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Houthi attacks on commercial vessels

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Houthi piracy in the Red Sea

Map of Houthi activity near the Yemeni coast: Houthi-controlled Yemen (SPC)  Government of Yemen (PLC)   Houthi attacks (red) and hijackings (blue)

As part of theRed Sea crisis,Houthi attacks on commercial vessels have occurred in theRed Sea.

Houthi forces began attacking shipping vessels affiliated withIsrael passing through the Red Sea on 19 November 2023. By February, 40 vessels had been attacked. Global shipping companies, which had typically sailed through the Red Sea, as well as theSuez Canal, instead moved to position their vessels around theCape of Good Hope, off theCape Peninsula,South Africa.[1][2][3][4]

Between November and December 2023, a 1.3 percent decrease in global trade resulted from Houthi attacks on commercial shipping in the Red Sea.[5] By March 2024, over 2,000 ships had diverted routes away from the Red Sea, making costlier voyages, since the first Houthi attack the previous November.[6]

Initial Houthi pledges to target any ship with links to Israel were followed by attacks on ships connected to over a dozen nations, as well, stated, in January 2024, as avenging "American-British aggression against our country".US Central Command responded that the Houthis attacks "have nothing to do with the conflict in Gaza" and that Houthis had "fired indiscriminately into the Red Sea", targeting ships, and impacting more than 40 nations.[7][8] On 3 May 2024, the Houthi-aligned Yemeni Armed ForcesSPC military spokespersonYahya Saree announced, in a televised speech, that "We will target any ships heading to Israeli ports in the Mediterranean Sea in any area we are able to reach".[9]

Timeline

List

Attacks on commercial vessels
#DateVessel attackedAgentResultRef
NameFlag
119 November 2023Galaxy Leader BahamasHouthiMil Mi-17 helicopterCaptured[10]
224 November 2023CMA CGM Symi MaltaIran (Alleged)Damaged[11]
326 November 2023Central Park LiberiaHouthi crewUnharmed[12]
43 December 2023Number 9 PanamaHouthi ballistic missileMinor damage[13]
5Sophie II PanamaHouthi ballistic missileMinor damage[13]
6Unity Explorer BahamasHouthi ballistic missileMinor damage[13]
712 December 2023Strinda NorwayHouthi missileSet afire[14]
813 December 2023Ardmore Encounter Marshall IslandsHouthi dronesUnharmed[15]
914 December 2023Maersk Gibraltar Hong KongHouthi missileUnharmed[16]
1015 December 2023MSC Alanya LiberiaHouthi naval missileUnknown[14]
11MSC Palatium III LiberiaHouthi Naval missileUnknown[17]
12Al-Jasrah LiberiaHouthi projectileSet afire[18]
1318 December 2023MSCClara PanamaHouthi dronesUnknown[15]
14Swan Atlantic NorwayHouthi dronesMinor damage[15]
1526 December 2023MSC United VIII LiberiaHouthi naval missileUnknown[19]
1630 December 2023Maersk Hangzhou SingaporeHouthi land-based missileMinor damage[20]
1731 December 2023Maersk Hangzhou SingaporeHouthi crewUnharmed[20]
1812 January 2024Khalissa PanamaHouthi projectileUnknown[21]
1915 January 2024Gibraltar Eagle Marshall IslandsHouthi anti-ship missileMinor damage[22]
2016 January 2024Zografia MaltaBallistic missileMinor damage[23]
2117 January 2024Genco Picardy Marshall IslandsHouthi droneMinor damage[24]
2218 January 2024Chem Ranger Marshall IslandsHouthi anti-ship ballistic missileUnharmed[25]
2322 January 2024Ocean Jazz United StatesHouthisUnknown[26]
2424 January 2024Maersk Detroit United StatesHouthi missileUnharmed[27]
25Maersk Chesapeake United StatesHouthi missileUnharmed[27]
2626 January 2024Marlin Luanda Marshall IslandsHouthi missileSet afire[7]
2730 January 2024Koi LiberiaHouthi naval missilesUnknown[28]
286 February 2024Morning Tide BarbadosHouthisMinor damage[29]
29Star Nasia Marshall IslandsHouthisMinor damage[29][30]
3012 February 2024Star Iris Marshall IslandsHouthi missilesMinor damage[31]
3116 February 2024Pollux PanamaHouthi missileMinor damage[32]
3218 February 2024Rubymar BelizeHouthi anti-ship missileSunk[33]
3319 February 2024Sea Champion GreeceHouthi naval missilesMinor damage[34]
34Navis Fortuna Marshall IslandsHouthi naval missileMinor damage[34]
3522 February 2024Islander PalauHouthi missileDamaged[35]
366 March 2024True Confidence BarbadosHouthi anti-ship missileSet afire[36]
378 March 2024Propel Fortune SingaporeHouthi anti-ship missilesUnknown[37]
3824 March 2024Huang Pu PanamaHouthi anti-ship ballistic missileUnknown[38]
397 April 2024Hope Island Marshall IslandsHouthisUnknown[39][40][41]
40MSC Grace PanamaHouthisUnknown
41MSC Gina PanamaHouthisUnknown
429 April 2024Maersk Yorktown United StatesHouthi anti-ship missileUnharmed[42]
43MSC Gina PanamaHouthisUnknown[43]
44MSC Darwin VI LiberiaHouthisUnknown[43]
4524 April 2024Maersk Yorktown United StatesHouthi missileUnharmed[42]
46MSC Veracruz PortugalHouthi anti-ship ballistic missileUnknown[44]
4726 April 2024Andromeda Star PanamaHouthi missilesMinor damage[44]
48Maisha Antigua and BarbudaHouthi missileUnharmed[43]
4929 April 2024Cyclades MaltaHouthi missiles and UAVsMinor damage[45]
50MSC Orion PortugalHouthi dronesMinor damage[46]
5118 May 2024Wind PanamaHouthi missilesMinor damage[47]
5223 May 2024Yannis MaltaHouthi missilesUnharmed[48][47]
53Essex LiberiaHouthi missilesUnharmed[47]
5428 May 2024Laax Marshall IslandsHouthi missilesDamaged[49]
551 June 2024Abliani MaltaHouthi drones and rocketsUnharmed[50][51]
56Maina MaltaHouthi anti-ballistic missiles and armed dronesUnharmed[51][52]
57Al Oraiq Marshall IslandsHouthi anti-ballistic missiles and armed dronesUnharmed[51][52]
588–9 June 2024Norderney Antigua and BarbudaHouthi missilesSet afire[53]
598 June 2024MSC Tavivshi LiberiaHouthi ballistic missileSet afire[53][54]
609 June 2024UnknownUnknownHouthi ballistic missileDamaged[55]
6112 June 2024Tutor LiberiaHouthiToufan-1 USV,[56] ballistic missiles, dronesSunk[57][58][59]
6213 June 2024Verbena PalauHouthi cruise missilesSet afire[60]
63UnknownUnknownUnknown Houthi weaponsUnharmed[61]
6416 June 2024UnknownUnknownUnknownUnharmed[62]
6521 June 2024Transworld Navigator LiberiaHouthi ballistic missilesUnharmed[63][64]
6623 June 2024Transworld Navigator LiberiaHouthi USVDamaged[65][66]
6724 June 2024MSC Sarah V LiberiaHouthiHatem 2 hypersonic missileUnharmed[67][68]
6826 June 2024UnknownUnknownHouthi missileUnharmed[69]
6927 June 2024UnknownUnknownLikely Houthi USVUnharmed[70]
7028 June 2024Delonix LiberiaHouthi ballistic missilesUnharmed[71]
719 July 2024Maersk Sentosa United StatesHouthi missilesUnharmed[72]
7210 July 2024Mount Fuji LiberiaLikely Houthi weaponsUnharmed[73]
7311 July 2024UnknownUnknownLikely Houthi missilesUnharmed[74][75]
7415 July 2024Bentley I PanamaHouthi USV, patrol boats, ballistic missilesHit[76][75]
75Chios Lion LiberiaHouthi USVDamaged[76][75]
7619 July 2024Lobivia SingaporeHouthi ballistic missiles, UAVsSet afire[77]
7720 July 2024Pumba LiberiaHouthi UAVs, USVDamaged[78][79]
783 August 2024Groton LiberiaHouthi ballistic missilesHit[80][81]
798–9 August 2024Delta Blue LiberiaHouthi RPG, USV, missilesUnharmed[82][83]
8013 August 2024Delta Atlantica LiberiaLikely Houthi USV, other weaponsHit[84]
81On Phoenix PanamaLikely Houthi weaponsUnharmed[84]
8221–22 August 2024Sounion GreeceHouthi boats, USV, other weaponsSet afire[85][86][87]
83SW North Wind I PanamaHouthi USV, other weaponsDamaged[85][88][86]
8430 August 2024Groton LiberiaHouthi missilesUnharmed[89]
852 September 2024Blue Lagoon I PanamaHouthi ballistic missilesDamaged[90][91]
861 October 2024Cordelia Moon PanamaHouthi missiles, USVDamaged[92][93]
871 October 2024Minoan Courage LiberiaHouthi missileDamaged[93][94]
8810 October 2024Olympic Spirit LiberiaHouthi ballistic missiles, dronesDamaged[95]
8929 October 2024Motaro LiberiaHouthi weaponsUnharmed[96]
9019 November 2024Anadolu S PanamaHouthi missilesUnharmed[96]
916 July 2025Magic Seas LiberiaHouthi gunfire, RPGs, USVsSunk[97]
927–8 July 2025Eternity C LiberiaHouthi UAVs, RPGs, USVsSunk[98][99]
9331 August 2025Scarlet RayLiberiaHouthi missileUnharmed[100]
942 September 2025MSC AbyLiberiaHouthi drones, missileUnharmed[101]
954 September 2025UnknownUnknownUnknown projectileUnharmed[102]
9623 September 2025MinervagrachtNetherlandsUnknown projectileUnharmed[103]
9729 September 2025Houthi cruise missileSet afire[104][105]

First and second phases (November – December 2023)

Galaxy Leader at Bremerhaven, 2006. She washijacked by the Houthis in November 2023.

On 19 November 2023, Houthi forces used aMil Mi-17 helicopter toboard and seize the car transporterGalaxy Leader, which was en route to India with 25 people but no cargo on board.[106][107] The incident followed a statement by Houthi spokesmanYahya Saree on the group'sTelegram channel, declaring their intention to target ships owned or operated by Israeli companies or carrying the Israeli flag.[108] According to the ship's owner, the vessel was then moved to the Yemeni port ofHodeidah.[109]Sarea also urged countries to remove their citizens from crews of such ships. Earlier, Houthi leaderAbdul-Malik al-Houthi had threatened further attacks against Israeli interests, including potential targets in the Red Sea and theBab-el-Mandeb Strait. His speech emphasized the group's capability to monitor and target Israeli ships in these regions.[110]

On 24 November, Iran allegedly attackedCMA CGM Symi, a Malta-flagged container ship in the Indian Ocean[11] A drone was shot down over the Red Sea by an IDF fighter jet.[111]

On 26 November, the Liberian-flaggedMV Central Park, anoil tanker managed byZodiac Maritime, was seized off the coast of Yemen in theGulf of Aden. It carried a full cargo of phosphoric acid with 22 crew members consisting of Russian, Vietnamese, Bulgarian, Indian, Georgian and Filipino nationals.[12] The destroyerUSS Mason, along with a partner country in the multilateral anti-piracy operationCTF 151, conducted avisit, board, search, and seizure (VBSS) operation that facilitated the release of theCentral Park and captured the hijackers on the ship following their attempted escape. The ship's crew was unharmed. The US military reported that in the early morning hours of the following day, two ballistic missiles were fired in the direction of theMason and theCentral Park from Houthi territory in Yemen and ended up in the Gulf of Aden.[112][113] The five hijackers, all suspectedSomali pirates, were detained by the US Navy.[113][114]

On 3 December, the United States NavyArleigh Burke-class destroyerUSS Carney reportedly shot down three attack drones launched from Yemen that were approaching the ship. After shooting down the drones, the ship responded to a distress call by three commercial ships in the area (theUnity Explorer,Number 9 andSophie II) which were under attack by ballistic missiles launched from Yemen.[13]

The Houthis claimed responsibility for two of the attacks. Houthi military spokesman Brigadier GeneralYahya Saree stated that one merchant vessel was hit by a missile and another by a drone while in theBab el-Mandeb strait, without mentioning a warship.[13] A Pentagon source said that the attacks onCarney caused no injuries or damage.[115]

Third phase (December 2023 – May 2024)

On 9 December 2023, the Houthis vowed to target any vessel en route to Israeli ports, entering the third phase of the crisis. Following the announcement, the frequency of attacks around the Bab-el-Mandeb increased.[116]

On 12 December, the Houthis launched ananti-shipcruise missile attack against the Norwegian commercial shipStrinda, an oil andchemical tanker operated by theJ. Ludwig Mowinckels Rederi company, while it was close to the Bab-el-Mandeb. TheStrinda was on its way from Malaysia to Italy (via theSuez Canal). The attack caused a fire aboard the ship; no crew members were injured.[14][117] The ship was carrying cargo ofpalm oil. TheFrench Armed Forces Ministry andUS Department of Defense reported that theLanguedoc shot down a drone targeted at theStrinda, and USSMason also rendered aid. The Houthi attack on theStrinda was an expansion of its series of attacks against maritime shipping in the strait; the Houthis began to attack commercial vessels without any discernible tie to Israel.[117][118]

On 13 December, Houthi rebels attempted to board theArdmore Encounter, a Marshall Islands-flagged commercial tanker coming fromMangaluru, India and en route to eitherRotterdam, Netherlands orGävle, Sweden, but failed, prompting a distress call from the ship. They then targeted the tanker with missiles, which missed. USSMason responded to the tanker's distress call and shot down a UAV launched from a Houthi-controlled area. TheArdmore Encounter was able to continue its voyage without further incident.[119]

On 14 December, a Houthi-launched missile was fired at theMaersk Gibraltar, though it missed its target.[16] On 15 December, Houthi spokesperson Yahya Sarea claimed responsibility for attacks on two Liberian-flagged vessels identified asMSC Alanya andMSC Palatium III. The Houthis fired naval missiles at the ships as they alleged they were traveling to Israel.[17]

On 15 December, it was reported that the Liberian-flaggedAl-Jasrah, which is owned byHapag Lloyd, caught fire after being hit by a Houthi-launched projectile while sailing through the Bab el-Mandeb Strait.[120] On 16 December,Royal Navy destroyerHMS Diamond shot down a drone over the Red Sea while it was targeting a commercial ship.[121]

On 18 December, Houthis claimed to have launched attacks targeting two cargo vessels in the Red Sea nearMocha port, theMSC Clara and the Norwegian-ownedSwan Atlantic. TheSwan Atlantic's owner, Inventor Chemical Tankers, said its water tank was damaged in the attack and denied it has any Israeli ties.[15]

On 23 December, Houthis fired two anti-ship ballistic missiles into the southern Red Sea, but no ships were hit.USS Laboon also shot down four UAVs that were heading toward it.[122]

On 26 December, Houthis fired several naval missiles at theMSC United VIII in the Red Sea after it rejected three warning calls.[19] She reported several explosions near her.[18][123] She alerted a nearby coalition task force warship and engaged in evasive maneuvers as per her instructions during the attacks.[124][125]

The container shipMaersk Hangzhou, owned by A.P. Moller Singapore Pte. Ltd. and in service withMaersk Line,was attacked over two days in late December. On 30 December, she was hit by a land-based missile, suffering only limited damage and no casualties. The following day, four small Yemeni gunboats attempted to attack and board the ship. TheMaersk Hangzhou's own security team repelled them. Responding to her distress call, helicopters were deployed fromUSS Dwight D. Eisenhower andUSS Gravely, which were then engaged by the Houthis. The helicopters returned fire and sank three of the boats, killing their crews (ten militants in all—the fourth boat withdrew), thus inflicting the first known casualties of the Red Sea crisis.[20]

On 11 January 2024, Houthis fired an anti-ship ballistic missile into international shipping lanes in the Gulf of Aden, which landed in the water near a commercial vessel, causing no damage or injuries.[126]

On 12 January, Houthis mistakenly targeted MTKhalissa as it carried Russian crude oil based on outdated information linking it to the United Kingdom.[21] A missile was fired near the vessel as it sailed off the coast of Aden, causing no injuries or damage. Three small boats also tailed the vessel for over an hour.[127][128]

On 15 January, Houthis struck MVGibraltar Eagle with an anti-ship missile, causing a small fire on board. Theattack [simple] did not cause injuries or significant damage. Another missile fired earlier failed in flight and crashed in Yemen.[22]

On 16 January, an anti-ship ballistic missile fired by the Houthis struck MVZografia, causing material damage but no injuries. The Greek-owned and Malta-flagged vessel, which came from Vietnam and was en route to Israel, was able to continue transiting the Red Sea.[23][129]

On 17 January, Houthis struck the US-owned bulk carrier MVGenco Picardy with a drone while it traversed the Gulf of Aden, causing minimal damage and no injuries to the crew.[24][130] The Indian Navy announced the following day thatINS Visakhapatnam was diverted to rescue the ship's crew of 22 people. No casualties were reported and the ship later continued onwards for its scheduled journey.[131][132]

On 18 January, Houthis launched two anti-ship ballistic missiles at MVChem Ranger, which was traveling fromJeddah, Saudi Arabia toKuwait. The missiles landed in the water near the ship while it was traversing through the Gulf of Aden, and there was no reported damage or injuries. However, a Houthi post on social media claimed that they launched several naval missiles at the vessel, resulting in direct hits.[25]

On 22 January, Houthis claimed they attacked the US military cargo ship MVOcean Jazz, but did not state the location of the attack or if damage was caused. However, the claim was rejected by theUS Naval Forces Central Command.[26]

On 24 January, a Houthi missile exploded on the sea about 100 metres off the starboard side of the US-flagged, -owned, and -operated container shipMaersk Detroit. This ship and theMaersk Chesapeake, both in theUS Maritime Administration'sMaritime Security Program and Voluntary Intermodal Sealift Agreement were carrying US Department of Defense, US Department of State, USAID, and other US government agency cargo fromOman, and accompanied by US naval vessels while they were near the Bab el-Mandeb Strait transiting north. Two other missiles were shot down byUSS Gravely. Following the incident, the two vessels were ordered back to theGulf of Aden by US Navy instruction with Navy escort andMaersk Line Limited, a subsidiary that sails primarily US government-owned goods, suspended all sailings in the Red Sea.[27][133][134]

On 26 January, a Houthi ballistic missile fired toward USSCarney was shot down.[135] The same day, theMarlin Luanda, an oil tanker operated by British company Oceonix Services on behalf ofTrafigura, carrying Russian-producednaphtha, was hit by a missile as it traversed the Gulf of Aden 60 nautical miles (110 km; 69 mi) southeast of Aden, according to UK Maritime Trade Operations. The missile set fire to a starboard cargo tank, which was extinguished by the crew without injury.[7][136]

On 28 January, HMSDiamond intercepted a Houthi drone targeting it.[137] The following day, Houthis claimed they struckUSS Lewis B. Puller with a missile in the Gulf of Aden. An American defense official rejected the claim.[138] The UKMTO reported the same day that a merchant vessel was suspiciously approached by three small boats, who got as close as one nautical mile, 44 nautical miles (81 km; 51 mi) west ofAl-Mukha. The merchant vessel's security crew fired warning shots to deter the small boats, and the vessel was able to safely proceed to its next port of call.[139]

On 30 January, a Houthi missile targeting USSGravely came within a mile of the naval vessel before being intercepted, the closest any Houthi attack had yet come to a US warship.[140] The following day, the Houthis claimed they targeted an American merchant ship namedKoi with several naval missiles. The security firm Ambrey said the same day that a merchant vessel reported an explosion on its starboard side 69 nautical miles (128 km; 79 mi) southwest of Aden, but it was not stated if it was theKoi.[28] USSCarney also shot down three Iranian drones and one Houthi missile over the Gulf of Aden.[141]

On 6 February, Houthis claimed they hit a British and an American ship in the Red Sea, which they identified as theMorning Tide andStar Nasia, respectively. Neither ship received major damage. Ambrey reported that a Barbados-flagged British ship received minor damage to its port 57 nautical miles (106 km; 66 mi) from the coast of Hodeidah, and the UKMTO said that it also received reports that the port side of a ship was struck by a projectile west of Hodeidah and a small craft was seen nearby.[29] The second ship, which the UKMTO identified as a Marshall Islands-flagged, Greek-owned vessel originating from the US and en route to India, was attacked off the coast of Aden. It reported an explosion 50 metres off its starboard side.[30]

On 12 February, Houthis fired two missiles at theStar Iris as it traveled south of the Bab el-Mandeb strait, claiming it was an American vessel without providing evidence. The attack caused minor damage to the vessel, but no injuries were reported. TheStar Iris came fromBrazil and was en route toBandar Khomeini, Iran. It was able to proceed to its next port of call.[31]

On 16 February, the UKMTO reported that a missile lightly damaged a Panama-flagged ship off the coast ofMokha.[142] Houthis later claimed responsibility for the attack, identifying the tanker as thePollux and claiming they targeted it with a "large number of appropriate naval missiles". TheUS Department of State said the tanker was bound for India and was struck on its port side by a missile fired from Yemen.[32]

MVRubymar sinks in the Red Sea on 2 March 2024

On 18 February, the Belize-flagged cargo shipMV Rubymar was attacked in the Bab el-Mandeb strait as she sailed fromKhor Fakkan, UAE, toVarna, Bulgaria. Saree said the attack caused catastrophic damage to the vessel, forced her to stop, and put her at risk of sinking. The vessel's crew evacuated after the attack. Ambrey said the attack made the ship briefly slow down and deviate from her course, before contacting theDjiboutian Navy and returning to her previous course and speed. The vessel remained afloat as of 8 am London time. CENTCOM said the attack on theRubymar caused her to slowly take in water and leave behind a 29-kilometre (18 mi) oil slick, causing an environmental disaster. It added that she was carrying 41,000 tonnes of fertilizer, which could spill into the sea if she were to sink.[143] On 2 March, the Yemeni government reported that theRubymar had sunk.[33]

On 19 February, a Greece-flagged bulk carrier requested military assistance after a missile attack east of Aden.[144] Houthis claimed responsibility for the attack, identifying the vessel as theSea Champion. They added that another vessel calledNavis Fortuna was also struck.[34]

On 22 February, Houthis fired two missiles at the cargo ship MVIslander as she traversed the Red Sea, causing a fire. CENTCOM announced that damage was done to the vessel and one person suffered minor injuries as a result of the attacks.[35]

On 6 March, the Houthis struck the Barbados-flagged bulk carrierTrue Confidence with an anti-ship missile, igniting a fire and leading the crew to abandon the vessel. Three crew members were killed and four others sustained serious burns from the fire.[36]INS Kolkata handled the situation. The event happened 55 nautical miles to the southwest of Aden. INSKolkata deployed its boats and onboard helicopter to reach the location and deployed life rafts to save 21 crew members, one of whom was Indian. The ship's medical professionals provided vital medical attention to the injured crew members.[145][146]

On 8 March, the Houthis launched a large attack on US warships and commercial shipping, firing two anti-ship missiles at the Singapore-flagged bulk carrier MVPropel Fortune and 37 drones at American naval vessels.[37] A French warship and fighter jets shot down four drones approaching vessels belonging to Operation Aspides; the Danish frigateIver Huitfeldt shot down another four; and the US Navy intercepted another 15.[147][148]

On 14 March, reports that missiles had struck the Panama-flaggedPacific 01 in the Gulf of Aden were debunked.[149][150] The following day, Houthis threatened to expand attacks to include Israel-linked vessels passing through the Indian Ocean towards the Cape of Good Hope.[151] On the same day, Yahya Saree claimed that Houthi forces launched drones and anti-ship missiles at American and Israeli vessels in the Indian Ocean, while also targeting US naval vessels with drones.[152]

On 24 March, Houthis targeted the Chinese-owned and Panama-flagged oil tanker MVHuang Pu with six anti-ship ballistic missiles as she was en route toNew Mangalore Port, India.[38] One of the missiles landed in Yemen, while four others struck in the vicinity of the vessel and the fifth directly struck her, causing a fire which was extinguished thirty minutes later. She was carrying Russian crude oil at the time of the attack,[153] and was previously owned by a British shipping firm.[154][155]

On 7 April, the Houthis claimed responsibility for attacks on three commercial vessels and two US frigates in the Red Sea and Indian Ocean. They identified the commercial vessels as the British-owned, Marshall Islands-flaggedHope Island and the Israeli-owned, Panama-flaggedMSC Grace F andMSC Gina.[41][40][39]

On 9 April, theMaersk Yorktown, a US-flagged and owned container ship which was being escorted by the destroyersUSS Mason andUSS Laboon at the time, was targeted by an anti-ship missile while traversing the Gulf of Aden. The missile was intercepted before it could cause damage.[42] The following day, the Houthis claimed responsibility for the attack on the Yorktown and announced that they targeted the vesselsMSC Gina andMSC Darwin, which they claimed were Israeli, and a US destroyer in the Gulf of Aden.[43]

On 24 April,Maersk Yorktown was again[42] targeted while underway the Gulf of Aden, along with theMadeira-flagged, Swiss-ownedMSC Veracruz. Each was attacked in the Indian Ocean by Iranian-backed Houthi militants.[44]

On 26 April, two Houthi missiles hit thePanama-flagged oil tankerAndromeda Star, causing minor damage, approximately 15 nautical miles (28 km; 17 mi) southwest of Mokha.[156] The Houthis claimed she was a British oil ship. She had been carrying Russian oil fromPrimorsk, Russia toVadinar, India.[157] INSKochi rescued 30 crew members on board the ship. An official reconnaissance was conducted by a helicopter after which the explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) reached the vessel to "residual risk assessment". Later the ship continued towards her next destination.[158][159] Another missile landed in close proximity to the nearby Antigua and Barbuda-flagged MVMaisha, causing no damage.[160]

On 29 April, Houthis attacked the Malta-flagged merchant vessel MVCyclades with anti-ship missiles and UAVs, causing minor damage.[45] The Houthis also claimed responsibility for a drone attack on the Portugal-flaggedMSC Orion that day, directly striking her around 600 kilometres (370 mi) off the coast of Yemen while she was in the Arabian Sea, making it the furthest attack by the Houthis so far.[46][161] In response to the increased range, the EU'sOperation Atalanta advised for an alternative shipping route to be established at least 150 nautical miles (280 km; 170 mi) east of the current route.[162]

Fourth phase (May – July 2024)

In early May 2024, in what he described as the "fourth stage" of the attacks, Houthi leader Abdul Malik al-Houthi vowed to attack ships of any company related to Israel or carrying goods for Israel in response to Israel'sRafah offensive in southern Gaza.[163]

On 9 May, the Houthis claimed responsibility for attacks on three Panama-flagged container ships. In the first attack, two explosions were reported near a ship in the morning of 7 May. The Houthis said that the explosions were missile attacks targetingMSC Gina andMSC Diego. They also claimed an attack on theMSC Vittoria in the Indian Ocean, but this was unacknowledged by any authorities.[164][165]

On 18 May, the Greek-owned and Panama-flagged oil tanker MTWind was struck by a missile off the coast of Mokha.[47] On 24 May, the Houthis claimed to have attacked the bulk carrierYannis in theRed Sea, the gas tankerEssex in theMediterranean Sea and theMSC Alexandra in theArabian Sea. The U.S. Central Command stated that the Houthis fired two anti-ship ballistic missiles into the Red Sea, but no injuries or damages were reported, while Essex's managerZodiac Maritime stated that it found no sign of it being struck.[47][48] The Greek-owned andMarshall Islands-flagged bulk carrierLaax was struck by Houthis on 28 May. The group also claimed to have targeted the shipsMorea andSealady in the Red Sea,Alba andMaersk Hartford in the Arabian Sea andMinerva Antonia in the Mediterranean Sea.Maersk Line, the owner ofMaersk Hartford, but denied any attack on the ship.[166][49]

On 1 June, the Houthis targeted the Maltese-flagged oil tankerAbliani in the Red Sea, the Maltese-flagged cargo shipMaina once in the Red Sea and then in the Arabian Sea, and the Marshall Islands-flaggedLNG carrierAl Oraiq in the Indian Ocean on 1 June. The US Central Command said that no casualties or damage were reported.[51][52][50]

On 5 June, the Houthis claimed to have attacked the Liberian-flagged bulk carriersRoza andVantage Dream in the Red Sea with missiles and drones, accusing the two ships of entering Israeli ports. They also claimed an attack on the US-flagged vesselMaersk Seletar in the Arabian Sea using drones, its media relations manager however denied that the vessel had been attacked. None of the Houthi claims matched with reports from maritime security agencies, with only theUK Maritime Trade Operations reporting an explosion near theMaersk Seletar in the Red Sea a few days earlier.[167][168]

The Houthis on 7 June claimed to have targeted the Malta-flagged container shipElbella and the Cyprus-flagged cargo shipAAL Genoa in the Red Sea with ballistic and naval missiles as well as drones, but there was no independent confirmation of the attacks. The U.S. Central Command reported that the group had launched four anti-ship ballistic missiles towards the Red Sea over the past day, with no casualties or damage being reported.[169]

TheAntigua and Barbuda-flagged and German-owned cargo shipNorderney was struck by Houthi anti-ship ballistic missiles twice on 8 and 9 June in the Gulf of Aden. The Liberian-flagged and Swiss-owned container shipMSC Tavvishi was struck by Houthi missiles in the Gulf of Aden on 8 June as well. Both ships were damaged, with a small fire breaking out on theNorderney, but none of the crew were hurt.[53][170] An unidentified ship was also struck by Houthi missiles nearDjibouti on 9 June, but no casualty was reported.[55]

On 12 June, the Liberian-flagged and Greek-owned cargo shipTutor was struck twice in the Red Sea near Al Hudaydah. The Houthis stated that attacks were carried out using ballistic missiles, drones andunmanned surface vehicle (USV), their first successful use of such a device throughout the crisis. The ship began to take in water, and the Houthis claimed that she was susceptible to sinking.[57] The ship was abandoned by the crew who were evacuated, save for one member who was confirmed missing and was suspected to be trapped in the engine room.[58] Its sinking was confirmed on 19 June, with the missing crew member believed to have been killed.[171]

On 13 June, two cruise missiles launched by the Houthis struck thePalauan-flagged and Ukrainian-owned bulk cargo carrierVerbena in the Gulf of Aden, causing damage and subsequent fires on board. The attacks also severely injured an American sailor who was evacuated by U.S. forces.[60] The Houthis also claimed attacks on the Malta-flagged bulk carrierSeaguardian andAthina in the Red Sea. The attacks could not be independently confirmed though the United Kingdom Maritime Trade Operations (UKMTO) reported an explosion near an unnamed vessel in the Red Sea, without causing any damage or casualties.[61]

On 16 June, the Houthis claimed to have targeted the shipsCaptain Paris andHappy Condor with missiles and drones respectively. An unidentified vessel traveling south ofMokha reported two explosions near it without suffering damage or casualties according to the UKMTO.[62]

The Palauan-flagged LNG carrierAsya Energy managed to sail through the Red Sea without any incident on 18 June, marking the first time a LNG carrier had sailed successfully through the Bab-el-Mandeb since January 2024.[172] Leading shipping associations meanwhile called for immediate action to safeguard ships passing through the Red Sea on the following day. Marine war insurance agency Vessel Protect stated that the Houthis had carried out ten strikes in June and five in May.[172]

The Houthis targeted a commercial ship in the Gulf of Aden on 21 June according to the UKMTO center said and the Joint Maritime Information Cente, with no casualties or damage being reported.[64] The Houthis on the next day identified it as the Liberian-flagged bulk carrierTransworld Navigator and stated that they had targeted it with ballistic missiles.[63] They also claimed to have targeted theShorthorn Express in the Mediterranean Sea, but there was no independent confirmation of the attack.[173]

The Houthis targeted theTransworld Navigator again on 23 June using a USV in the Red Sea, with the crew reporting minor injuries and moderate damage to the ship. The group also claimed to have targeted theStolt Sequoia in the Indian Ocean with cruise missiles.[65][66] The Liberian-flagged container shipMSC Sarah V reported a missile attack near it on 24 June while traveling in the Arabian Sea, without sustaining any damage or injuries to the crew.[67] The Houthis stated that they had targeted it with their newly acquiredhypersonic missile calledHatem 2.[68]

The UKMTO on 26 June stated that a merchant ship reported a missile hitting the water nearby while it was passing near Aden, with the crew reported to be safe.[69] The Houthis meanwhile claimed that they targeted the Portuguese-flagged container shipMSC Manzanillo docked in Haifa in a joint operation with the Islamic Resistance in Iraq, although the IDF denied the claim.[174] A commercial ship reported being targeted by a USV near Al Hudaydah without suffering any damages or injuries to its crew on 27 June according to the UKMTO and Ambrey.[70][175]

On 28 June, the Liberian-flagged oil tankerDelonix was targeted by five missiles to the northwest of Al Hudaydah but escaped unharmed according to the UKMTO, although the Houthis claimed that it took a direct hit. The group also claimed to have targeted the bulk carrierIoannis in the Red Sea, as well as the oil tankerWaler and the container shipJohannes Maersk in the Mediterranean Sea.[71][176]

The Houthis on 1 July claimed to have again targeted theDelonix in the Red Sea, in addition to targetingMSC Unific in the Arabian Sea, the Britishsealift shipAnvil Point in the Indian Ocean and theLucky Sailor in the Mediterranean Sea. None of the attacks could be confirmed however.[177][178]

The American-flagged container shipMaersk Sentosa on 9 July reported an explosion nearby while passing throughNishtun, although reporting no injuries or damages. The Houthis claimed the attack and stated that they had carried it out using ballistic and wing missiles. The group also claimed to have attacked the Maltese-flagged container shipMarathoplis in the Arabian Sea and the Liberian-flaggedMSC Patnaree III in the Gulf of Aden using UAVs.[72][179]

The Liberian-flaggedtankerMount Fuji reported an explosion near it on 10 July while travelling in through the Bab-el-Mandeb strait, with the Houthis being suspected to be behind it. The ship and the crew were reported to be safe.[73] Abdul Malik al-Houthi meanwhile on 11 July claimed that his group had attacked 166 ships associated with Israel, the U.S. and the U.K since November 2023.[180]

A merchant ship near Mokha reported one missile hitting the water near it and another exploding in the air on 11 July. The UKMTO later reported that two additional explosions had occurred near it during the day.[74][75] The Houthis on 12 July claimed to have targeted a ship calledCharysalis twice in the Red Sea and Bab-el-Mandeb strait.Xinhua News Agency however stated that no such ship by the name existed, and the closest match was the Liberian-flagged oil tankerChrysalis which was last reported to be in the Red Sea.[181] The Houthis on 14 July claimed to have targeted theMSC Unific with ballistic missiles and UAVs.[182]

On 15 July, the Houthis targeted the Panama-flaggedproduct tankerBentley I and the Liberian-flagged crude oil tankerChios Lion in the Red Sea with ballistic missiles, UAVs and USVs. TheBentley I was reported by the UKMTO to have been hit twice by a USV without it exploding, while two manned boats fired at it, resulting in a gunfight before the boats withdrew. The tanker later reported four missile explosions near it. TheChios Lion meanwhile reported sustaining damage due to being struck by a USV to the northwest of Al Hudaydah according to the UKMTO. The Houthis also claimed to have targeted the Cyprus-flagged clean product tankerOlvia in the Mediterranean Sea alongside the Islamic Resistance in Iraq, the managers of the ship however denied the claim. The group stated that the attacks were carried out in retaliation foe theIsraeli attack onAl-Mawasi on 13 July.[76][75][183]

The Singapore-flagged container shipLobivia was reported to have been struck while transiting through the Gulf of Aden on 19 July, causing a fire onboard which was extinguished by its crew who were reported to be safe. The Houthis took responsibility, stating that they targeted the ship with ballistic missiles and drones.[77]

The Liberian-flagged container shipPumba was targeted by a UAV and a USV near Mokha on 20 July, causing slight damage. The Houthis claimed the attack and stated that they targeted the ship with ballistic missiles and drones.[78][79]

Fifth phase (July – December 2024)

The Houthis declared theirsuccessful drone attack onTel Aviv in July 2024 as the beginning of the fifth phase of their attacks.[184]

The Liberian-flagged cargo shipGroton was hit by a missile on 3 August while sailing east of Aden, but received no damage and all crew members were reported to be safe.[185][80] The Houthis stated that they had targeted it with ballistic missiles.[81]

The Houthis on 7 August claimed to have hit the Liberian-flagged container shipContship Ono while it was travelling through the Red Sea, after targeting it with UAVs and ballistic missiles. Its owner Contships Management however denied the claim and stated that the ship as well as its crew were safe.[186]

The Liberian-flagged oil tankerDelta Blue was attacked twice by Houthis nearMokha on 8 August, with militants in two boats first firing arocket-propelled grenade, and later a missile targeting the ship. Both the projectiles exploded nearby in the water.[82] On the following day, it was targeted by a USV which was destroyed by its security team before it could hit the ship. Another missile later targeted the ship but landed in the nearby water. Both the ship and its crew were reported to be unharmed following the attacks.[83]

Two ships were targeted in the Red Sea on 13 August. The first ship to be targeted was the Liberian-flagged oil tankerDelta Atlantica, which reported two explosions near it before being targeted by another explosion after a small watercraft flashed lights at it. The ship was attacked again a few hours later, being targeted by a USV which hit the ship but did not detonate, and was destroyed by its security guards. The second ship to be attacked was the Panama-flagged crude oil tankerOn Phoenix which reported an explosion nearby. Both the ships and their crew were reported to be safe.[84]

On 21 August, the Greek-flagged oil tankerSounion was attacked multiple times to the west of Al Hudaydah. It was first attacked by two boats and was hit by multiple projectiles, with a brief gunbattle breaking out. Another attack occurred later, causing a fire and loss of engine power. The crew meanwhile however was reported to be safe[85] and was rescued on the following day by a French destroyer which was part ofOperation Aspides.[187][87] The Houthis claimed the attack[86] and later attacked the ship again, publishing a video of the group purportedly setting it on fire. TheUnited States Department of Defense stated on 28 August that the ship was still on fire and had likely started leaking oil, while those attempting to salvage it were prevented from doing so due to the Houthis threatening to attack them as well.[188] The Operation Aspides mission however denied that there was any oil leakage.[189] The office of thePermanent Representative of Iran to the United Nations later stated that the group had agreed to let salvage crews rescue the tanker.[190] The Houthis on the following day published a video of them setting off bombs on the tanker.[191] The tanker was successfully towed to a safe area without any oil spill on 16 September[192] and salvaged by 10 January 2025.[193]

Five explosions were meanwhile also reported on 21 August near the Panama-flagged bulk carrierSW North Wind I, which was sailing near Aden. None of the blasts however affected the ship or its crew. The ship was attacked again on the following day by a USV and two skiffs carrying armed men, with an explosion causing minor damage to the ship after the USV rammed it.[85][88] The Houthis claimed the attack.[86]

UKMTO stated on 26 August that a commercial ship reported being approached by a small boat with men and a ladder onboard while sailing to the southeast of Aden, but it turned back after being challenged by the ship's security team. Another ship sailing southeast of Mokha later reported sighting a USV and two small boats without being approached.[194] Ambrey meanwhile reported an incident to the southwest of Aden.[195] Thechemical tankerMutriba reported sighting a USV and three small boats on the following day while sailing west of Mokha.[196]

On 30 August, two missiles exploded near the cargo shipGroton which was sailing east of Aden, with both the ship and its crew reported to be safe.[89] The Houthis took responsibility for the attack and stated that they had carried it out using missiles, naval forces and UAVs.[197]

On 2 September, the Houthis attacked the Panama-flagged crude oil tankerBlue Lagoon I, northwest ofAs-Salif. The Joint Maritime Information Center meanwhile stated thatBlue Lagoon I was hit with two ballistic missiles, with a third exploding nearby; however, the crew was reported to be safe.[90][91] Ambrey reported later that day that a second ship was hit by a UAV. The US Central Command identified it as theSaudi-flagged crude oil tankerAmjad, adding that there were neither casualties nor damage.[198] The ship management companyBahri, owners ofAmjad, but denied that it had been targeted.[199]

On 1 October, the Houthis targeted the Panama-flagged oil tankerCordelia Moon to the northwest of Al Hudaydah, their first attack on commercial ship in a month. Like theAndromeda Star the previous April, Houthis had mistaken a second ship managed by Margao Marine Solutions as a British vessel. The ship was first targeted with four missiles fired from a remotely piloted watercraft[200] which hit the water near it, before being struck by a USV which damaged its port side. Its crew however was reported to be safe. The Houthis stated that they had targeted the ship with eight ballistic and winged missiles, a UAV and USV, causing severe damage. The Liberian-flagged bulk carrierMinoan Courage which was sailing near theCordelia Moon was also struck by a Houthi missile on 1 October and damaged in the attack, with its crew was reported to be safe. The Houthis however did not claim the attack, with the Combined Maritime Forces concluding that it was unintentionally hit while the group was attacking theCordelia Moon. The Houthis meanwhile claimed to have struck theMarathopolis in the Arabian Sea with a UAV.[92][93][94]

On 10 October, the Liberian-flagged tankerOlympic Spirit was targeted by the Houthis near Al Hudaydah. The tanker was first struck by a projectile, and later two projectiles landed in the water near it. The ship received minor damage, but no fire or casualties were reported. The Houthis stated that they had targeted the ship with eleven ballistic missiles and two drones.[95]

On 18 October, the Houthis claimed to have targeted the Maltese-flagged container shipMegalopolis in the Arabian Sea using drones. None of the maritime security agencies however reported any incident occurring in relation to the ship.[201]

The Houthis on 29 October targeted the Liberian-flagged bulk carrierMotaro south of Mokha, but it managed to escape unharmed with three explosions taking place near it. The group also claimed to have attacked two other Liberian-flagged vessels, namely theSC Montreal andMaersk Kowloon, but the attacks could not be independently confirmed.[96] On 19 November, the Houthis targeted the Panama-flagged dry cargo shipAnadolu S pwned by a Turkish company, with two missiles landing near it. The group claimed to have successfully struck the vessel with ballistic and naval missiles.[202]

The crew of the Panamanian-flagged cargo shipISA Star was evacuated by the French frigateLanguedoc operating under Operation Aspides on 5 December, after their ship was damaged and began leaking oil northwest of Al Hudaydah. The maritime authorities in Djibouti claimed that the vessel was attacked, but none of the Western maritime agencies confirmed this, with most of them stating that it suffered an internal problem. The Houthis also did not claim any attack.[203][204] The group on 27 December claimed to have successfully struck the Denmark-flagged container shipSanta Ursula with UAVs while it was transiting east of Socotra through the Arabian Sea. Its owner Maersk however denied that the ship was targeted.[205]

Ceasefire and resumption (January 2025 – present)

Commercial ships associated with the US and the UK returned to the Red Sea in late-January 2025 after the Houthis announced a partial cessation of their attacks on commercial shipping following the2025 Gaza war ceasefire.[206]

On 6 July, the Liberian-flagged, Greek-owned bulk carrierMagic Seas was fired at by eight skiffs with small arms and RPGs, and was later attacked by four USVs; two of which impacted the port side while the other two were destroyed by the vessel's guards. The attack took place near Al Hudaydah.[207][208][209] The ship caught fire,[97] with its crew being rescued by UAE. The Houthis later claimed responsibility for the attack, stating that they attacked it with two USVs, five ballistic and cruise missiles, and three UAVs, causing the ship to sink into the sea. This was the first attack by the group on a commercial ship since November 2024.[210] The Houthis said the ship was sunk after the attack,[211] and later published a video that purportedly showed fighters boarding the ship before detonating explosives on it, causing it to sink.[212]

On 7 July, another Liberian-flagged, Greek owned bulk carrier namedEternity C was attacked with UAVs and four RPGs fired by four speedboats near Al Hudaydah. The UAVs struck the vessel's bridge, with four crew members being killed and at least two being wounded.[211][209][213] The vessel was again attacked by two USVs on 8 July per two security sources, forcing its crew and guards to abandon it, and sank the following morning. The Houthis took responsibility for attacking the ship, stating that they targeted it with a USV and six ballistic and cruise missiles, while also publishing a video purportedly showing their fighters attacking the ship. Ten of the crew members were rescued, while 11 remained missing, with the United Nations and the US accusing the Houthis of abducting them. The group claimed that they rescued them after receiving a distress call.[214][215][216]

On 31 August, an explosion occurred near the Liberian-flagged, Israeli-owned chemical tankerScarlet Ray nearYanbu, Saudi Arabia. The ship and its crew were unharmed. The Houthis later took responsibility for the attack, claiming that it was directly struck by a ballistic missile.[100][217] On 2 September, the Houthis claimed that they struck the container shipMSC Aby with two UAVs and a missile. No incidents were reported near the named vessel, which successfully arrived to its destination inJeddah.[101] On 4 September, an unknown projectile hit the water near a ship sailing northwest of Hodeidah.[102]

On 23 September, a projectile landed near the Dutch cargo shipMinervagracht sailing east of Aden.[103] On 29 September, the vessel was struck by a Houthi cruise missile in the Gulf of Aden, injuring two Filipino[218] sailors, including one who succumbed to their wounds on 6 October,[219] and causing a fire. The ship's 19 crew members were later evacuated via helicopter.[220][221] The Houthis claimed responsibility for the attack on 30 September, describing it as a response to Israel's actions in the Gaza Strip. The Joint Maritime Information Center said that the vessel had "no Israeli affiliations".[104] The same day, the Houthis warned that they would target vessels belonging to 13 American oil exporting companies.[222]

2026

Maersk Line resumed shipping through the Red Sea in January 2026, with successive successful trans-Suez crossings byMaersk Sebarok andMaersk Denver.[223]

See also

Notes

References

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Attacks
Houthi attacks on commercial vessels
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