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House of Representatives (Japan)

Coordinates:35°40′31″N139°44′42″E / 35.67528°N 139.74500°E /35.67528; 139.74500
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(Redirected fromHouse of Representatives of Japan)
Lower house of Japan's National Diet
House of Representatives

衆議院

Shūgiin
217th Session of the National Diet
Type
Type
Leadership
Fukushiro Nukaga, LDP
since 20 October 2023
Kōichirō Genba, CDP
since 11 November 2024
Sanae Takaichi, LDP
since 21 October 2025
Leader of the Opposition
Yoshihiko Noda, CDP
since 23 September 2024
Structure
Seats465
Political groups
Government (196)

Supported by (35)

Opposition (229)

Unaffiliated (5)

  •  LDP (1/Speaker)
  •  CDP (1/Vice Speaker)
  •   Independent (3)[d]
Committees17 committees
Length of term
Up to 4 years
SalarySpeaker:¥2,170,000/m
Vice Speaker:¥1,584,000/m
Members:¥1,294,000/m
Elections
Parallel voting:
First-past-the-post voting (289 seats)
Party-list proportional representation (176 seats)
First election
1 July 1890
Last election
27 October 2024
Next election
By 27 October 2028
Meeting place
Chamber of the House of Representatives
Website
www.shugiin.go.jpEdit this at Wikidata
This article is part ofa series on
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TheHouse of Representatives (衆議院,Shūgiin;Japanese pronunciation:[ɕɯː.ɡʲiꜜ.iɴ,-ŋʲiꜜ-][1]) is thelower house of theNational Diet ofJapan. TheHouse of Councillors is theupper house.The composition of the House is established byArticle 41 [ja] andArticle 42 [ja] of theConstitution of Japan.[2] The House of Representatives has 465 members, elected for a four-year term. Of these, 176 members are elected from 11 multi-member constituencies by aparty-list system ofproportional representation, and 289 are elected from single-member constituencies.

The overall voting system used to elect the House of Representatives is aparallel system, a form ofsemi-proportional representation. Under a parallel system, the allocation of list seats does not take into account the outcome in the single seat constituencies. Therefore, the overall allocation of seats in the House of Representatives is not fullly proportional, to the advantage of larger parties.

The House of Representatives is the more powerful of the two houses, able to override vetoes on bills imposed by the House of Councillors with a two-thirds majority.[3][4][5]

Thelast election for the House of Representatives was held on October 27, 2024, in which theLiberal Democratic Party and their coalition partnerKomeito failed to reach a majority of 233 seats, instead winning 215, 18 short of a majority.

Right to vote and candidature

[edit]
  • Japanese nationals aged 18 years and older may vote (prior to 2016, the voting age was 20).[6]
  • Japanese nationals aged 25 years and older may run for office in the lower house.

Differences between the Upper and Lower Houses

[edit]

The House of Representatives holds several distinct powers that are not granted to the House of Councillors, making it the more powerful of the two houses in Japan's national legislature. When a bill is approved by the lower house—the House of Representatives—but rejected by the upper house—the House of Councillors—the House of Representatives has the authority to override the decision of the upper house. This override can be accomplished by securing a two-thirds majority vote in favor of the bill within the lower house, effectively allowing it to pass the legislation despite opposition from the House of Councillors.

In certain key areas of governance, the upper house's influence is further limited. For example, in matters concerning treaties, the national budget, and the selection of the prime minister, the House of Councillors does not have the power to block decisions made by the House of Representatives. Instead, it can only delay the process, reinforcing the superior authority of the lower house in these critical domains.

In terms of composition and function, members of the House of Representatives are elected to serve terms of up to four years, which is notably shorter than the six-year terms served by members of the House of Councillors. Additionally, the House of Representatives can be dissolved before the end of its term either by the prime minister or through the passage of a nonconfidence motion. In contrast, the House of Councillors is a continuous body and cannot be dissolved. These structural differences contribute to the House of Representatives being more responsive to shifts in public opinion, and this responsiveness is one of the reasons it is referred to as the "lower house."

Although the official legislative term for members of the House of Representatives is four years, early elections are a common occurrence in practice. As a result, the average lifespan of postwar legislatures has typically been around three years, further emphasizing the dynamic and politically sensitive nature of the lower house.

Current composition

[edit]
Composition of theHouse of Representatives of Japan
(as of October 21, 2025, 217th National Diet)[7](electedin 2024; term: 27 October 2024 – 2028 or earlier dissolution)
Parliamentary groups/caucusesPartiesSeats
Liberal Democratic Party/Assembly of independents
Jiyūminshutō・mushozoku no kai		Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)
Independents		196
Constitutional Democratic Party/Independents
Rikken Minshutō・mushozoku		Constitutional Democratic Party (CDP)
Social Democratic Party (SDP)		148
Nippon Ishin no Kai
Nippon Ishin no Kai		Nippon Ishin no Kai35
Democratic Party for the People/Independent club
Kokumin Minshutō・mushozoku club		Democratic Party For the People (DPFP)27
Komeito
Kōmeitō		Komeito24
Reiwa Shinsengumi
Reiwa Shinsengumi		Reiwa Shinsengumi9
Japanese Communist Party
Nihon Kyōsantō		Japanese Communist Party (JCP)8
Yūshi no Kai
Yūshi no Kai		Independents4
Kaikaku no Kai
Kaikaku no Kai		Independents3
Sanseitō
Sanseitō		Sanseitō3
Genzei Nippon
Genzei Nippon		Genzei Nippon3
Independents(not member of a caucus)
Mushozoku		Independents(not member of a party)
LDP (Speaker)
CDP (Vice-Speaker)		5
Total465


For a list of majoritarian members and proportional members from Hokkaidō, see theList of members of the Diet of Japan.

Latest election result

[edit]
Main article:2024 Japanese general election § Results
PartyProportionalConstituencyTotal
seats		+/–
Votes%SeatsVotes%Seats
Liberal Democratic Party14,582,69026.735920,867,76238.46132191−68
Constitutional Democratic Party of Japan11,564,22221.204415,740,86029.01104148+52
Japan Innovation Party5,105,1279.36156,048,10411.152338−3
Democratic Party For the People6,172,43411.32172,349,5844.331128+17
Komeito5,964,41510.9320730,4011.35424−8
Reiwa Shinsengumi3,805,0606.989425,4450.7809+6
Japanese Communist Party3,362,9666.1673,695,8076.8118−2
Sanseitō1,870,3473.4331,357,1892.5003New
Conservative Party of Japan1,145,6222.102155,8370.2913New
Social Democratic Party934,5981.710283,2870.52110
Collaborative Party23,7840.04029,2750.05000
Consideration the Euthanasia System18,4550.030000
Conservative Party of Nippon [ja]21,6710.0400New
Kawaguchi Vigilante Group9,3480.0200New
Third Way Party6,0330.0100New
Party that Ends the Liberal Democratic Party4,4240.0100New
Party of the Heart1,7490.0000New
Money for Everyone5300.0000New
Independents2,534,5714.6712120
Total54,549,720100.0017654,261,877100.002894650
Valid votes54,549,72097.5354,261,87797.01
Invalid/blank votes1,379,0792.471,672,5772.99
Total votes55,928,799100.0055,934,454100.00
Registered voters/turnout103,880,74953.84103,880,74953.84
Source:[8]

Historical composition

[edit]

Before World War II (1890–1942)

[edit]
  Shakai Minshū-tō and misc. socialist
  Others
  Independent
ElectionTotal
seats		Composition
1st
(1890)		300
1305457941
2nd
(1892)
941244438
3rd
(Mar.
1894)
12051346035
4th
(Sep.
1894)
10748644932
5th
(Mar.
1898)
105263710329
6th
(Aug.
1898)
92624421
7th
(1902)		376
95413217191
8th
(1903)
85445517175
9th
(1904)		379
90825519133
10th
(1908)
705864187
11th
(1912)		381
953146209
12th
(1915)
271534548108
13th
(1917)
3512160165
14th
(1920)		464
2911047278
15th
(1924)
3015111169103
16th
(1928)		466
7216719217
17th
(1930)
527395174
18th
(1932)
5146212301
19th
(1936)
18205342017415
20th
(1937)
3717934191751111
21st
(1942)
85381

After World War II (since 1946)

[edit]
  JCP
  JSP
  Others
  Independent
  Vacant
ElectionTotal
seats		Composition
22nd
(1946)[e]		466
692143881294141
23rd
(1947)[e]
414331171224124131
24th
(1949)[e]
3548714171269264
25th
(1952)
5457471985240
26th
(1953)
1726651117635199
27th
(1955)		467
28967425185112
  JCP
  JSP
  SDP
  SDF
  CDPJ
  NFP
  Others
  Independent
  DPFP
  JRP
  PNP
  NCP
  Ishin
  LDP
ElectionTotal
seats		Composition
28th
(1958)		467
1166112287
29th
(1960)
31451715296
30th
(1963)
51442312283
31st
(1967)		486
514030925277
32nd
(1969)
1490311647288
33rd
(1972)		491
381181921429271
34th
(1976)		511
1712329215517249
35th
(1979)
3910735219574248
36th
(1980)
29107323113312284
37th
(1983)
2611238316588250
38th
(1986)		512
26852649566300
39th
(1990)
1613614412145275
40th
(1993)		511
15701541330355155223
41st
(1996)		500
261521565219239
42nd
(2000)		480
201912761522317233
43rd
(2003)
96177211344237
44th
(2005)
97113218314239
45th
(2009)
97308262153119
46th
(2012)
82957153118154294
47th
(2014)		475
21273483541291
48th
(2017)		465
1225522291150284
49th
(2021)
10319610113241261
50th
(2024)
8911481228243833191

Election results for major parties since 1958

[edit]

Shaded

  • green: Ruling party/coalition before and after the lower house election
  • red: Ruling party/coalitionuntil the election = Change of government as a result of the lower house election
  • blue: Ruling party/coalitionafter the election = Change of government as a result of the lower house election
  • none: Opposition before and after the election

Note that the composition of the ruling coalition may change between lower house elections, e.g. after upper house elections. Parties who vote with the government in the Diet, but are not part of the cabinet (e.g. SDP & NPH after the 1996 election) are not shaded.

Parallel electoral system (since 1996)

[edit]
Vote and seats by party and segment
PartiesSegment1996[9]2000[10]2003[11]2005[12]2009[13]201220142017
Total seats500480480480480480475465
Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)Jiyū MinshutōFPTP38.6%41.0%43.9%47.8%38.6%43.0%48.1%48.21%
16917716821964237223[14]226
PR32.8%28.3%35.0%38.1%26.7%27.6%33.1%33.28%
7056697755576866
Total seats239233237296119294291284
Constitutional Democratic Party (CDP)Rikken MinshutōFPTP–8.75%
18
PR19.88%
37
Total seats55
Party of HopeKibō no TōFPTP–20.64%
18
PR17.36%
32
Total seats50
Democratic Party of Japan (DPJ)Minshutō (1996–2014)
Democratic Party (DP)Minshintō (2017)		FPTP10.6%27.6%36.7%36.4%47.4%22.8%22.5%no party
nominations,
≈14 members
elected
1780105522212738
PR16.1%25.2%37.4%31.0%42.4%15.9%18.3%
35477261873035
Total seats521271771133085773
Japan Restoration Party (JRP)Nippon Ishin no Kai (2012)
Japan Innovation Party (JIP)Ishin no Tō (2014)		FPTP–11.6%8.2%3.18%
14113
PR20.3%15.7%6.07%
40308
Total seats544111
(New) Komeito (K/NK/NKP/CGP/NCGP/etc.)KōmeitōFPTP–2.0%1.5%1.4%1.1%1.4%1.5%1.5%
7980998
PR13.0%14.8%13.3%11.4%11.8%13.7%12.51%
24252321222621
Total seats31343121313529
Japanese Communist Party (JCP)Nihon KyōsantōFPTP12.6%12.1%8.1%7.2%4.2%7.8%13.3%9.02%
20000011
PR13.1%11.2%7.8%7.2%7.0%6.1%11.4%7.9%
242099982011
Total seats262099982112
Social Democratic Party (SDP)Shakai MinshutōFPTP2.2%3.8%2.9%1.5%1.9%0.7%0.8%1.15%
44113111
PR6.4%9.4%5.1%5.5%4.2%2.3%2.5%1.69%
1115564111
Total seats1519677222
New Frontier Party (NFP)Shinshintō (1996)
Liberal PartyJiyūtō (2000)
Tomorrow Party of Japan (TPJ)Nippon Mirai no Tō (2012)
People's Life Party (PLP)Seikatsu no Tō (2014)
Liberal Party (LP)Jiyūtō (2017)		FPTP28.0%3.4%–5.0%1.0%no party
nominations,
2 members
elected
96422
PR28.0%11.0%5.7%1.9%
601870
Total seats1562292
Your Party (YP)Minna no TōFPTP–0.8%4.7%–
24
PR4.2%8.7%
314
Total seats519
Conservative PartyHoshutō (2000)
New Conservative PartyHoshu Shintō (2003)		FPTP–2.0%1.3%–
74
PR0.4%–
0–
Total seats74
New Party Harbinger (NPH)Shintō SakigakeFPTP1.3%–
2
PR1.0%
0
Total seats2

SNTV multi-member districts (1947–1993)

[edit]
Vote for candidates by party and
seats by party
Parties1958[15]1960[15]1963[15]1967[15]1969[15]1972[15]1976[15]1979[15]1980[15]1983[15]1986[15]1990[15]1993[15]
Total seats467467467486486491511511511511512512511
Liberal Democratic Party (LDP)Jiyū Minshutō57.8%57.6%54.7%48.8%47.6%46.8%41.8%44.6%47.9%48.9%49.4%46.1%36.7%
287296283277288271249248284250300275223
Japan Socialist Party (JSP)Nippon Shakaitō32.9%27.6%29.0%27.9%21.4%21.9%20.7%19.7%19.3%19.5%17.2%24.4%15.4%
166145144140901181231071071128513670
Japan Renewal Party (JRP)Shinseitō–10.1%
55
Kōmeitō (K/KP/CGP/etc.)Kōmeitō–5.4%10.9%8.5%11.0%9.8%9.0%10.1%9.4%8.0%8.1%
25472955573358564551
Japan New Party (JNP)Nihon Shintō–8.0%
35
Democratic Socialist Party (DSP)Minshatō–8.8%7.4%7.4%7.7%7.0%6.3%6.8%6.6%7.3%6.4%4.8%3.5%
172330311929353238261415
Japanese Communist Party (JCP)Nihon Kyōsantō2.6%2.9%4.0%4.8%6.8%10.5%10.4%10.4%9.8%9.3%8.8%8.0%7.7%
1355143817392926261615
New Party Harbinger (NPH)Shintō Sakigake–3.5%
13

History

[edit]
[icon]
This sectionneeds expansion with: history after 1947. You can help byadding to it.(August 2020)

Meiji period (1890–1912)

[edit]
Kuroda Kiyotaka,Satsumasamurai and prime minister in the late 1880s, coined the term "transcendentalism" (超然主義, chōzen shugi) on the occasion of the promulgation of the Meiji Constitution in 1889. The oligarchs should try to "transcend" electoral politics and govern without partisan majorities the House of Representatives.
Itō Hirobumi, aChōshū samurai, member of theHouse of Peers andprime minister of Japan on three non-consecutive occasions between 1885 and 1901. He was a main architect of the Imperial Constitution which created the Imperial Diet. When the oligarchs attempts to govern "transcendentally" mostly failed in the 1890s, he saw the necessity for permanent allies among elected political parties.
Hara Takashi, although born aMorioka noble, made his career as commoner-politician and became the first and one of only three prime ministers from the House of Representatives in the Empire.
See also:Meiji Restoration

The Japanese parliament, then known as the Imperial Diet, was established in 1890 as a result of the 1889Meiji Constitution. It was modeled on the parliaments of several Western countries, particularly theGerman Empire and the United Kingdom, because of theEmperor Meiji's westernizing reforms. The Imperial Diet consisted oftwo chambers, the elected House of Representatives which was the lower house, and theHouse of Peers which was the upper house. This format was similar to theHouse of Lords in theWestminster system, or theHerrenhaus inPrussia, where the upper house represented thearistocracy.

Both houses, and also the Emperor, had to agree on legislation, and even at the height of party-based constitutional government, the House of Peers could simply vote down bills deemed too liberal by theMeiji oligarchy, such as the introduction ofwomen's suffrage, increases in local autonomy, or trade union rights. Theprime minister and his government servedat the Emperor's pleasure, and could not be removed by the Imperial Diet. However, the right to vote on, and if necessary to block, legislation including the budget, gave the House of Representatives leverage to force the government into negotiations. After an early period of frequent confrontation and temporary alliances between the cabinet and political parties in the lower house, parts of the Meiji oligarchy more sympathetic to political parties aroundItō Hirobumi and parts of the liberal parties eventually formed a more permanent alliance, in the form of theRikken Seiyūkai in 1900. The confidence of the House of Representatives was never a formal requirement to govern, but between 1905 and 1918, only one cabinet took office that did not enjoy majority support in the House of Representatives.[16]

Taisho and early Showa periods (1912–1937)

[edit]
See also:Politics of the Empire of Japan (1914–1944)

During theTaishō political crisis in 1913, ano-confidence vote[17] against thethird Katsura government, accompanied by major demonstrations outside the Diet, was followed shortly by resignation. Subsequently, in the period often referred to asTaishō democracy, it became increasingly customary to appoint many ministers, including several prime ministers, from the House of Representatives –Hara Takashi was the first commoner to become prime minister in 1918.

In the same year, theRice Riots had confronted the government with an unprecedented scale of domestic unrest, and aGerman Revolution brought the Prusso-German monarchy to an end, the very system Meiji oligarchs had used as the main model for the Meiji constitution to consolidate and preserve Imperial power. EvenYamagata Aritomo and other oligarchs that had been fundamentally opposed to political parties, became more inclined to cooperate with the still mainlybourgeoisie parties, to prevent a rise of socialism or other movements that might threaten Imperial rule. Socialist parties would not be represented in significant numbers in the lower house until the 1930s.

The initially very highcensus suffrage requirement was reduced several times, until the introduction ofuniversal male suffrage in 1925. The electoral system to the House of Representatives was also fundamentally changed several times: between systems of "small" mostly single- and few multi-member electoral districts (1890s, 1920, 1924), "medium" mostly multi-member districts (1928–1942) and "large" electoral districts (usually only one, rarely two city and one counties district per prefecture; 1900s and 1910s), usingfirst-past-the-post in single-member districts,plurality-at-large voting (1890s) orsingle non-transferable vote in the multi-member districts.

Influence of the House of Representatives on the government increased, and the party cabinets of the 1920s brought Japan apparently closer to aparliamentary system of government, and there were several reforms to the upper house in 1925. However, the balance of powers between the two houses and the influential role of extra-constitutional actors such as theGenrō (who still selected the prime minister) or the military (that had brought down several cabinets) remained in essence untouched. Within a year of theJapanese invasion of Manchuria in September 1931, a series of assassinations and coup attempts followed. Party governments were replaced bygovernments of "national unity" (kyokoku itchi) which were dominated by nobles, bureaucrats and increasingly the military.

World War II and aftermath (1937–1947)

[edit]
See also:Politics of the Empire of Japan (1914–1944)

After theMarco Polo Bridge Incident and the start of war in 1937, the influence of the Imperial Diet was further diminished, though never eliminated, by special laws such as theNational Mobilization Law and expanded powers for cabinet agencies such as the Planning Board.[18] The House of Representatives in the Empire had a four-year term and could be dissolved by theEmperor. In contrast, members of the House of Peers had eitherlife tenure (subject to revocation by the Emperor) or a seven-year term in the case of members elected in mutual peerage elections among the three lower peerage ranks, top taxpayer and academic peerage elections. During the war, the term of the members of the House of Representatives elected in the last pre-warelection of 1937 was extended by one year.

In the1946 election to the House of Representatives, held under the U.S.-ledAllied occupation of Japan,women's suffrage was introduced, and a system of "large" electoral districts (one or two per prefecture) withlimited voting was used. A change in the electoral law in April 1945 had for the first time allocated 30 seats to the established colonies of the Empire: Karafuto (Sakhalin),Taiwan, and Chōsen (Korea); but this change was never implemented. Similarly, Korea and Taiwan were granted several appointed members of theHouse of Peers in 1945.

In 1946, both houses of the Imperial Diet (together with the Emperor) passed thepostwar constitutional amendment which took effect in 1947. The Imperial Diet was renamed the National Diet, the House of Peers was replaced by an elected upper house called theHouse of Councillors, and the House of Representatives would now be able to override the upper house in important matters. The constitution also gave the Diet exclusive legislative authority, without involvement of the Emperor, and explicitly made the cabinet responsible to the Diet and requires that theprime minister has the support of a majority in the House of Representatives.

Late Showa period (1947–1989)

[edit]
Shigeru Yoshida, prime minister 1946–1947 as a member of the House of Peers and 1948–1954 as a member of the House of Representatives, oversaw the end of theAmerican-led occupation and the beginning of theJapanese economic miracle.
See also:Post-occupation Japan

The Diet first met under the new constitution on May 20, 1947.[19] Four days later,Tetsu Katayama of theDemocratic Socialist Party became Japan's first socialist prime minister and the first since the introduction of parliamentarianism.

Since the end of US rule in 1952, it has been the norm that the prime minister dissolves the House of Representatives before its 4-year term expires. Only once, in 1976, did the House last a full 4 years. It has become tradition to give nicknames to each dissolution, usually referencing a major political issue or controversy. One infamous example was on March 14, 1953, whenShigeru Yoshida dissolved the House and called for new election, after he name called people during a meeting of the budget committee. This came to be known as the"you idiot" dissolution [ja].[20]

In 1955, prime ministerIchirō Hatoyama oversaw the creation of theLiberal Democratic Party (LDP), which sincehis third government has dominated Japanese politics under the1955 System. The LDP would govern without interruption for nearly 40 years until the1993 election, alone save for a three-year coalition government with theNew Liberal Club after the1983 election.

Hatoyama planned to change the electoral system tofirst past the post, introducing a bill to that effect in March 1956. This was met with opposition from theSocialist Party, who criticized Hatoyama's plan as a "Hatomander". The bill passed the House of Representatives in May 1956, but was never voted on by the House of Councillors. Electoral reform came into vogue again in the 1970s, butKakuei Tanaka's plan met opposition internally in the LDP and never came to a vote in either chamber of the Diet.

Heisei and Reiwa periods (since 1989)

[edit]
Shinzo Abe, prime minister 2006–2007 and again 2012–2020, was the longest-serving PM in Japanese history.

Japan entered a lengthy recession in the 1990s (seeLost Decades), which many people blamed on the LDP.[citation needed] In the1993 election, the party lost power for the first time under the 1955 System, when an eight-party coalition led byMorihiro Hosokawa of theJapan New Party were able to forma government. This government fell apart after nine months, and was succeeded by theHata Cabinet, another short-lived non-LDP government. The LDP returned to power in 1994 with theMurayama Cabinet, this time in a coalition with their old rivals the Socialists, whose leaderTomiichi Murayama became prime minister.

As with party colleaguesIchirō Hatoyama andKakuei Tanaka before him, prime ministerToshiki Kaifu of the LDP unsuccessfully tried to reform the electoral system in 1991. However, the Morihiro Hosokawa government got the1994 Japanese electoral reform through the Diet, introducing aparallel voting system which went into effect at thenext election in 1996. Under this system, which remains in effect as of 2022, 300 (since reduced to 289) members of the House of Representatives are elected usingfirst past the post in single-member constituencies, while 200 (since reduced to 176) members are elected in regional blocs usingparty-list proportional representation.

Prime ministerJunichiro Koizumi introduced a bill to the House of Representatives in 2006 on changing theImperial Household Law to allow a woman to ascend theChrysanthemum Throne (seeJapanese imperial succession debate), but he withdrew the bill after the birth ofPrince Hisahito of Akishino the same year. The LDP once again lost power at the2009 election, when theDemocratic Party-ledHatoyama Cabinet took over, followed in rapid succession by theKan Cabinet andNoda Cabinet. The LDP andKomeito, who had formed a two-party government between 2003 and 2009, came to power again after the2012 election.Shinzo Abe, who had previously led theFirst Abe Cabinet, was prime minister for another stint lasting eight years, stepping down for health reasons in 2020. He was succeeded byYoshihide Suga.

When the EmperorAkihito expressed interest in abdicating, the Diet passed theEmperor Abdication Law in 2017, allowing for the2019 Japanese imperial transition and the succession to the throne ofNaruhito. In December 2022, in light of theRussian invasion of Ukraine and increasedmilitary cooperation between China and Russia, prime ministerFumio Kishida announced plans to significantly increase funding for theJapan Self-Defense Forces; this was continued under his successor as prime minister,Shigeru Ishiba.

List of House of Representatives general elections

[edit]

19th century

[edit]
ElectionDatePrime Minister appointed by Emperor
(during term)		TurnoutSeatsDate of
dissolution (D) /
expiration of term (E)		Registered
voters		Largest party / Seats ShareEmperor
Imperial Diet (1890–1947); upper house:House of PeersMeiji
(era)
1st1 July 1890Yamagata Aritomo93.91%300450,872Constitutional Liberal13043.33%
(Matsukata Masayoshi)
2nd15 February 1892Matsukata Masayoshi91.59%(D) December 25, 1891434,5949431.33%
(Itō Hirobumi)
3rdMarch 1, 1894Itō Hirobumi88.76%(D) December 30, 1893440,11312040.00%
4th1 September 1894Itō Hirobumi84.84%(D) June 2, 1894460,48310735.66%
(Matsukata Masayoshi)
(Itō Hirobumi)
5th15 March 1898Itō Hirobumi87.50%(D) December 25, 1897452,63710535.00%
(Ōkuma Shigenobu)
6th10 August 1898Ōkuma Shigenobu79.91%(D) June 10, 1898502,292Kensei Hontō12441.33%
(Yamagata Aritomo)
(Itō Hirobumi)
(Katsura Tarō)

20th century

[edit]
ElectionDatePrime Minister appointed by Emperor
(during term)		TurnoutSeatsDate of
dissolution (D) /
expiration of term (E)		Registered
voters		Largest party / Seats ShareEmperor
7thAugust 10, 1902Katsura Tarō88.39%376(E) August 9, 1902982,868Rikken Seiyūkai19150.79%Meiji
(era)
8thMarch 1, 190386.17%(D) December 28, 1902958,32217546.54%
9th1 March 1904Katsura Tarō86.06%379(D) December 11, 1903762,44513335.09%
(Saionji Kinmochi)
10th15 May 1908Saionji Kinmochi85.29%(E) March 27, 19081,590,04518749.34%
(Katsura Tarō)
(Saionji Kinmochi)
11th15 May 1912Saionji Kinmochi89.58%381(E) May 14, 19121,506,14320954.85%
(Katsura Tarō)Taishō
(era)
(Yamamoto Gonnohyōe)
(Ōkuma Shigenobu)
12th25 March 1915Ōkuma Shigenobu92.13%(D) December 25, 19141,546,411Rikken Dōshikai15340.15%
(Terauchi Masatake)
13th20 April 1917Terauchi Masatake91.92%(D) January 25, 19171,422,126Rikken Seiyūkai16543.30%
(Hara Takashi)
14th10 May 1920Hara Takashi86.73%464(D) February 26, 19203,069,14827859.91%
(Takahashi Korekiyo)
(Katō Tomosaburō)
(Yamamoto Gonnohyōe)
(Kiyoura Keigo)
15th10 May 1924Katō Takaaki91.18%(D) January 31, 19243,288,405Kenseikai15132.54%
(Wakatsuki Reijirō)
(Tanaka Giichi)Shōwa
(era)
16th20 February 1928Tanaka Giichi80.36%466(D) January 21, 192812,408,678Rikken Seiyūkai21846.78%
(Hamaguchi Osachi)
17th20 February 1930Hamaguchi Osachi83.34%(D) January 21, 193012,812,895Rikken Minseitō27358.58%
(Wakatsuki Reijirō)
(Inukai Tsuyoshi)
18th20 February 1932Inukai Tsuyoshi81.68%(D) January 21, 193213,237,841Rikken Seiyukai30164.59%
(Saitō Makoto)
(Keisuke Okada)
19th20 February 1936Kōki Hirota78.65%(D) January 21, 193614,479,553Rikken Minseitō20543.99%
(Senjūrō Hayashi)
20th30 April 1937Senjūrō Hayashi73.31%(D) March 31, 193714,618,29817938.41%
(Fumimaro Konoe)
(Hiranuma Kiichirō)
(Nobuyuki Abe)
(Mitsumasa Yonai)
(Fumimaro Konoe)
(Fumimaro Konoe)
(Hideki Tojo)
21st30 April 1942Hideki Tojo83.16%(E) April 29, 194214,594,287Imperial Rule Assistance Association38181.75%
(Kuniaki Koiso)
(Kantarō Suzuki)
(Kantarō Suzuki)
(Prince Naruhiko Higashikuni)
(Kijūrō Shidehara)
22ndApril 10, 1946Shigeru Yoshida72.08%(D) December 18, 194536,878,420Liberal14130.25%
23rd25 April 1947Tetsu Katayama67.95%(D) March 31, 194740,907,493Socialist14330.68%
(Hitoshi Ashida)
(Shigeru Yoshida)
National Diet (1947–present); upper house:House of Councillors
24th23 January 1949Shigeru Yoshida74.04%466(D) December 23, 194842,105,300Democratic Liberal26456.65%
(Shigeru Yoshida)
25thOctober 1, 1952Shigeru Yoshida76.43%(D) August 28, 195246,772,584Liberal24051.50%
26th19 April 1953Shigeru Yoshida74.22%(D) March 14, 195347,090,167Liberal
Yoshida faction		19942.70%
(Ichirō Hatoyama)
27th27 February 1955Ichirō Hatoyama75.84%467(D) January 24, 195549,235,375Democratic18539.61%
(Ichirō Hatoyama)
(Tanzan Ishibashi)
(Nobusuke Kishi)
28th22 May 1958Nobusuke Kishi76.99%(D) April 25, 195852,013,529Liberal Democratic28761.45%
(Hayato Ikeda)
29thNovember 20, 1960Hayato Ikeda73.51%(D) October 24, 196054,312,99329663.38%
30th21 November 1963Hayato Ikeda71.14%(D) October 23, 196358,281,67828360.59%
(Eisaku Satō)
31stJanuary 29, 1967Eisaku Satō73.99%486(D) December 27, 196662,992,79627756.99%
32nd27 December 1969Eisaku Satō68.51%(D) December 2, 196969,260,42428859.25%
(Kakuei Tanaka)
33rd10 December 1972Kakuei Tanaka71.76%491(D) November 13, 197273,769,63627155.19%
(Takeo Miki)
34th5 December 1976Takeo Fukuda73.45%511(E) December 9, 197677,926,58824948.72%
(Masayoshi Ōhira)
35thOctober 7, 1979Masayoshi Ōhira68.01%(D) September 7, 197980,169,92424848.53%
36th22 June 1980Zenkō Suzuki74.57%(D) May 19, 198080,925,03428455.57%
(Yasuhiro Nakasone)
37thDecember 18, 1983Yasuhiro Nakasone67.94%(D) November 28, 198384,252,60825048.92%
38th2 June 1986Yasuhiro Nakasone71.40%512(D) June 2, 198686,426,84530058.59%
(Noboru Takeshita)
(Sōsuke Uno)Akihito
(Heisei)
(era)
(Toshiki Kaifu)
39th18 February 1990Toshiki Kaifu73.31%(D) January 24, 199090,322,90827553.71%
(Kiichi Miyazawa)
40th18 July 1993Morihiro Hosokawa67.26%511(D) June 18, 199394,477,81622343.63%
(Tsutomu Hata)
(Tomiichi Murayama)
(Ryūtarō Hashimoto)
41st20 October 1996Ryūtarō Hashimoto59.65%500(D) September 27, 199697,680,71923947.80%
(Keizō Obuchi)
(Yoshirō Mori)
42nd25 June 2000Yoshirō Mori62.49%480(D) June 2, 2000100,492,32823348.54%
(Junichiro Koizumi)

21st century

[edit]
ElectionDatePrime Minister appointed by Emperor
(during term)		TurnoutSeatsDate of
dissolution (D) /
expiration of term (E)		Registered
voters		Largest party / Seats ShareEmperor
43rd9 November 2003Junichiro Koizumi59.86%480(D) 10 October 2003102,306,684Liberal Democratic23749.37%Akihito
(Heisei)
(era)
44th11 September 2005Junichiro Koizumi67.51%(D) 8 August 2005103,067,96629661.66%
(Shinzo Abe)
(Yasuo Fukuda)
(Tarō Asō)
45th30 August 2009Yukio Hatoyama69.28%(D) 21 July 2009104,057,361Democratic30864.16%
(Naoto Kan)
(Yoshihiko Noda)
46th16 December 2012Shinzo Abe59.32%(D) 16 November 2012103,959,866Liberal Democratic29461.25%
47th14 December 201452.66%475(D) 21 November 2014104,067,10429161.26%
48th22 October 2017Shinzo Abe53.68%465(D) 28 September 2017106,091,22928461.08%
(Yoshihide Suga)Naruhito
(Reiwa)
(era)
(Fumio Kishida)
49th31 October 2021Fumio Kishida55.93%(D) 14 October 2021105,622,75826156.12%
(Shigeru Ishiba)
50th27 October 2024Shigeru Ishiba53.85%(D) 9 October 2024103,880,74919141.08%
(Sanae Takaichi)

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^
    •  LDP (195)
    •   Independent (1)
  2. ^
  3. ^
  4. ^
  5. ^abcAllied-occupation

References

[edit]
  1. ^NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, ed. (24 May 2016).NHK日本語発音アクセント新辞典 (in Japanese). NHK Publishing.
  2. ^"The Constitution of Japan".Japanese Law Translation. Archived fromthe original on January 5, 2021. RetrievedAugust 7, 2020.
  3. ^"Japan election: PM Shinzo Abe dissolves parliament".BBC News. September 28, 2017.Archived from the original on December 1, 2021. RetrievedJuly 21, 2018.
  4. ^Takenaka, Linda Sieg (September 28, 2017)."Japan calls snap election as new party roils outlook".Reuters.Archived from the original on September 28, 2017. RetrievedSeptember 28, 2017.
  5. ^"Democratic Party effectively disbands, throwing support behind Koike's party for Lower House poll". September 28, 2017.Archived from the original on September 28, 2017. RetrievedSeptember 28, 2017.
  6. ^"Diet enacts law lowering voting age to 18 from 20".The Japan Times. June 17, 2015.Archived from the original on October 10, 2016. RetrievedJune 17, 2015.
  7. ^"会派名及び会派別所属議員数".衆議院 (Shūgiin, "House of Representatives"). Retrieved2024-11-18. (Japanese).
  8. ^衆議院議員総選挙・最高裁判所 裁判官国民審査結果調(PDF).Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications.Archived(PDF) from the original on 11 February 2025.
  9. ^Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications (MIC/Sōmushō):第41回衆議院議員総選挙結果
  10. ^MIC:第42回衆議院議員総選挙結果
  11. ^MIC:衆議院議員総選挙・最高裁判所裁判官国民審査結果調
  12. ^MIC:平成17年9月11日執行 衆議院議員総選挙・最高裁判所裁判官国民審査結果調Archived September 17, 2009, at theWayback Machine
  13. ^MIC:平成21年8月30日執行 衆議院議員総選挙・最高裁判所裁判官国民審査結果調Archived December 2, 2009, at theWayback Machine
  14. ^Includes Takahiro Inoue (independent,Fukuoka 1st district) who was retroactively nominated as LDP candidate; Reuters, December 14, 2014:自民、井上氏を追加公認Archived December 17, 2014, atarchive.today
  15. ^abcdefghijklmMinistry of Internal Affairs and Communications, statistics bureau:衆議院議員総選挙の党派別当選者数及び得票数（昭和33年～平成5年）Archived November 14, 2009, at theWayback Machine
  16. ^Cambridge History of Japan, Vol. 6, p. 35
  17. ^Wikisource:第三次桂内閣に対する内閣不信任上奏決議案提出及び趣旨説明, excerpt from the Imperial Diet minutes, House of Representatives session February 5, 1913
  18. ^The Cambridge History of Japan, Vol.6, chapters 2 (Taichirō Mitani: The establishment of party cabinets, 1889–1932) and 3 (Gordon M. Berger: Politics and mobilization in Japan, 1931–1945).
  19. ^"National Parliaments: Japan – Library of Congress".Library of Congress.Archived from the original on March 23, 2021. RetrievedSeptember 1, 2020.
  20. ^"Dissolving the House of Representatives: A Powerful Political Tool - nippon.com". October 11, 2017.Archived from the original on November 30, 2020. RetrievedSeptember 1, 2020.

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