Howard Hawks | |
|---|---|
 Hawks in the 1940s | |
| Born | Howard Winchester Hawks (1896-05-30)May 30, 1896 Goshen, Indiana, U.S. |
| Died | December 26, 1977(1977-12-26) (aged 81) Palm Springs, California, U.S. |
| Alma mater | Cornell University |
| Occupations |
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| Years active | 1916–1970 |
| Notable work | |
| Spouses | |
| Children | 4, includingKitty Hawks |
| Relatives |
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Howard Winchester Hawks (May 30, 1896 – December 26, 1977) was an Americanfilm director,producer, andscreenwriter of theclassic Hollywood era. The criticLeonard Maltin called him "the greatest American director who is not a household name."[2]Roger Ebert called Hawks "one of the greatest American directors of pure movies, and a hero ofauteur critics because he found his own laconic values in so many different kinds of genre material."[3] He was nominated for theAcademy Award for Best Director forSergeant York (1941) and earned theHonorary Academy Award in 1974. A versatile director, Hawks explored many genres such as comedies, dramas, gangster films, science fiction,film noir, war films andWesterns. His most popular films includeScarface (1932),Bringing Up Baby (1938),Only Angels Have Wings (1939),His Girl Friday (1940),To Have and Have Not (1944),The Big Sleep (1946),Red River (1948),The Thing from Another World (1951),Gentlemen Prefer Blondes (1953), andRio Bravo (1959). His frequent portrayals of strong, tough-talking female characters came to define the "Hawksian woman".
His work has influenced such directors asMartin Scorsese,Robert Altman,John Carpenter,Rainer Werner Fassbinder,Quentin Tarantino andMichael Mann.Entertainment Weekly placed Hawks fourth on their list of greatest directors, writing: "His hallmarks are more thematic than visual: men who adhere to an understated code of manliness; women who like to yank the rug out from under those men's feet; a mistrust of pomposity; a love of sly, leg-pulling wit. Yet there's the ease of the complete filmmaker in his Westerns, dramas, musicals, detective films, and supremely confident comedies. No wonder the French adored the guy: His casual profundity was the studio's best advertisement for itself."[4]Jean-Luc Godard called him "the greatest of all American artists".[5][6]
Howard Winchester Hawks was born inGoshen, Indiana. He was the first-born child of Frank Winchester Hawks (1865–1950), a wealthy paper manufacturer, and his wife, Helen Brown (née Howard; 1872–1952), the daughter of a wealthy industrialist. Hawks's family on his father's side were American pioneers, and his ancestor John Hawks had emigrated fromEngland toMassachusetts in 1630. The family eventually settled in Goshen and by the 1890s was one of the wealthiest families in theMidwest, due mostly to the highly profitable Goshen Milling Company.[7]
Hawks's maternal grandfather, C. W. Howard (1845–1916), had homesteaded inNeenah, Wisconsin, in 1862 at age 17. Within 15 years he had made his fortune in the town'spaper mill and other industrial endeavors.[8] Frank Hawks and Helen Howard met in the early 1890s and married in 1895. Howard Hawks was the eldest of five children, and his birth was followed byKenneth Neil Hawks (August 12, 1898 – January 2, 1930),William Bellinger Hawks (January 29, 1901 – January 10, 1969), Grace Louise Hawks (October 17, 1903 – December 23, 1927), and Helen Bernice Hawks (1906 – May 4, 1911). In 1898, the family moved back to Neenah where Frank Hawks began working for his father-in-law's Howard Paper Company.[9]
Between 1906 and 1909, the Hawks family began to spend more time inPasadena, California, during the cold Wisconsin winters in order to improve Helen Hawks's ill health. Gradually, they began to spend only their summers in Wisconsin before permanently moving to Pasadena in 1910.[10] The family settled in a house down the street fromThroop Polytechnic Institute, and the Hawks children began attending the school'sPolytechnic Elementary School in 1907.[11] Hawks was an average student and did not excel in sports, but by 1910 had discoveredcoaster racing, an early form ofsoapbox racing. In 1911, Hawks's youngest sibling, Helen, died suddenly of food poisoning.[12] From 1910 to 1912, Hawks attendedPasadena High School. In 1912, the Hawks family moved to nearbyGlendora, California, where Frank Hawks owned orange groves. Hawks finished his junior year of high school at Citrus Union High School in Glendora.[13] During this time he worked as abarnstorming pilot.[14]
He was sent toPhillips Exeter Academy inNew Hampshire from 1913 to 1914; his family's wealth may have influenced his acceptance to the elite private school. Even though he was 17, he was admitted as a lower middleclassman, the equivalent of asophomore. While inNew England, Hawks often attended the theaters in nearbyBoston. In 1914, Hawks returned to Glendora and graduated from Pasadena High School that year.[13] Skilled intennis, at 18 Hawks won the United States Junior Tennis Championship.[15] That same year, Hawks was accepted toCornell University inIthaca, New York, where he majored inmechanical engineering and was a member ofDelta Kappa Epsilon. His college friend Ray S. Ashbury remembered Hawks spending more of his time playingcraps and drinking alcohol than studying, although Hawks was also known to be a voracious reader of popular American and English novels in college.[16]
While working in the film industry during his 1916 summer vacation, Hawks made an unsuccessful attempt to transfer toStanford University. He returned to Cornell that September, leaving in April 1917 to join theArmy when theUnited States enteredWorld War I. He served as a lieutenant in theAviation Section, U.S. Signal Corps.[17] During World War I, he taught aviators to fly, and these experiences influenced future aviation films likeThe Dawn Patrol (1930).[18] Like many college students who joined the armed services during the war, he received a degree in absentia in 1918. Before Hawks was called for active duty, he returned toHollywood and, by the end of April 1917, was working on aCecil B. DeMille film.
Howard Hawks's interest and passion for aviation led him to many important experiences and acquaintances.[18] In 1916, Hawks metVictor Fleming, a Hollywood cinematographer who had been an auto mechanic and early aviator. Hawks had begun racing and working on aMercerrace car—bought for him by his grandfather C.W. Howard—during his 1916 summer vacation in California. He allegedly met Fleming when the two men raced on a dirt track and caused an accident.[19] This meeting led to Hawks's first job in thefilm industry, as aprop boy on theDouglas Fairbanks filmIn Again, Out Again (on which Fleming was employed as the cinematographer) forFamous Players–Lasky.[20] According to Hawks, a new set needed to be built quickly when the studio'sset designer was unavailable, so Hawks volunteered to do the job himself, much to Fairbanks's satisfaction. He was next employed as a prop boy and general assistant on an unspecified film directed byCecil B. DeMille. (Hawks never named the film in later interviews, and DeMille made roughly five films in that time period). By the end of April 1917, Hawks was working on Cecil B. DeMille'sThe Little American.[20] Hawks worked onMarshall Neilan'sThe Little Princess, starringMary Pickford. According to Hawks, Neilan did not show up to work one day, so the resourceful Hawks offered to direct a scene himself, to which Pickford consented.[21] Hawks began directing at age 21 after he and cinematographerCharles Rosher filmed adouble exposure dream sequence Pickford.
Hawks worked with Pickford and Neilan again onAmarilly of Clothes-Line Alley before joining theUnited States Army Air Service. Hawks's military records were destroyed in the1973 Military Archive Fire, so the only account of his military service is his own. According to Hawks, he spent 15 weeks in basic training at theUniversity of California in Berkeley where he was trained to be asquadron commander in the Air Service. When Pickford visited Hawks at basic training, his superior officers were so impressed by the appearance of the celebrity that they promoted him toflight instructor and sent him toTexas to teach new recruits. Bored by this work, Hawks attempted to secure a transfer during the first half of 1918 and was eventually sent toFort Monroe, Virginia. TheArmistice was signed in November of that year, and Hawks was discharged as aSecond Lieutenant without having seen active duty.[22]
After the war, Hawks was eager to return to Hollywood. His brother Kenneth Hawks, who had also served in the Air Service, graduated fromYale in 1919, and the two of them moved to Hollywood together to pursue their careers. They quickly made friends with Hollywood insiderAllan Dwan. Hawks landed his first important job when he used his family's wealth to loan money to studio headJack L. Warner. Warner quickly paid back the loan and hired Hawks as a producer to "oversee" the making of a newseries ofone-reel comedies starring the Italian comedianMonty Banks. Hawks later stated that he personally directed "three or four" of the shorts, though no documentation exists to confirm the claim. The films were profitable, but Hawks soon left to form his own production company using his family's wealth and connections to secure financing. The production company,Associated Producers, was a joint venture between Hawks, Allan Dwan,Marshall Neilan and directorAllen Holubar, with a distribution deal withFirst National. The company made 14 films between 1920 and 1923, with eight directed by Neilan, three by Dwan and three by Holubar.[23] More of a "boy's club" than a production company, the four men gradually drifted apart and went their separate ways in 1923, by which time Hawks had decided that he wanted to direct rather than produce.[24]
Beginning in early 1920, Hawks lived in rented houses in Hollywood with the group of friends he was accumulating. This rowdy group of mostly macho, risk-taking men included his brother Kenneth Hawks, Victor Fleming,Jack Conway,Harold Rosson,Richard Rosson,Arthur Rosson, andEddie Sutherland. During this time, Hawks first metIrving Thalberg, the vice-president in charge of production atMetro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Hawks admired his intelligence and sense of story.[25] Hawks also became friends with barn stormers and pioneeraviators at Rogers Airport in Los Angeles, getting to know men likeMoye Stephens.
In 1923,Famous Players–Lasky presidentJesse Lasky was looking for a new Production Editor in the story department of his studio, and Thalberg suggested Hawks.[26] Hawks accepted and was immediately put in charge of over 40 productions, including several literary acquisitions of stories byJoseph Conrad,Jack London andZane Grey. Hawks worked on the scripts for all of the films produced, but he had his first official screenplay credit in 1924 onTiger Love.[27] Hawks was the Story Editor at Famous Players (laterParamount Pictures) for almost two years, occasionally editing such films asHeritage of the Desert. Hawks signed a new one-year contract with Famous-Players in the fall of 1924. He broke his contract to become a story editor for Thalberg at MGM, having secured a promise from Thalberg to make him a director within a year. In 1925, when Thalberg hesitated to keep his promise, Hawks broke his contract at MGM and left.[28]
In October 1925,Sol Wurtzel,William Fox's studio superintendent at theFox Film Corporation, invited Hawks to join his company with the promise of letting him direct. Over the next three years, Hawks directed his first eight films (six silent, two "talkies").[26] Hawks reworked the scripts of most of the films he directed without always taking official credit for his work. He also worked on the scripts forHonesty – The Best Policy in 1926[29] andJoseph von Sternberg'sUnderworld in 1927, famous for being one of the firstgangster films.[30] Hawks's first film wasThe Road to Glory, which premiered in April 1926. The screenplay was based on a 35-page composition written by Hawks, making it one of the only films on which Hawks had extensive writing credit. Today, it is one of Hawks's twolost films.[31]
Immediately after completingThe Road to Glory, Hawks began writing his next film,Fig Leaves, his first (and, until 1935, only) comedy. It received positive reviews, particularly for the art direction and costume designs. It was released in July 1926 and was Hawks's first hit as a director. Although he mainly dismissed his early work, Hawks praised this film in later interviews.[32]
Paid to Love is notable in Hawks's filmography, because it was a highly stylized, experimental film, à la German directorF. W. Murnau. Hawks's film includes atypical tracking shots, expressionistic lighting and stylistic film editing that was inspired byGerman expressionist cinema. In a later interview, Hawks commented, "It isn't my type of stuff, at least I got it over in a hurry. You know the idea of wanting the camera to do those things: Now the camera's somebody's eyes." Hawks worked on the script withSeton I. Miller, with whom he would go on to collaborate on seven more films. The film starsGeorge O'Brien as the introverted Crown Prince Michael,William Powell as his happy-go-lucky brother andVirginia Valli as Michael'sflapper love interest, Dolores. The characters played by Valli and O'Brien anticipate those found in later films by Hawks: a sexually aggressive showgirl, who is an early prototype of the "Hawksian woman", and a shy man disinterested in sex, found in later roles played byCary Grant andGary Cooper.Paid to Love was completed by September 1926, but remained unreleased until July 1927. It was financially unsuccessful.[33]Cradle Snatchers was based on a 1925 hit stage play by Russell G. Medcraft and Norma Mitchell. The film was shot in early 1927. The film was released in May 1927 and was a minor hit. It was believed to be lost untilPeter Bogdanovich discovered a print in 20th Century Fox's film vaults, although it was missing part of reel three and all of reel four.[34] In March 1927, Hawks signed a new one-year, three-picture contract with Fox and was assigned to directFazil, based on the playL'Insoumise byPierre Frondaie. Hawks again worked with Seton Miller on the script. Hawks was over schedule and over budget on the film, which began a rift between him and Sol Wurtzel that would eventually lead to Hawks leaving Fox. The film was finished in August 1927, though it was not released until June 1928.[35]
A Girl in Every Port is considered by scholars to be the most important of Hawks's silent films. It is the first to feature many of the themes and archetypes that would define much of his subsequent work. It was his first "love story between two men", with two men bonding over their duty, skills and careers, who consider their friendship to be more important than their relationships with women.[36] In France,Henri Langlois called Hawks "theGropius of the cinema" and Swiss novelist and poetBlaise Cendrars said that the film "definitely marked the first appearance of contemporary cinema."[37] Hawks went over budget once again with this film, and his relationship with Sol Wurtzel deteriorated. After an advance screening that received positive reviews, Wurtzel told Hawks, "This is the worst picture Fox has made in years."[38] After seeingLouise Brooks inA Girl in Every Port,G. W. Pabst cast her inPandora's Box (1929).[39]The Air Circus was Hawks's first film centered aroundaviation, one of his early passions. In 1928,Charles Lindbergh was the world's most famous person andWings was one of the most popular films of the year. Wanting to capitalize on the country's aviation craze, Fox immediately bought Hawks's original story forThe Air Circus, a variation of the theme of male friendship about two young pilots. The film was shot from April to June 1928, but Fox ordered an additional 15 minutes of dialogue footage so that the film could compete with the new talkies being released. Hawks hated the new dialogue written byHugh Herbert, and he refused to participate in the re-shoots. It was released in September 1928 and was a moderate hit and is one of two Hawks films that are lost.[40]
Trent's Last Case is an adaptation ofE. C. Bentley's1913 novel of the same name. Hawks considered the novel to be "one of the greatest detective stories of all time" and was eager to make it his first sound film. He castRaymond Griffith in the lead role of Phillip Trent. Griffith's throat had been damaged by poison gas during World War I, and his voice was a hoarse whisper, prompting Hawks to later state, "I thought he ought to be great in talking picturesbecause of that voice." However, after shooting only a few scenes, Fox shut Hawks down and ordered him to make a silent film, both because of Griffith's voice and because they only owned the legal rights to make a silent film. The film did have a musical score and synchronized sound effects but no dialogue. Due to the failing business of silent films, it was never released in the US and only briefly screened in England where critics hated it. The film was believed lost until the mid-1970s and was screened for the first time in the US at a Hawks retrospective in 1974. Hawks was in attendance of the screening and attempted to have the only print of the film destroyed.[41] Hawks's contract with Fox ended in May 1929, and he never again signed a long-term contract with a major studio. He managed to remain an independent producer-director for the rest of his long career.[42]
By 1930, Hollywood was in upheaval over the coming of "talkies", and the careers of many actors and directors were ruined. Hollywood studios were recruiting stage actors and directors that they believed were better suited for sound films. After working in the industry for 14 years and directing many financially successful films, Hawks found he had to prove himself an asset to the studios once again. Leaving Fox on sour terms did not help his reputation, but Hawks never backed down from fights with studio heads. After several months of unemployment, Hawks renewed his career with his first sound film in 1930.[43]
Hawks's first all-sound film wasThe Dawn Patrol, based on an original story byJohn Monk Saunders and (unofficially) Hawks. Reportedly, Hawks paid Saunders to put his name on the film, so that Hawks could direct the film without arousing concern due to his lack of writing experience.[44] Accounts vary on who came up with the idea of the film, but Hawks and Saunders developed the story together and tried to sell it to several studios before First National agreed to produce it.[45] Shooting began in late February 1930, about the same time thatHoward Hughes was finishing his World War I aviation epicHell's Angels, which had been in production since September 1927. Shrewdly, Hawks began to hire many of the aviation experts and cameramen that had been employed by Hughes, includingElmer Dyer, Harry Reynolds and Ira Reed. When Hughes found out about the rival film, he did everything he could to sabotageThe Dawn Patrol. He harassed Hawks and other studio personnel, hired a spy that was quickly caught, and finally sued First National for copyright infringement. Hughes eventually dropped the lawsuit in late 1930—he and Hawks had become good friends during the legal battle. Filming was finished in late May 1930, and it premiered in July, setting a first-week box office record at theWinter Garden Theatre in New York. The film became one of the biggest hits of 1930.[46] The success of this film allowed Hawks to gain respect in the field of filmmaking and allowed him to spend the rest of his career as an independent director without the necessity to sign any long-term contracts with specific studios.[47]
Hawks did not get along with Warner Brothers executiveHal B. Wallis, and his contract allowed him to be loaned out to other studios. Hawks took the opportunity to accept a directing offer fromHarry Cohn atColumbia Pictures.[48] The film opened in January 1931 and was a hit. The film was banned in Chicago, and experienced censorship, which would continue in his next film project.[49] In 1930, Hughes hired Hawks to directScarface, a gangster film loosely based on the life of Chicago mobsterAl Capone. The film was completed in September 1931, but the censorship of theHays Code prevented it from being released as Hawks and Hughes had originally intended. The two men fought, negotiated, and made compromises with the Hays Office for over a year, until the film was eventually released in 1932, after such other pivotal early gangster films asThe Public Enemy andLittle Caesar.Scarface was the first film on which Hawks worked with screenwriterBen Hecht, who became a close friend and collaborator for 20 years.[26] After filming was complete onScarface, Hawks left Hughes to fight the legal battles and returned to First National to fulfill his contract, this time with producerDarryl F. Zanuck. For his next film, Hawks wanted to make a film about his childhood passion: car racing. Hawks developed the script forThe Crowd Roars with Seton Miller for their eighth and final collaboration. Hawks used real race car drivers in the film, including the1930 Indianapolis 500 winnerBilly Arnold.[50] The film was released in March and became a hit.[51]
Later in 1932, he directedTiger Shark, starringEdward G. Robinson as a tuna fisherman. In these early films, Hawks established the prototypical "Hawksian Man", which film criticAndrew Sarris described as "upheld by an instinctive professionalism."[26]Tiger Shark demonstrated Hawks's ability to incorporate touches of humor into dramatic, tense and even tragic story lines.[51] In 1933, Hawks signed a three-picture deal atMetro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, the first of which wasToday We Live in 1933. ThisWorld War I film was based on ashort story byWilliam Faulkner.[52] Hawks's next two films at MGM were theboxing dramaThe Prizefighter and the Lady and thebio-picViva Villa!. Studio interference on both films led Hawks to walk out on his MGM contract without completing either film himself.[26]
In 1934, Hawks went toColumbia Pictures to makeTwentieth Century, starringJohn Barrymore and Hawks's distant cousinCarole Lombard. It was based on a stage play by Hecht andCharles MacArthur and, along withFrank Capra'sIt Happened One Night (released the same year), is considered to be the defining film of thescrewball comedy genre. In 1935, Hawks madeBarbary Coast withEdward G. Robinson andMiriam Hopkins. Hawks collaborated with Hecht and MacArthur onBarbary Coast and reportedly convinced them to work on the film by promising to teach them a marble game. They would switch off between working on the script and playing with marbles during work days.[53]: 94 In 1936, he made the aviation adventureCeiling Zero withJames Cagney andPat O'Brien. Also in 1936, Hawks began filmingCome and Get It, starringEdward Arnold,Joel McCrea,Frances Farmer andWalter Brennan, but he was fired bySamuel Goldwyn in the middle of shooting, and the film was completed byWilliam Wyler.[26]
In 1938, Hawks made the screwball comedyBringing Up Baby forRKO Pictures. It starredCary Grant andKatharine Hepburn and was adapted byDudley Nichols andHagar Wilde. Sarris called it "the screwiest of the screwball comedies". Grant plays a near-sighted paleontologist who suffers one humiliation after another due to the lovestruck socialite played by Hepburn.[26] Hawks's artistic direction forBringing Up Baby revolved around the raw natural chemistry between Grant and Hepburn. With Grant portraying the paleontologist and Hepburn as an heiress, the roles only add to the movie's purpose of disintegrating the line between the real and the imaginary.[54]Bringing Up Baby was a box office flop when initially released and, subsequently, RKO fired Hawks due to extreme losses; however, the film has become regarded as one of Hawks's masterpieces.[55] Regarding Hepburn, Hawks said: "We had trouble with Kate at first. The great trouble is people trying to be funny. If they don't try to be funny, then they are funny."[56]: 72 Hawks followed it with 11 consecutive hits up to 1951, starting with the aviation dramaOnly Angels Have Wings, made in 1939 forColumbia Pictures and starring Grant,[57]Jean Arthur,Thomas Mitchell,Rita Hayworth andRichard Barthelmess.[26]
Hawks returned to screwball comedy withHis Girl Friday (1940), starring Grant andRosalind Russell and featuringRalph Bellamy. It was an adaptation of the Broadway hitThe Front Page by Hecht and MacArthur,[26] which had been made into afilm in 1931.[58]David Thomson writes that Hawks "turnedThe Front Page inside out – this is the first demolition re-make (a noble form). He said, suppose the editor and the reporter are a man and a woman, a married couple (just divorced), and the woman is on the point of leaving the paper to get married to a decent, wholesome, truthful idiot? Thus agreeable entertainment becomes ravishing art; thus a sentimental tribute to friendship becomes a frenzied rhapsody on the perils of being in love while guarding the love against all those plausibly 'real' things."[59] Not forgetting the influence Jesse Lasky had on his early career, in 1941, Hawks madeSergeant York, starringGary Cooper as a pacifist farmer who becomes a decoratedWorld War I soldier. Hawks directed the film and cast Cooper as a specific favor to Lasky.[44] This was the highest-grossing film of 1941 and won twoAcademy Awards, forBest Actor andBest Editing, as well as earning Hawks his only nomination forBest Director. Later that year, Hawks worked with Cooper again forBall of Fire, which also starredBarbara Stanwyck. The film was written byBilly Wilder andCharles Brackett and is a playful take on Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. Cooper plays a sheltered, intellectual linguist who is writing an encyclopedia with six other scientists and hires street-wise Stanwyck to help them with modern slang terms. In 1941, Hawks began work on the Howard Hughes-produced (and later directed) filmThe Outlaw, based on the life ofBilly the Kid and starringJane Russell. Hawks completed initial shooting of the film in early 1941, but due to perfectionism and battles with the HollywoodProduction Code, Hughes continued to re-shoot and re-edit the film until 1943, when it was finally released with Hawks uncredited as director.[26]
After making theWorld War II filmAir Force (1943), starringJohn Garfield and written by Nichols, Hawks did two films withHumphrey Bogart andLauren Bacall.To Have and Have Not (1944) stars Bogart, Bacall and Brennan and is based on a novel byErnest Hemingway. Hawks was a close friend of Hemingway and made a bet with the author that he could make a good film out of Hemingway's "worst book". Hawks,William Faulkner andJules Furthman collaborated on the script, about an American fishing boat captain working out ofMartinique after theFall of France in 1940. Bogart and Bacall fell in love on the set of the film and married soon afterwards. The greatest strength of the movie has been said to come from its atmosphere and use of wit that really plays on the strengths of Bacall and helps the movie solidify the theme of beauty in perpetual opposition.[60]To Have and Have Not is the only film with contributions from two Nobel laureates, Hemingway and Faulkner.[56]: 57 Hawks reunited with Bogart and Bacall in 1945 and 1946 withThe Big Sleep, based on thePhilip Marlowe detectivenovel byRaymond Chandler.[26] An early 1945 version was substantially recut to comprise the final 1946 U.S. release with additional scenes emphasizing the special repartee chemistry between Bogart and Bacall. The screenplay for the film also reteamed Faulkner and Furthman, in addition toLeigh Brackett. Chandler, who had been nominated for an Oscar as co-author of the 1944Double Indemnity screenplay, was not invited to help adapt his best selling novel. The film featuredDorothy Malone in her breakout role, in a part that was largely improvised. Hawks said of her scene: "We just did it because the girl was so damn good-looking. It taught me a great lesson, that if you make a good scene, if we could do something that was fun, the audience goes right along with you." The plot is notoriously convoluted; Hawks recalled that "I never figured out what was going on, but I thought the basic thing had great scenes in it, and was good entertainment. After that I said, 'I'm never going to worry about being logical again.'"[56]: 8
In 1948, Hawks madeRed River, an epicWestern reminiscent ofMutiny on the Bounty starringJohn Wayne andMontgomery Clift in his first film. Later that year, Hawks remade hisBall of Fire asA Song Is Born, this time starringDanny Kaye andVirginia Mayo. This version follows the same plot but pays more attention to popularjazz music and includes such jazz legends asTommy Dorsey,Benny Goodman,Louis Armstrong,Lionel Hampton andBenny Carter playing themselves. In 1949, Hawks reteamed with Grant in the screwball comedyI Was a Male War Bride, also starringAnn Sheridan.[26]
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In 1951, Hawks produced, and according to some, directed, a science-fiction film,The Thing from Another World. DirectorJohn Carpenter stated: "And let's get the record straight. The movie was directed by Howard Hawks. Verifiably directed by Howard Hawks. He let his editor,Christian Nyby, take credit. But the kind of feeling between the male characters—the camaraderie, the group of men that has to fight off the evil—it's all pure Hawksian."[61][62] He followed this with the 1952 WesternThe Big Sky, starringKirk Douglas. Later in 1952, Hawks worked with Grant for the fifth and final time in the screwball comedyMonkey Business, which also starredMarilyn Monroe andGinger Rogers. Grant plays a scientist (reminiscent of his character inBringing up Baby) who creates a formula that increases his vitality. Film critic John Belton called the film Hawks's "most organic comedy".[26] Hawks's third film of 1952 was a contribution to the omnibus filmO. Henry's Full House, which includes short stories by the writerO. Henry made by various directors.[63] Hawks's short filmThe Ransom of Red Chief starredFred Allen,Oscar Levant andJeanne Crain.[64]
In 1953, Hawks madeGentlemen Prefer Blondes, which famously featured Marilyn Monroe singing "Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend". The film starred Monroe andJane Russell as two cabaret performing best friends; many critics argue that the film is the only female version of the "buddy film" genre. ChoreographerJack Cole is generally credited with staging the musical numbers while Hawks is credited with directing the non-musical scenes. In 1955, Hawks madeLand of the Pharaohs, asword-and-sandal epic about ancient Egypt that starsJack Hawkins andJoan Collins. The film was Hawks's final collaboration with longtime friend William Faulkner. In 1959, Hawks worked with John Wayne inRio Bravo, also starringDean Martin,Ricky Nelson and Walter Brennan as four lawmen "defending the fort" of their local jail in which a local criminal is awaiting a trial while his family attempt to break him out. The screenplay was written by Furthman and Leigh Brackett, who had collaborated with Hawks previously onThe Big Sleep. Film criticRobin Wood has said that if he "were asked to choose a film that would justify the existence of Hollywood ... it would beRio Bravo."[26]
In 1962, Hawks madeHatari!, again with Wayne, who plays a wild animal catcher in Africa. It was also written by Leigh Brackett. Hawks's knowledge of mechanics allowed him to build the camera-car hybrid that allowed him to film the hunting scenes in the film.[65] In 1964, Hawks made his final comedy,Man's Favorite Sport?, starringRock Hudson (since Cary Grant felt he was too old for the role) andPaula Prentiss. Hawks then returned to his childhood passion for car races withRed Line 7000 in 1965, featuring a youngJames Caan in his first leading role. Hawks's final two films were both Western remakes ofRio Bravo starring John Wayne and written by Leigh Brackett. In 1966, Hawks directedEl Dorado, starring Wayne,Robert Mitchum, and Caan, which was released the following year. He then madeRio Lobo, with Wayne in 1970.[26] AfterRio Lobo, Hawks planned a project relating to Ernest Hemingway and "Now, Mr. Gus", a comedy about two male friends seeking oil and money. He died in December 1977, before these projects were completed.[66]
Howard Hawks was married three times: to actressAthole Shearer, sister ofNorma Shearer, from 1928 to 1940; to socialite and fashion iconSlim Keith from 1941 to 1949; and to actressDee Hartford from 1953 to 1959. Hawks had two children with Shearer, Barbara and David. David Hawks worked as an assistant director for the television seriesM*A*S*H. His second daughter,Kitty Hawks, was a result of his second marriage to "Slim" Keith. Hawks had one son with his last wife, Dee Hartford, who was named Gregg after cinematographerGregg Toland.[67]
Along with his love of flying machines, Hawks also had a passion for cars and motorcycles. He built the race car that won the 1936 Indianapolis 500,[68] as well as enjoyed riding motorcycles withBarbara Stanwyck andGary Cooper. Hawks and his son Gregg were members of Checkers Motorcycle Club.[69][70] Hawks continued riding until the age of 78.[65] His other hobbies included golf, tennis, sailing, horse racing, carpentry, and silversmithing.[71]
Hawks was also known for maintaining close friendships with many American writers such as Ben Hecht, Ernest Hemingway, and William Faulkner. Hawks credited himself with the discovery of William Faulkner and introducing the then-unknown writer to theAlgonquin Round Table.[72] Hawks and Faulkner had mutual interests in flying and drinking, and Faulkner admired the films of Hawks, asking Hawks to teach him how to write screenplays. Faulkner wrote five screenplays for Hawks, the first beingToday We Live and the last beingLand of the Pharaohs.[73] With a mutual interest in fishing and skiing, Hawks was also close with Ernest Hemingway and was almost made the director of thefilm adaptation ofFor Whom the Bell Tolls. Hawks found it difficult to forgive Hemingway for his suicide. After coming to terms with it in the 1970s, he began to plan a film project about Hemingway and his relationship withRobert Capa. He never filmed the project.[74]
Hawks supportedThomas Dewey in the1944 United States presidential election.[75]
By the mid-1970s, Hawks's health began to decline, though he remained active. In addition to being in the early stages of Parkinson's disease in the years leading up to his death, an injury suffered on the set ofRio Lobo severely damaged one of his legs.[76]
Hawks died on December 26, 1977, at the age of 81, from complications arising from a fall when he tripped over his dog at his home inPalm Springs, California. He had spent two weeks in the hospital recovering from his concussion when he asked to be taken home, dying a few days later.[77] His death was attributed directly to "arteriosclerotic vascular disease with stroke".[78] He was working with his last protégée discovery at the time, Larraine Zax.[79]
Hawks was a versatile director whose career includes comedies, dramas, gangster films, science fiction, film noir, and Westerns. Hawks's own functional definition of what constitutes a good film is characteristic of his no-nonsense style: "three good scenes, and no bad ones."[80] Hawks also defined a good director as "someone who doesn't annoy you".[81] He described his style: "I try to tell my story as simply as possible, with the camera at eye level. I just imagine the way the story should be told, and I do it."[56]: 82 His style was very actor-focused, and he made it a point to take as few shots as possible, thereby preserving an inherent and natural humor for his comedic pieces.[56]: 4
While Hawks was not sympathetic tofeminism, he popularized theHawksian womanarchetype, a portrayal of women in stronger, less effeminate roles.[82] Such an emphasis had never been done in the 1920s and therefore was seen to be a rarity and, according to Naomi Wise, has been cited as a prototype of thepost-feminist movement.[83][56]: 70 Another notable theme carried throughout his work included the relationship of morality and human interaction. In this sense, he tended to portray more dramatic elements of a concept or a plot in a humorous way.[56]: 2
Orson Welles, in conversation withPeter Bogdanovich, compared Hawks withJohn Ford: "Hawks is great prose; Ford is poetry."[84] Hawks cited Ford as an influence: "He was a good director when I started, and I copied him every time I could. It's just as if you were a writer, you would readHemingway andFaulkner andJohn Dos Passos andWilla Cather."[56]: 109 Despite Hawks's work in a variety of Hollywood genres, he still retained an independent sensibility. Film criticDavid Thomson wrote of Hawks: "Far from the meek purveyor of Hollywood forms, he always chose to turn them upside down.To Have and Have Not andThe Big Sleep, ostensibly an adventure and a thriller, are really love stories.Rio Bravo, apparently a Western – everyone wears a cowboy hat – is a comedy conversation piece. The ostensible comedies are shot through with exposed emotions, with the subtlest views of the sex war, and with a wry acknowledgment of the incompatibility of men and women."[39] David Boxwell argues that the filmmaker's body of work "has been accused of a historical and adolescent escapism, but Hawks's fans rejoice in his oeuvre's remarkable avoidance of Hollywood's religiosity, bathos, flag-waving, and sentimentality.[85]
In addition to his career as a film director, Howard Hawks either wrote or supervised the writing for most of his films. In some cases, he would rewrite parts of the script on set. Due to the Screen Writer's Guild's rule that the director and producer couldn't receive credit for writing, Hawks rarely received credit. Even thoughSidney Howard received credit for writingGone with the Wind (1939), the screenplay was actually written by a myriad of Hollywood screenwriters including,David O. Selznick,Ben Hecht, and Howard Hawks. Hawks was an uncredited contributor to many other screenplays such asUnderworld (1927),Morocco (1930),Shanghai Express (1932), andGunga Din (1939). Hawks also produced many of his own films, preferring not to work under major film studios, because it allowed him creative freedom in his writing, directing, and casting. Hawks would sometimes walk out on films that he wasn't producing himself. Hawks, however, never considered producing to come before his directing. For example, several of the film cards for his films show "Directed and produced by Howard Hawks" with "produced" underneath "directed" in much smaller font. Sometimes his films wouldn't credit any producer. Hawks discovered many well known film stars such as Paul Muni, George Raft, Ann Dvorak, Carole Lombard, Frances Farmer, Jane Russell, Montgomery Clift, Joanne Dru, Angie Dickinson, James Caan, and most famously, Lauren Bacall.[86]
In 1962,Peter Bogdanovich suggested that theMuseum of Modern Art do a retrospective on Howard Hawks, who was in the process of releasingHatari! For marketing purposes, Paramount paid for part of the exhibition, which traveled to Paris and London. For the event, Bogdanovich prepared amonograph. As a result of the retrospective, a special edition ofCahiers du Cinéma was published, and Hawks was featured in his own issue ofMovie magazine.[87]
In 1996, Howard Hawks was voted No. 4 onEntertainment Weekly's list of 50 greatest directors.[88] In 2007,Total Film magazine ranked Hawks as No. 4 in its "100 Greatest Film Directors Ever" list.[89]Bringing Up Baby (1938) was listed number 97 on the American Film Institute'sAFI's 100 Years...100 Movies.[90] On the AFI'sAFI's 100 Years...100 LaughsBringing Up Baby was listed number 14,His Girl Friday (1940) was listed number 19 andBall of Fire (1941) was listed number 92.[91] In the 2012Sight & Sound polls of the greatest films ever made, six films directed by Hawks were in the critics' top 250 films:Rio Bravo (number 63),Bringing Up Baby (number 110),Only Angels Have Wings (number 154),His Girl Friday (number 171),The Big Sleep (number 202), andRed River (number 235).[92] Six of his films currently hold a 100% rating on Rotten Tomatoes.[93] His filmsBall of Fire,The Big Sleep,Bringing Up Baby,His Girl Friday,Only Angels Have Wings,Red River,Rio Bravo,Scarface,Sergeant York,The Thing from Another World, andTwentieth Century were deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the United StatesLibrary of Congress and inducted into theNational Film Registry.[94] With eleven films, he ties withJohn Ford for directing the most films that are in the registry.
From the film industry, he received three nominations for Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Motion Pictures from theDirectors Guild of America forRed River in 1949,The Big Sky in 1953, andRio Bravo in 1960.[95][96][97] He was inducted into the Online Film and Television Association's Hall of Fame for his directing in 2005.[98] For his contribution to the motion picture industry, Howard Hawks has a star on theHollywood Walk of Fame at 1708 Vine Street.[99] He was nominated forAcademy Award for Best Director in 1942 forSergeant York,[100] but he received his only Oscar in 1974 as anHonorary Award from the academy. He was cited as "a giant of the American cinema whose pictures, taken as a whole, represent one of the most consistent, vivid, and varied bodies of work in world cinema" and "a master filmmaker whose creative efforts hold a distinguished place in world cinema."[101][102][103]
In the 1950s, Eugene Archer, a film fan, was planning on writing a book on important American film directors such as John Ford. However, after readingCahiers du Cinéma, Archer learned that the French film scene was more interested in Alfred Hitchcock and Howard Hawks. Books were not written on Hawks until the 1960s, and a full biography on Hawks wasn't published until 1997, twenty years after his death.[104] Film criticAndrew Sarris cited Howard Hawks as "the least known and least appreciated Hollywood director of any stature".[105] According to professor of film studies Ian Brookes, Hawks is not as well known as other directors, because of his lack of association with a particular genre such as Ford with Westerns and Hitchcock with thrillers. Hawks worked across many genres including gangster, film noir, musical comedy, romantic comedy, screwball comedy, Western, aviation, and combat. Moreover, Hawks preferred not to associate with major studios during his film production. He worked for all major studios at least once on short-term contract, but many of his films were produced under his own name.[104] The simplicity of his narratives and stories may also have contributed to his under-recognition.[104] Commercially, his films were successful, but he received little critical acclaim except for one Academy Award nomination for Best Director forSergeant York (he lost to John Ford forHow Green Was My Valley) and an Honorary Academy Award presented to him two years before his death.[106]
Some critics limit Hawks by his action films, describing Hawks as a director who produced films with a "masculine bias", however action scenes in Hawks's films were often left to second-unit directors, and Hawks actually preferred to work indoors.[106] Howard Hawks's style is difficult to interpret because there is no recognizable relationship between his visual and narrative style as in the films of his contemporary directors. Because his camera style was derived more from his working method rather than anecdotal or visual realization, his camera work is unobtrusive, making his films appear to have little to no cinematographic style.[106] Hawks's style can, rather, be characterized as improvisational and collaborative.[107] Hawks's directorial style and the use of natural, conversational dialogue in his films are cited as major influences on many noted filmmakers, includingRobert Altman[108]John Carpenter,[109] andQuentin Tarantino.[110] His work is also admired byPeter Bogdanovich,Martin Scorsese,François Truffaut,Michael Mann,[5] andJacques Rivette.[111]Andrew Sarris in his influential book of film criticismThe American Cinema: Directors and Directions 1929–1968 included Hawks in the "pantheon" of the 14 greatest film directors who had worked in the United States.[112]Brian De Palma dedicated his version ofScarface to Hawks andBen Hecht.[113] Altman was influenced by the fast-paced dialogue ofHis Girl Friday inM*A*S*H and subsequent productions.[114][115] Hawks was nicknamed "The Gray Fox" by members of the Hollywood community, thanks to his prematurely gray hair.[116]
Hawks has been considered by some film critics to be anauteur both because of his recognizable style and frequent use of specific thematic elements, and because of his attention to all aspects of his films, not merely directing.[117] Hawks was venerated by French critics associated withCahiers du cinéma, who intellectualized his work in a way that Hawks himself found moderately amusing (his work was promoted in France byThe Studio des Ursulines cinema). Although he was not at first taken seriously by British critics of theSight & Sound circle, other independent British writers, such asRobin Wood, admired his films. Wood named Hawks'sRio Bravo as his top film of all time.[118]David Thomson writes that "There was an absurdist in Hawks, and aNabokovian delight in the game for its own sake. Thus, in a very important way, this seeming American may have been against the grain of his time and place. That may help explain why the films grow in wonder."[39]
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