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Housing

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Living spaces
"Living space" redirects here. For the German foreign policy, seeLebensraum. For the Isaac Asimov short story, seeLiving Space.
For the type of container, seeHousing (engineering). For the Chinese TV series, seeHousing (TV series).
"Living spaces" redirects here. For the American furniture brand, seeLiving Spaces.
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Living spaces
Industrialization brought mass migration to cities. This one-room worker home fromHelsinki from 1911 represents an attempt by the city government to improve the conditions of workers; for example, electricity and running water were installed in thisrow house.

Housing refers to the usage and possiblyconstruction ofshelter asliving spaces, individually or collectively. Housing is a basic humanneed anda human right, playing a critical role in shaping thequality of life for individuals, families, and communities,[1] Housing is adurable good.As such it is the main issue ofhousing organization andpolicy.

Overview

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Housing ensures that members of society have a place to live, whether it is a home or some kind of physical structure fordwelling,lodging orshelter and it includes a range of options from apartments and houses to temporary shelters and emergency accommodations.[2] Access to safe, affordable, and stable housing is essential for a person's health, safety, and well-being. Housing can also impact a person's economic, social, and cultural opportunities, as it influences their access to education, employment, healthcare, and social networks. In many countries, housing policies and programs have been developed to address issues related to affordability, quality, and availability, and to ensure that everyone has access to decent housing. Some have one or morehousing authorities, sometimes also called a housing ministry or housing department.

In general there are two types of housing, market housing and non-market housing. While market housing consists of apartments, condominiums, private housing, etc. Non-market housing consists ofpublic,social, andcooperative housing among others. Market housing refers to housing that is bought and sold on the open market, with prices and rents determined by supply and demand. This type of housing is typically owned by private individuals or corporations, and the rental rates are determined by the landlord based on the local market conditions. Non-market housing, on the other hand, refers to housing that is provided and managed by the government or non-profit organizations, with the goal of providing affordable housing options to individuals or families with low to moderate incomes. This type of housing is typically subsidized, meaning that the rent is lower than the market rate, and tenants may be eligible for rent assistance programs.[3]

History

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The examples and perspective in this sectiondeal primarily with United States and do not represent aworldwide view of the subject. You mayimprove this section, discuss the issue on thetalk page, or create a new section, as appropriate.(April 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message)
See also:History of architecture

United States of America

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In the United States, it was not until the 19th and 20th century that there was a lot more government involvement in housing. It was mainly aimed at helping those who were poor in the community.[4]Public housing provides help and assistance to those who are poor and mainlylow-income earners. A study report shows that there are many individuals living in public housing. There are over 1.2 million families or households.[5] These types of housing were built mainly to provide people, mainly those who are low-income and elderly, with safe, affordable, and good housing units.

With regards to the history of housing, there are studies that prove that the involvement of the government began in 1937, and it was "under theUnited States Housing Act".[6] The goal was to improve many things such as all of the unsafe, unsanitary, and terrible housing conditions which connect to the issue ofaffordable housing. In 1940, there was development, and there was an Office of Housing expenditures. Later on, in the years, another housing act took place in 1956, and in 1960, there was recognition of rights which was considered to be a "huge turning point for public housing".[6] Many of the policies created back then tend to be still active nowadays.

From that time until now, public housing has been increasing. In the 1980s, there were many public housing individuals and tenants who lived in many different areas, particularly those areas that were segregated. Some years later, a new program was created, and it caused many people to be relocated. This is similar to what we have today, where people are repositioned. Back then, the program was calledHope VI.[7]

Moving forward to the 2000s, the problem of finding affordable housing started to increase, leadingUnited States Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) to start taking action and helping out many homeowners, individuals, agencies, and communities in order to find affordable housing. When counting, there are over nine hundred thousand participants in this program.[8] Throughout the years after there had been anincrease in housing prices then they tend to go down after a year, this was occurring in 2005, and it sure is occurring today, nowadays there are such high prices on houses. In 2008, an act did take place called the "Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008" and this act "strengthened and modernized the regulation of...(government-sponsored enterprises) and theFederal Home Loan Banks"[9] From 2013 to 2017, there were contributions occurring; for example, there was theLIHTC which although a source on the outside, did help out with HUD and provide many different funds which helped out with public housing, especially with their capital needs. From 2000 until 2019, inflation dropped because of all of the public housing funds.[10] Nowadays affordable housing is a huge problem for so many families, and this is up by about ten to fifteen percent since 2018 because of the increase in prices.  [11]

Macroeconomy and housing price

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See also:Real estate appraisal

Previous research has shown that housing price is affected by themacroeconomy.[12] Research from 2018 indicates that a 1% increase in theConsumer Price Index leads to a $3,559,715 increase in housing prices and raises the property price per square foot by $119.3387.[citation needed] Money Supply (M2) has a positive relationship with housing prices. As M2 increased by one unit, housing prices rose by 0.0618 in a study conducted inHong Kong. When there is a 1% increase in the best lending rate, housing prices drop by between $18,237.26 and $28,681.17 in the HAC[which?] model. Mortgage repayments lead to a rise in the discount window base rate. A 1% rise in the rate leads to a $14,314.69 drop in housing prices, and an average selling price drop of $585,335.50. As the US real interest rate increases, the interest rates in Hong Kong must follow, increasing mortgage repayments. When there is a 1% increase in the US real interest rate, the property prices decrease from $9302.845 to $4957.274, and saleable area drops by $4.955206 and $14.01284. When there is a 1% rise in overnight Hong Kong Interbank Offered Rate, the housing prices drop to about 3455.529, and the price per ft2 will drop by $187.3119.[13][need quotation to verify]

Housing affordability index

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These paragraphs are an excerpt fromHousing affordability index.[edit]
Ahousing affordability index (HAI) is anindex that measureshousing affordability, usually the degree to which the median person or family in a particular country or region can afford housing/housing-related costs.[14][15][16]

Housing crisis

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These paragraphs are an excerpt fromHousing crisis.[edit]
An affordable housing crisis orhousing crisis is either a widespread housing shortage in places where people want to live or afinancial crisis in the housing market. Housing crises can contribute tohomelessness andhousing insecurity. They are difficult to address, because they are a complex "web of problems and dysfunctions" with many contributing factors,[17] but generally result from housing costs rising faster than household income.[18][19][20]

Health and housing

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Housing is recognized as asocial determinant of health. Lack of housing or poor-quality housing can negatively affect an individual's physical and mental health. Housing attributes that negatively affect physical health includedampness,mold, inadequate heating, and overcrowding. Mental health is also affected by inadequate heating, overcrowding, dampness, and mold, as well as lack of personal space.[21] Instability in housing can negatively affect mental health.[22] Housing can affect the health of children through exposure toasthmatriggers orlead, and through injuries due to structural deficiencies (e.g. lack of window guards or radiator covers).[23]

Families with poor health members tend to reduce debt to avoid risks. The family-size data from the China House Finance Survey using a partial least squares structural equation model results indicate that family members’ poor health and uninsured endowment insurance individuals adversely impact housing debt and family assets.[24]

By region

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See also

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References

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  1. ^"housing".Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.).Oxford University Press. (Subscription orparticipating institution membership required.)
  2. ^Gwendolyn Wright,Building the Dream: A Social History of Housing in America (MIT press, 1983)
  3. ^Haffner, Marietta E. A. (2009).Bridging the Gap Between Social and Market Rented Housing in Six European Countries?. IOS Press. pp. 4+.ISBN 978-1-60750-035-3.
  4. ^National Academies of Sciences, Engineering; Division, Health and Medicine; Practice, Board on Population Health and Public Health; Affairs, Policy and Global; Program, Science and Technology for Sustainability; Individuals, Committee on an Evaluation of Permanent Supportive Housing Programs for Homeless (2018-07-11),"The History of Homelessness in the United States",Permanent Supportive Housing: Evaluating the Evidence for Improving Health Outcomes Among People Experiencing Chronic Homelessness, National Academies Press (US), retrieved2023-05-26{{citation}}:|first4= has generic name (help)
  5. ^"Public Housing".HUD.gov / U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). Retrieved2022-05-29.
  6. ^abPappas, Allison (2013-02-04)."The History of Public Housing: Started over 70 Years Ago, yet Still Evolving…".SWHELPER. Retrieved2022-05-29.
  7. ^"Public Housing History".National Low Income Housing Coalition. Retrieved2022-05-29.
  8. ^"HUD's Public Housing Program".HUD.gov / U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). 2017-09-20. Retrieved2022-05-29.
  9. ^"THE 2000 -2009 | HUD USER".www. hud user. gov. Retrieved2022-05-29.
  10. ^"An Agenda for the Future of Public Housing".Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. Retrieved2022-05-29.
  11. ^Schaeffer, Katherine (18 January 2022)."A growing share of Americans say affordable housing is a major problem where they live".Pew Research Center. Retrieved2022-05-29.
  12. ^Dept, International Monetary Fund Research (2005-12-22)."Research Summaries: Housing Prices and Macroeconomics".IMF Research Bulletin.2005 (4).doi:10.5089/9781451929980.026.A001 (inactive 1 November 2024).{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (link)
  13. ^Li, R.Y.M. (2018)."Have Housing Prices Gone with the Smelly Wind? Big Data Analysis on Landfill in Hong Kong".Sustainability.10 (2): 341.doi:10.3390/su10020341.S2CID 158813714.
  14. ^National Association of Realtors (2022-01-01)."Housing Affordability Index (Fixed)".FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Retrieved2023-04-06.
  15. ^"Real estate market: Definitions, graphs and data".www.bankofcanada.ca. Retrieved2023-04-06.
  16. ^Kenton, Will (September 30, 2022)."Affordability Index".Investopedia. Retrieved2023-04-06.
  17. ^Menendian, Stephen (November 30, 2022)."Deconstructing the 'Housing Crisis'".Othering and Belonging Institute (UC Berkeley). Retrieved2023-12-30.
  18. ^Potts, Deborah Helen (2020).Broken cities inside the global housing crisis. London: Zed books.ISBN 978-1-78699-054-9.
  19. ^Wetzstein, Steffen (2017-11-01)."The global urban housing affordability crisis"(PDF).Urban Studies.54 (14):3159–3177.doi:10.1177/0042098017711649.ISSN 0042-0980.
  20. ^"What has caused the global housing crisis - and how can we fix it?".World Economic Forum. Archived fromthe original on 2025-01-23. Retrieved2025-01-31.
  21. ^Rolfe, Steve; Garnham, Lisa; Godwin, Jon; Anderson, Isobel; Seaman, Pete; Donaldson, Cam (2020)."Housing as a social determinant of health and wellbeing: Developing an empirically-informed realist theoretical framework".BMC Public Health.20 (1): 1138.doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09224-0.PMC 7370492.PMID 32689966.
  22. ^Li, Ang; Baker, Emma; Bentley, Rebecca (2022)."Understanding the mental health effects of instability in the private rental sector: A longitudinal analysis of a national cohort".Social Science & Medicine.296: 114778.doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.114778.PMID 35151148.S2CID 246614891.
  23. ^Dunn, James R. (2020)."Housing and Healthy Child Development: Known and Potential Impacts of Interventions".Annual Review of Public Health.41:381–396.doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094050.PMID 31874071.
  24. ^Chen, S. et al Health, Insurance, and Social Capital’s Impact on Housing Debt and Assets Using a Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling Technique. Buildings 2024, 14, 3540.https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings14113540

External links

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The dictionary definition ofhousing at Wiktionary

Scholia has atopic profile forHousing.
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