance | United States |
| Branch | U.S. Army Air Forces |
| Years of service | 1941–1945 |
| Rank | Lieutenant |
| Academic background | |
| Thesis | Fiorello LaGuardia in Congress (1958) |
| Academic work | |
| Institutions | Spelman College Boston University |
| Main interests | Civil rights,war and peace |
Howard Zinn (August 24, 1922 – January 27, 2010)[1] was an American historian and a veteran of World War II. He was chair of the history and social sciences department atSpelman College,[2] and apolitical science professor atBoston University. Zinn wrote more than 20 books, including his best-selling and influentialA People's History of the United States in 1980. In 2007, he published a version of it for younger readers,A Young People's History of the United States.[3]
Zinn described himself as "something of ananarchist, something of asocialist. Maybe ademocratic socialist."[4][5] He wrote extensively about thecivil rights movement, theanti-war movement andlabor history of the United States. His memoir,You Can't Be Neutral on a Moving Train (Beacon Press, 1994), was also the title of a2004 documentary about Zinn's life and work. Zinn died of aheart attack in 2010, at the age of 87.[6]
Zinn was born to aJewish immigrant family inBrooklyn,New York City, on August 24, 1922. His father, Eddie Zinn, born inAustria-Hungary, immigrated to the US with his brother Samuel before the outbreak ofWorld War I. His mother, Jenny (Rabinowitz) Zinn,[7] emigrated from the EasternSiberian city ofIrkutsk. His parents first became acquainted as workers at the same factory.[8] During theGreat Depression, his father worked as a ditch digger and window cleaner, and for a brief time, his parents ran a neighborhood candy store, barely earning a living. For many years, Zinn's father was in thewaiters'union and worked as a waiter for weddings andbar mitzvahs.[8]
Both parents were factory workers with limited education when they met and married, and there were no books or magazines in the series of apartments where they raised their children. Zinn's parents introduced him to literature by sending 10 cents plus a coupon to theNew York Post for each of the 20 volumes ofCharles Dickens' collected works.[8] As a young man, Zinn made the acquaintance of several young Communists from his Brooklyn neighborhood. They invited him to apolitical rally being held inTimes Square. Despite it being a peaceful rally, mounted police charged the marchers. Zinn was hit and knocked unconscious. This would have a profound effect on his political and social outlook.[8]
Howard Zinn studiedcreative writing atThomas Jefferson High School in a special program established by principal and poetElias Lieberman.[9]
Zinn initially opposed entry intoWorld War II, influenced by his friends, by the results of theNye Committee, and by his ongoing reading. However, these feelings shifted as he learned more aboutfascism andits rise in Europe. The bookSawdust Caesar had a particularly large impact through its depiction ofMussolini. After graduating from high school in 1940, Zinn took theCivil Service exam and became an apprenticeshipfitter in theNew York Navy Yard at the age of 18.[10]
Concerns about low wages and hazardous working conditions compelled Zinn and several other apprentices to form the Apprentice Association. At the time, apprentices were excluded fromtrade unions and thus had little bargaining power, to which the Apprentice Association was their answer.[8] The head organizers of the association, which included Zinn himself, would meet once a week outside of work to discuss strategy and read books that at the time were considered radical. Zinn was the Activities Director for the group. His time in this group would tremendously influence his political views and created for him an appreciation for unions.[11]
Eager to fightfascism, Zinn joined the United States Army Air Corps during World War II and became an officer. He was assigned as abombardier in the490th Bombardment Group,[12] bombing targets inBerlin,Czechoslovakia, andHungary.[13] As bombardier, Zinn droppednapalm bombs in April 1945 onRoyan, a seaside resort in western France.[14] Theanti-war stance Zinn developed later was informed, in part, by his experiences.[15]
On a post-doctoral research mission nine years later, Zinn visited the resort nearBordeaux where he interviewed residents, reviewed municipal documents, and read wartime newspaper clippings at the local library. In 1966, Zinn returned to Royan after which he gave his fullest account of that research in his book,The Politics of History. On the ground, Zinn learned that the aerial bombing attacks in which he participated had killed more than a thousand French civilians as well as some German soldiers hiding near Royan to await the war's end, events that are described "in all accounts" he found as"une tragique erreur" that leveled a small but ancient city and "its population that was, at least officially, friend, not foe."
InThe Politics of History, Zinn described how the bombing was ordered—three weeks before the war in Europe ended—by military officials who were, in part, motivated more by the desire for their own career advancement than in legitimate military objectives. He quotes the official history of the US Army Air Forces' brief reference to theEighth Air Force attack on Royan and also, in the same chapter, to the bombing ofPlzeň in what was thenCzechoslovakia. The official history stated that theŠkoda Works in Plzeň "received 500 well-placed tons", and that "because of a warning sent out ahead of time the workers were able to escape, except for five persons. "The Americans received a rapturous welcome when they liberated the city.[16]
Zinn wrote:
I recalled flying on that mission, too, as deputy lead bombardier, and that we did not aim specifically at the 'Skoda works' (which I would have noted, because it was the one target in Czechoslovakia I had read about) but dropped our bombs, without much precision, on the city of Pilsen. Two Czech citizens who lived in Pilsen at the time told me, recently, that several hundred people were killed in that raid (that is, Czechs)—not five.[17]
Zinn said his experience as a wartime bombardier, combined with his research into the reasons for, and effects of the bombing of Royan and Pilsen, sensitized him to the ethical dilemmas faced byGIs during wartime.[18] Zinn questioned the justifications for military operations that inflicted massive civilian casualties during theAllied bombing of cities such asDresden, Royan,Tokyo, andHiroshima and Nagasaki in World War II,Hanoi during theWar in Vietnam, andBaghdad during the war inIraq and the civilian casualties during bombings inAfghanistan during the war there. In his pamphlet,Hiroshima: Breaking the Silence[19] written in 1995, he laid out the case against targeting civilians with aerial bombing.
Six years later, he wrote:
Recall that in the midst of theGulf War, the US militarybombed an air raid shelter, killing 400 to 500 men, women, and children who were huddled to escape bombs. The claim was that it was a military target, housing a communications center, but reporters going through the ruins immediately afterward said there was no sign of anything like that. I suggest that the history of bombing—and no one has bombed more than this nation—is a history of endless atrocities, all calmly explained by deceptive and deadly language like "accident", "military target", and "collateral damage".[20]
After World War II, Zinn attendedNew York University on theGI Bill, graduating with a BA in 1951. AtColumbia University, he earned an MA (1952) and a PhD in history with a minor in political science (1958). His master's thesis examined theColorado coal strikes of 1914.[9] Hisdoctoral dissertationFiorello LaGuardia in Congress was a study ofFiorello La Guardia's congressional career, and it depicted "the conscience of the twenties" as LaGuardia fought for public power, the right to strike, and the redistribution of wealth by taxation. "His specific legislative program," Zinn wrote, "was an astonishingly accurate preview of theNew Deal." It was published by theCornell University Press for theAmerican Historical Association.Fiorello LaGuardia in Congress was nominated for the American Historical Association'sBeveridge Prize as the best English-language book on American history.[21]
His professors at Columbia includedHarry Carman,Henry Steele Commager, andDavid Donald.[9] But it was Columbia historianRichard Hofstadter'sThe American Political Tradition that made the most lasting impression. Zinn regularly included it in his lists of recommended readings, and, afterBarack Obama was electedPresident of the United States, Zinn wrote, "If Richard Hofstadter were adding to his bookThe American Political Tradition, in which he found both 'conservative' and 'liberal' Presidents, both Democrats and Republicans, maintaining for dear life the two critical characteristics of the American system, nationalism and capitalism, Obama would fit the pattern."[22]
In 1960–61, Zinn was apost-doctoral fellow inEast Asian Studies atHarvard University.
We were not born critical of existing society. There was a moment in our lives (or a month, or a year) when certain facts appeared before us, startled us, and then caused us to question beliefs that were strongly fixed in our consciousness – embedded there by years of family prejudices, orthodox schooling, imbibing of newspapers, radio, and television. This would seem to lead to a simple conclusion: that we all have an enormous responsibility to bring to the attention of others information they do not have, which has the potential of causing them to rethink long-held ideas.[23]
Zinn was professor of history atSpelman College in Atlanta from 1956 to 1963, and visiting professor at both theUniversity of Paris andUniversity of Bologna. At the end of the academic year in 1963, Zinn was fired from Spelman for insubordination.[24] His dismissal came from Albert Manley, the first African-American president of that college, who felt Zinn was radicalizing Spelman students.[25]
In 1964, he accepted a position atBoston University (BU), after writing two books and participating in the Civil Rights Movement in the South. His classes incivil liberties were among the most popular at the university with as many as 400 students subscribing each semester to the non-required class. A professor ofpolitical science, he taught at BU for 24 years and retired in 1988 at age 66.
"He had a deep sense of fairness and justice for the underdog. But he always kept his sense of humor. He was a happy warrior," said Caryl Rivers,journalism professor at BU. Rivers and Zinn were among a group of faculty members who in 1979 defended the right of the school's clerical workers to strike and were threatened with dismissal after refusing to cross a picket line.[26]
Zinn came to believe that the point of view expressed in traditional history books was often limited. BiographerMartin Duberman noted that when he was asked directly if he was aMarxist, Zinn replied, "Yes, I'm something of a Marxist." He especially was influenced by the liberating vision of the young Marx in overcoming alienation, and disliked what he perceived to be Marx's later dogmatism. In later life he moved more towardanarchism.[27]
He wrote a history text,A People's History of the United States, to provide other perspectives on American history. The book depicts the struggles ofNative Americans against European and U.S. conquest and expansion, slaves againstslavery, unionists and other workers against capitalists, women againstpatriarchy, and African-Americans forcivil rights. The book was a finalist for theNational Book Award in 1981.[28]
In the years since the first publication ofA People's History in 1980, it has been used as an alternative to standard textbooks in many college history courses, and it is one of the most widely known examples ofcritical pedagogy. TheNew York Times Book Review stated in 2006 that the book "routinely sells more than 100,000 copies a year."[29]
In 2004, Zinn publishedVoices of a People's History of the United States with Anthony Arnove.Voices is a sourcebook of speeches, articles, essays, poetry and song lyrics by the people themselves whose stories are told inA People's History.
In 2008, theZinn Education Project was launched to support educators usingA People's History of the United States as a source for middle and high school history. The project was started when William Holtzman, a former student of Zinn who wanted to bring Zinn's lessons to students around the country, provided the financial backing to allow two other organizations, Rethinking Schools andTeaching for Change to coordinate the project. The project hosts a website with hundreds of free downloadable lesson plans to complementA People's History of the United States.[30]
The People Speak, released in 2010, is a documentary movie based onA People's History of the United States and inspired by the lives of ordinary people who fought back against oppressive conditions over the course of the history of the United States. The film, narrated by Zinn, includes performances byMatt Damon,Morgan Freeman,Bob Dylan,Bruce Springsteen,Eddie Vedder,Viggo Mortensen,Josh Brolin,Danny Glover,Marisa Tomei,Don Cheadle, andSandra Oh.[31][32][33]
From 1956 through 1963, Zinn chaired the Department of History and Social Sciences atSpelman College. He participated in theCivil Rights Movement and lobbied with historianAugust Meier[34] "to end the practice of theSouthern Historical Association of holding meetings atsegregated hotels."[35]
While at Spelman, Zinn served as an adviser to theStudent Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) and wrote about sit-ins and other actions by SNCC forThe Nation andHarper's.[36][37] In 1964,Beacon Press published his bookSNCC: The New Abolitionists.[38]
In 1964 Zinn, with the SNCC, began developing an educational program so that the 200 volunteer SNCC civil rights workers in the South, many of whom made the hard decision to leave college and pursue civil rights work fulltime, could continue with their civil rights work and at the same time be involved in an educational system. Up until then many of the volunteers had been dropping out of school so they could continue their work with SNCC. Other volunteers had not spent much time in college. The program had been endorsed by the SNCC in December 1963 and was envisioned by Zinn as having a curriculum that ranged from novels to books about "major currents" in 20th-century world history, such as fascism, communism, and anti-colonial movements. This occurred while Zinn was in Boston.[39]
Zinn also attended an assortment of SNCC meetings in 1964, traveling back and forth from Boston. One of those trips was toHattiesburg, Mississippi, in January 1964 to participate in a SNCC voter registration drive. The local newspaper, theHattiesburg American, described the SNCC volunteers in town for the voter registration drive as "outside agitators" and told local blacks "to ignore whatever goes on, and interfere in no way..." At a mass meeting held during the visit to Hattiesburg, Zinn and another SNCC representative,Ella Baker, emphasized the risks that went along with their efforts, a subject probably in their minds since a well-known civil rights activist,Medgar Evers, had been murdered getting out of his car in the driveway of his home in Jackson, Mississippi, only six months earlier. Evers had been the state field secretary for the NAACP.[39]
Zinn was also involved in what became known asFreedom Summer in Mississippi in the summer of 1964. Freedom Summer involved bringing 1,000 college students to Mississippi to work for the summer in various roles as civil rights activists. Part of the program involved organizing "Freedom Schools". Zinn's involvement included helping to develop the curriculum for the Freedom Schools. He was also concerned that bringing 1,000 college students to Mississippi to work as civil rights activists could lead to violence and killings. This prompted Zinn to recommend approaching Mississippi GovernorRoss Barnett and PresidentLyndon Johnson to request protection for the young civil rights volunteers. Protection was not forthcoming. Planning for the summer went forward under the umbrella of the SNCC, the Congress of Racial Equality ("CORE") and the Council of Federated Organizations ("COFO").[40]
On June 20, 1964, just as civil rights activists were beginning to arrive in Mississippi, CORE activistsJames Chaney,Andrew Goodman, andMichael Schwerner were en route to investigate the burning of Mount Zion Methodist Church inNeshoba County when two carloads ofKKK members led by deputy sheriffCecil Price abducted andmurdered them.[40] Two months later, after their bodies were located, Zinn and other representatives of the SNCC attended a memorial service for the three at the ruins of Mount Zion Methodist Church.[41]
Zinn collaborated with historianStaughton Lynd mentoring student activists, among themAlice Walker,[42] who would later writeThe Color Purple, andMarian Wright Edelman, founder and president of theChildren's Defense Fund. Edelman identified Zinn as a major influence in her life and, in the same journal article, tells of his accompanying students to a sit-in at the segregated white section of theGeorgia state legislature.[43] Zinn also co-wrote a column inThe Boston Globe with fellow activistEric Mann, "Left Field Stands".[44]
Although Zinn was a tenured professor, he was dismissed in June 1963 after siding with students in the struggle against segregation. As Zinn described[45] inThe Nation, though Spelman administrators prided themselves for turning out refined "young ladies", its students were likely to be found on the picket line, or in jail for participating in the greater effort to break down segregation in public places in Atlanta. Zinn's years at Spelman are recounted in his autobiographyYou Can't Be Neutral on a Moving Train: A Personal History of Our Times. His seven years at Spelman College, Zinn said, "are probably the most interesting, exciting, most educational years for me. I learned more from my students than my students learned from me."[46]
While living in Georgia, Zinn wrote that he observed 30 violations of theFirst andFourteenth amendments to theUnited States Constitution inAlbany, Georgia, including the rights tofreedom of speech,freedom of assembly andequal protection under the law. In an article on the civil rights movement in Albany, Zinn described the people who participated in theFreedom Rides to end segregation, and the reluctance of PresidentJohn F. Kennedy to enforce the law.[47] Zinn said that theJustice Department underRobert F. Kennedy and theFederal Bureau of Investigation, headed byJ. Edgar Hoover, did little or nothing to stop the segregationists from brutalizing civil rights workers.[48]
Zinn wrote about the struggle for civil rights, as both participant and historian.[49] His second book,The Southern Mystique,[50] was published in 1964, the same year as hisSNCC: The New Abolitionists in which he describes how the sit-ins against segregation were initiated by students and, in that sense, were independent of the efforts of the older, more established civil rights organizations.
In 2005, forty-one years after he was sacked from Spelman, Zinn returned to the college, where he was given an honorary Doctor of Humane Letters. He delivered the commencement address,[51][52] titled "Against Discouragement", and said that "the lesson of that history is that you must not despair, that if you are right, and you persist, things will change. The government may try to deceive the people, and the newspapers and television may do the same, but the truth has a way of coming out. The truth has a power greater than a hundred lies."[53]
Zinn wrote one of the earliest books calling for the U.S. withdrawal from its war inVietnam.Vietnam: The Logic of Withdrawal was published by Beacon Press in 1967 based on his articles inCommonweal,The Nation, andRamparts. In the opinion ofNoam Chomsky,The Logic of Withdrawal was Zinn's most important book:
He was the first person to say—loudly, publicly, very persuasively—that this simply has to stop; we should get out, period, no conditions; we have no right to be there; it's an act of aggression; pull out. It was so surprising at the time that there wasn't even a review of the book. In fact, he asked me if I would review it inRamparts just so that people would know about the book.[54]
Zinn's diplomatic visit to Hanoi with ReverendDaniel Berrigan, during the Tet Offensive in January 1968, resulted in the return of three American airmen, the first American POWs released by the North Vietnamese since the U.S. bombing of that nation had begun. The event was widely reported in the news media and discussed in a variety of books includingWho Spoke Up? American Protest Against the War in Vietnam 1963–1975 by Nancy Zaroulis and Gerald Sullivan.[55] Zinn and the Berrigan brothers, Dan andPhilip, remained friends and allies over the years.
Also in January 1968, he signed the "Writers and Editors War Tax Protest" pledge, vowing to refuse tax payments in protest against the war.[56]
In December 1969, radical historians tried unsuccessfully to persuade theAmerican Historical Association to pass an anti-Vietnam War resolution. "A debacle unfolded asHarvard historian (and AHA president in 1968)John Fairbank literally wrestled the microphone from Zinn's hands."[57]
Daniel Ellsberg, a formerRAND consultant who had secretly copiedThe Pentagon Papers, which described the history of the United States' military involvement in Southeast Asia, gave a copy to Howard and Roslyn Zinn.[58] Along withNoam Chomsky, Zinn edited and annotated the copy ofThe Pentagon Papers that SenatorMike Gravel read into theCongressional Record and that was subsequently published byBeacon Press.
Announced on August 17[59] and published on October 10, 1971, this four-volume, relatively expensive set[59] became the "Senator Gravel Edition", which studies fromCornell University and theAnnenberg Center for Communication have labeled as the most complete edition of the Pentagon Papers to be published.[60][61] The "Gravel Edition" was edited and annotated by Noam Chomsky and Howard Zinn, and included an additional volume of analytical articles on the origins and progress of the war, also edited by Chomsky and Zinn.[61]
Zinn testified as an expert witness at Ellsberg's criminal trial for theft, conspiracy, and espionage in connection with the publication of thePentagon Papers byThe New York Times. Defense attorneys asked Zinn to explain to the jury the history of U.S. involvement in Vietnam from World War II through 1963. Zinn discussed that history for several hours, and later reflected on his time before the jury.
I explained there was nothing in the papers of military significance that could be used to harm the defense of the United States, that the information in them was simplyembarrassing to our government because what was revealed, in the government's own interoffice memos, was how it had lied to the American public.... The secrets disclosed in the Pentagon Papers might embarrass politicians, might hurt the profits of corporations wanting tin, rubber, oil, in far-off places. But this was not the same as hurting the nation, the people.[62]
Most of the jurors later said that they voted for acquittal. However, the federal judge who presided over the case dismissed it on grounds it had been tainted by theNixon administration'sburglary of the office of Ellsberg's psychiatrist.
Zinn's testimony on the motivation for government secrecy was confirmed in 1989 byErwin Griswold, who as U.S. solicitor general during the Nixon administration suedThe New York Times in the Pentagon Papers case in 1971 to stop publication.[63] Griswold persuaded three Supreme Court justices to vote to stopThe New York Times from continuing to publish the Pentagon Papers, an order known as "prior restraint" that has been held to be illegal under theFirst Amendment to theU.S. Constitution. The papers were simultaneously published inThe Washington Post, effectively nullifying the effect of the prior restraint order. In 1989, Griswold admitted there had been no national security damage resulting from publication.[63] In a column inThe Washington Post, Griswold wrote: "It quickly becomes apparent to any person who has considerable experience with classified material that there is massive over-classification and that the principal concern of the classifiers is not with national security, but with governmental embarrassment of one sort or another."
Zinn supported the G.I. anti-war movement during the U.S. war in Vietnam. In the 2001 filmUnfinished Symphony: Democracy and Dissent, Zinn provides a historical context for the 1971 anti-war march byVietnam Veterans against the War. The marchers traveled fromBunker Hill near Boston toLexington,Massachusetts, "which retracedPaul Revere's ride of 1775 and ended in the massive arrest of 410 veterans and civilians by the Lexington police." The film depicts "scenes from the 1971 Winter Soldier hearings,[64] during which former G.I.s testified about "atrocities" they either participated in or said they had witnessed committed by U.S. forces in Vietnam.[65] Zinn also took part in the1971 May Day protests (with among othersNoam Chomsky andDaniel Ellsberg).[66][67]
In later years, Zinn was an adviser to the Disarm Education Fund.[68]
Zinn opposed the 2003 invasion and occupation of Iraq and wrote several books about it. In an interview withThe Brooklyn Rail he said:
We certainly should not be initiating a war, as it's not a clear and present danger to the United States, or in fact, to anyone around it. If it were, then the states around Iraq would be calling for a war on it. The Arab states around Iraq are opposed to the war, and if anyone's in danger from Iraq, they are. At the same time, the U.S. is violating the U.N. charter by initiating a war on Iraq. Bush made a big deal about the number of resolutions Iraq has violated—and it's true, Iraq has not abided by the resolutions of the Security Council. But it's not the first nation to violate Security Council resolutions. Israel has violated Security Council resolutions every year since 1967. Now, however, the U.S. is violating a fundamental principle of the U.N. Charter, which is that nations can't initiate a war—they can only do so after being attacked. And Iraq has not attacked us.[69]
He asserted that the U.S. would end Gulf War II when resistance within the military increased in the same way resistance within the military contributed to ending the U.S. war in Vietnam. Zinn compared the demand by a growing number of contemporary U.S. military families to end the war in Iraq to parallel demands "in the Confederacy in the Civil War, when the wives of soldiers rioted because their husbands were dying and the plantation owners were profiting from the sale of cotton, refusing to grow grains for civilians to eat."[70]
Zinn believed that U.S. President George W. Bush and followers ofAbu Musab al-Zarqawi, the former leader ofal-Qaeda in Iraq, who was personally responsible for beheadings and numerous attacks designed to cause civil war in Iraq, should be considered moral equivalents.[71]
Jean-Christophe Agnew, Professor of History and American Studies atYale University, told theYale Daily News in May 2007 that Zinn's historical work is "highly influential and widely used".[72] He observed that it is not unusual for prominent professors such as Zinn to weigh in on current events, citing a resolution opposing the war in Iraq that was recently ratified by theAmerican Historical Association.[73] Agnew added: "In these moments of crisis, when the country is split—so historians are split."[74]
Zinn described himself as "something of ananarchist, something of asocialist. Maybe ademocratic socialist."[4][5] He suggested looking at socialism in its full historical context as a popular, positive idea that got a bad name from its association withSoviet Communism. InMadison, Wisconsin, in 2009, Zinn said:
Let's talk about socialism. I think it's very important to bring back the idea of socialism into the national discussion to where it was at the turn of the [last] century before the Soviet Union gave it a bad name. Socialism had a good name in this country. Socialism hadEugene Debs. It hadClarence Darrow. It hadMother Jones. It hadEmma Goldman. It had several million people reading socialist newspapers around the country. Socialism basically said, hey, let's have a kinder, gentler society. Let's share things. Let's have an economic system that produces things not because they're profitable for some corporation, but produces things that people need. People should not be retreating from the word socialism because you have to go beyond capitalism.[75]
On July 30, 2010, aFreedom of Information Act (FOIA) request resulted in theFederal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) releasing a file with 423 pages of information on Howard Zinn's life and activities. During the height ofMcCarthyism in 1949, the FBI first opened a domestic security investigation on Zinn (FBI File # 100-360217), based on Zinn's activities in what the agency considered to be communistfront groups, such as theAmerican Labor Party,[76] and informant reports that Zinn was an active member of theCommunist Party of the United States (CPUSA).[77]
Zinn denied ever being a member and said that he had participated in the activities of various organizations which might be considered Communist fronts, but that his participation was motivated by his belief that in this country people had the right to believe, think, and act according to their own ideals.[77] According to journalistChris Hedges, Zinn "steadfastly refused to cooperate in the anti-communist witchhunts in the 1950s."[78]
Later in the 1960s, as a result of Zinn's campaigning against theVietnam War and his communication withMartin Luther King Jr., the FBI designated him a high security risk to the country by adding him to theSecurity Index, a list of American citizens who could be summarily arrested if astate of emergency were to be declared.[77][79] The FBI memos also show that they were concerned with Zinn's repeated criticism of the FBI for failing to protect black people against white mob violence. Zinn's daughter said she was not surprised by the files: "He always knew they had a file on him".[77]
Zinn married Roslyn Shechter in 1944. They remained married until her death in 2008. They had a daughter, Myla, and a son,Jeff. Myla is the wife of mindfulness instructorJon Kabat-Zinn.[80]
Zinn was swimming in a hotel pool when he died of an apparentheart attack[81] inSanta Monica, California, on January 27, 2010, at the age of 87. He was scheduled to speak during an event which was titled "A Collection of Ideas...the People Speak" at theCrossroads School and theSanta Monica Museum of Art.[82]
In one of his last interviews,[83] Zinn stated that he would like to be remembered "for introducing a different way of thinking about the world, about war, about human rights, about equality," and
for getting more people to realize that the power which rests so far in the hands of people with wealth and guns, that the power ultimately rests in people themselves and that they can use it. At certain points in history, they have used it. Black people in the South used it. People in the women's movement used it. People in the anti-war movement used it. People in other countries who have overthrown tyrannies have used it.
He said he wanted to be known as "somebody who gave people a feeling of hope and power that they didn't have before."[84]
I can't think of anyone who had such a powerful and benign influence. His historical work changed the way millions of people saw the past. The happy thing about Howard was that in the last years he could gain satisfaction that his contributions were so impressive and recognized.[6]
In 1991 theThomas Merton Center for Peace and Social Justice inPittsburgh awarded Zinn theThomas Merton Award for his activism and work on national and international issues that transform our world.[85] For his leadership in the Peace Movement, Zinn received the Peace Abbey Courage of Conscience Award in 1996.[86] In 1998 he received theEugene V. Debs Award,[87] theFirecracker Alternative Book Award in the Politics category forThe Zinn Reader: Writings on Disobedience and Democracy,[88] and theLannan Literary Award for nonfiction.[89] The following year he won theUpton Sinclair Award, which honors those whose work illustrates an abiding commitment to social justice and equality.[90]
In 2003, Zinn was awarded thePrix des Amis duMonde diplomatique for the French version of his seminal work,Une histoire populaire des Etats-Unis.[91]
On October 5, 2006, Zinn received the Haven's Center Award for Lifetime Contribution to Critical Scholarship inMadison, Wisconsin.[92]
The AmericanPeace and Justice Studies Association gives out annually The Howard Zinn Lifetime Achievement Award which is named in his honour.
In July 2013, theAssociated Press revealed thatMitch Daniels, when he was the sitting RepublicanGovernor of Indiana, asked for assurance from his education advisors that Zinn's works were not taught in K–12 public schools in the state.[93] The AP had gained access to Daniels' emails under aFreedom of Information Act request. Daniels also wanted a "cleanup" of K–12 professional development courses to eliminate "propaganda and highlight (if there is any) the more useful offerings."[94] In one of the emails, Daniels expressed contempt for Zinn upon his death:[95]
This terrible anti-American academic has finally passed away...The obits and commentaries mentioned his book,A People's History of the United States, is the 'textbook of choice in high schools and colleges around the country.' It is a truly execrable, anti-factual piece of disinformation that misstates American history on every page. Can someone assure me that it is not in use anywhere in Indiana? If it is, how do we get rid of it before more young people are force-fed a totally false version of our history?
At the time the emails were released, Daniels was serving as the president ofPurdue University. In response, 90 Purdue professors issued anopen letter expressing their concern.[96][97][98][99] Because of Daniels' attempt to remove Zinn's book, the former governor was accused ofcensorship, to which Daniels responded by saying that his views were misrepresented, and that if Zinn were alive and a member of the Purdue faculty, he would defend hisfree speech rights and right to publish. But he said that would not give Zinn an "entitlement to have that work foisted on school children in public schools."[100]
Stanford education professorSam Wineburg has criticized Zinn's research. Wineburg acknowledged thatA People's History of the United States was an important contribution for overlooked alternative perspectives, but criticized the book's coverage of the mid-thirties to the Cold War. According to reviewer David Plotnikoff from Stanford, Wineburg shows that "A People's History perpetrates the same errors of historical practice as the tomes it aimed to correct", for "Zinn's desire to cast a light on what he saw as historic injustice was a crusade built on secondary sources of questionable provenance, omission of exculpatory evidence, leading questions and shaky connections between evidence and conclusions".[101][102]
Daniel J. Flynn, an author and columnist at the conservativeThe American Spectator, wrote that Zinn's history was biased.[103]Michael Kazin, professor at Georgetown University and co-editor of the leftist magazineDissent,, praised Zinn'sA People's History of the United States for its dramatic condemnation of the exploitation of the masses by an elite few, and for its lavish use of quotes from social rebels andrevolutionaries, though he describes it as somewhat simplified.[104] Kazin has also provided criticism saying "A People's History is bad history, albeit gilded with virtuous intentions. Zinn reduces the past to aManichean fable."[105]
Mary Grabar, a resident fellow at theAlexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization, accused Zinn of plagiarizing a polemic by novelist and anti-Vietnam War activist Hans Koning inThe People's History, and editing Koning's narrative to remove what Grabar said was the "devout Catholic Columbus’s concern for the natives".[106][107]
In early 2017, lawmakerKim Hendren attempted toban books written by Zinn fromArkansas public schools.[108][109]
Howard Zinn participated in the Civil Rights Movement and lobbied with historian August Meier.
DP: So do you feel that, by and large, the Zarqawi-world and the Bush-world are moral equivalents? HZ: I do.
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