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House of Luxembourg

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

European noble family

This article is about a Medieval royal dynasty. For the earlier ducal family of Lotharingia, seeHouse of Ardenne–Luxembourg. For the present-day ruling family of Luxembourg, seeHouse of Luxembourg-Nassau.

House of Luxembourg Maison de Luxembourg
Royal family

Parent family	House of Limburg
Country	Holy Roman Empire,Bohemia,Hungary,Croatia,France,Luxembourg
Founded	12 February 1247 (1247-02-12)
Founder	Henry V, Count of Luxembourg
Final ruler	Elizabeth of Luxembourg
Titles	Holy Roman Emperor (elective) King of Bohemia King of Hungary Croatia Count/Duke of Luxembourg Others Margrave of Brandenburg Margrave of Moravia Duke of Görlitz Count of Tyrol Count of Soissons Counts of Ligny Count of Saint-Pol Count of Brienne Count of Conversano
Distinctions	Order of the Dragon
Dissolution	2 August 1451 (1451-08-02)
Deposition	1443 (1443)
Cadet branches	Luxembourg-Brienne (extinct in 1648)

TheHouse of Luxembourg (Luxembourgish:D'Lëtzebuerger Haus;French:Maison de Luxembourg;German:Haus Luxemburg) orLuxembourg dynasty was aroyal family of theHoly Roman Empire in theLate Middle Ages, whose members between 1308 and 1437 ruled askings of Germany andHoly Roman emperors as well askings of Bohemia,Hungary andCroatia. Their rule was twice interrupted by the rivalHouse of Wittelsbach. The family takes its name from its ancestral county ofLuxembourg which they continued to hold.

History

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As shown below, this royal Luxembourg dynasty were not male-line descendants of the original counts ofLuxembourg. They descended instead from theHouse of Limburg-Arlon, who had beendukes of Lower Lorraine in the 11th century. In 1247Henry, younger son of DukeWaleran III of Limburg inherited theCounty of Luxembourg, becoming Count Henry V of Luxembourg, upon the death of his mother CountessErmesinde. Her father,Count Henry "the Blind", was count of Namur through his father, and count of Luxembourg through his mother, who was also namedErmesinde. This elder Ermesinde was a member of the original House of Luxembourg, which was a branch of theHouse of Ardenne, and had ruled Luxembourg since the late 10th century.

There were two other houses descended from the women of the counts of Luxembourg as shown in the family tree in theHouse of Ardenne–Luxembourg: theCounts of Loon, the Counts ofGrandpré, along with theDukes of Limburg. All three families had a place in relation to the succession of theHouse of Ardennes. Indeed, the Count of Grandpré was the next heir ofConrad II of Luxembourg, who was the last representative of the Ardennes dynasty. But, EmperorFrederick II preferred that Luxembourg was held by a lord Germanic rather than French and attributed the county toHenry of Limburg-Arlon (see below), son of Conrad's aunt Ermesinde and CountGodfrey I of Namur. The Counts of Loon are also in position to claim the inheritance Luxembourg, albeit weaker position.

Holy Roman Empire under Charles IV
  Habsburg
  Luxembourg
  Wittelsbach

Henry V's grandsonHenry VII, Count of Luxembourg upon the death of his fatherHenry VI at the 1288Battle of Worringen, was electedRex Romanorum in 1308. The election was necessary after theHabsburg kingAlbert I of Germany had been murdered, and Henry, backed and orchestrated by his brother Archbishop-ElectorBaldwin of Trier, prevailed againstCharles, Count of Valois.

Henry arranged the marriage of his sonJohn with thePřemyslid heiressElisabeth of Bohemia in 1310, through whom the House of Luxembourg acquired theKingdom of Bohemia, enabling that family to compete more effectively for power with the Habsburg and Wittelsbach dynasties. One year after being crownedHoly Roman Emperor at Rome, Henry VII, still on campaign in Italy, died in 1313.

Theprince-electors, perturbed by the rise of the Luxembourgs, disregarded the claims raised by Henry's heir King John, and the rule over the Empire was assumed by the Wittelsbach dukeLouis of Bavaria. John instead concentrated on securing his rule in Bohemia and graduallyvassalized thePiast dukes of adjacentSilesia from 1327 until 1335. His sonCharles IV acceded to the Imperial throne in 1346. HisGolden Bull of 1356 served as a constitution of the Empire for centuries. Charles not only acquired the duchies ofBrabant andLimburg in the west, but also the formerMarch of Lusatia and even theMargraviate of Brandenburg in 1373 under theKingdom of Bohemia.

The family's decline began under Charles' son KingWenceslaus, deposed by the prince-electors in 1400 who chose the Wittelsbach Elector PalatineRupert. In 1410 rule was assumed by Wenceslaus' brotherSigismund, who once again stabilized the rule of the Luxembourgs and even contributed to end theWestern Schism in 1417; however, with his death in 1437, the senior branch of the dynasty became extinct. He was succeeded by his son-in-law, the Habsburg archdukeAlbert V of Austria. TheHabsburgs finally prevailed as Luxembourg heirs, ruling the Empire until the extinction of their senior branch upon the death ofMaria Theresa in 1780.

Notable members

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Baldwin (c. 1285–1354) –prince-archbishop of Trier and therebyarchchancellor ofBurgundy 1307–1354.
Henry VII (1275–1313) – electedking of Germany in 1308 in succession to the assassinatedAlbert I, crowned emperor in 1312. He was succeeded byLouis IV from theHouse of Wittelsbach. Brother of Baldwin.
- John the Blind (1296–1346) – only son of Henry. He wasenfeoffed with Bohemia by his father in 1310, married the Přemyslid heiress Elisabeth of Bohemia and deposed the Bohemian kingHenry the Carinthian.
  - Charles IV (1316–1378) — eldest son of John. He was elected king of Germany in opposition to Louis IV in 1346 and succeeded his father as king of Bohemia in the same year, crowned emperor in 1355.
    - Wenceslaus (1361–1419) – eldest surviving son of Charles. Asmargrave of Brandenburg from 1373 to 1378, he was elected king of Germany in 1376 and succeeded his father as king of Bohemia in 1378. Declared deposed by the prince-electors in 1400, he was succeeded byRupert of Wittelsbach.
    - Sigismund (1368–1437) – younger son of Charles. Margrave of Brandenburg from 1378 to 1388, he wasking of Hungary andCroatia from 1387 in right of his wifeMary, and was elected king of Germany in 1411,^[1] succeeding his brother as king of Bohemia in 1419, being crowned emperor in 1433 yet he left no male heirs.
      - Elizabeth of Luxembourg, only child of Emperor Sigismund, married ArchdukeAlbert V of Austria from theAlbertinian line of the House of Habsburg in 1422, becoming queen of Hungary from 1437 as well asqueen of Germany and Bohemia from 1438 until Albert's death in 1439. She was the heiress who conveyed the major portion of the Luxembourg inheritance to the Habsburgs and, later, theJagiellons through her daughterElisabeth of Austria.
  - John Henry, Margrave of Moravia – younger brother of Charles. He married CountessMargaret of Tyrol, daughter of Henry the Carinthian in 1330.
    - Jobst of Moravia (1351–1411) – eldest son of John Henry. Margrave of Brandenburg 1388–1411, elected King of the Romans in 1410.
    - John Sobieslaw of Moravia (1352–1380) – second son of John Henry, and junior margrave of Moravia.
    - Prokop of Moravia (c. 1358–1405) – son of John Henry.Margrave of Moravia from 1375 until his death in 1405.
      - George of Luxembourg (died 1457) – illegitimate son of Prokop. The last known member of the Luxembourg family.

Genealogy

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House of Limburg–Arlon

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Having succeeded to the county of Luxemburg, the younger branch of theHouse of Limburg-Arlon is the family that succeeded in getting one of its scions elected Holy Roman Emperor. From there descended the Kings of Bohemia, several other Emperors and a King of Hungary as shown below.

House of Luxemburg

Henry V
Count of Luxembourg
(1217 †1281)

Henry VI
Count of Luxembourg
(1250 † 1288)

Waleran I
(1252 † 1288)

Lord of Ligny

Henry VII
(1275 † 1313)

Holy Roman Emperor

Waleran II
(1275 † 1354)

Lord of Ligny

John the Blind
(1296 † 1346)

King of Bohemia

John I
(1300 † 1364)

Lord of Ligny

Charles IV
(1316 † 1378)

Holy Roman Emperor
King of Bohemia

John Henry
(1322 † 1372)

Margrave
ofMoravia

Wenceslaus I
(1337 † 1383)

Duke of
Luxembourg

Guy
(1340 † 1371)

Count of Ligny
Count of Saint-Pol

Wenceslaus IV
(1361 † 1419)

King of the Romans
King of Bohemia

Sigismund
(1368 † 1437)

Holy Roman Emperor
King of Bohemia andHungary

John
(1370 † 1396)

Duke ofGörlitz

Jobst
(1351 † 1411)

King of the Romans
Margrave
of Moravia and
Brandenburg

Waleran III
(1356 † 1415)

Count of Ligny
and of Saint-Pol

John
(1370 † 1397)

Lord ofBeauvoir
Count of Brienne

Albert II of Habsburg
Duke of Austria
King of the Romans
King of Hungary, Croatia, Bohemia

Elizabeth of Luxembourg
(1409 † 1442)

Elisabeth
(1390 † 1453)

Duchess of Luxembourg, sold duchy to theDukes of Burgundy

Peter
(1390 † 1433)

Count of Saint-Pol
andLigny
m.Margaret of Baux

John II
(1392 † 1441)

Count of Ligny

Elizabeth of Austria
(1436 † 1505)
Queen consort of Poland,Grand Duchess consort of Lithuania,
from her descends theKings of Bohemia andHungary to 1918 and
Kings of Poland, 1458-1668

Ladislaus the Posthumous
(1440 † 1457)

King of Hungary and Bohemia,
Archduke of Austria

Louis
(1418 † 1475)

Count of Saint-Pol
andLigny

Thibaud
(† 1477)

Lord of Fiennes, Count of Brienne, Bishop of Le Mans

Jacqueline "Jacquetta" of Luxembourg
(1415/1416 – 1472)
1m.John of Lancaster, 1st Duke of Bedford
2m.Richard Woodville, 1st Earl Rivers,
one daughter was

Peter II
(c. 1440 † 1482)

Count of Saint-Pol

Anthony I
(1450–1519)
Count of Ligny

from here descends
theDukes of Piney-Luxembourg
in France

Jacques
(† 1487)

Lord of Fiennes and Gavre

Elizabeth Woodville
(c. 1437[1] – 1492)
Queen consort of
Edward IV of England
from here descends the Houses of
Tudor,Stuart,
and theRoyal Family of the United Kingdom

Earlier Luxembourg counts

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Main article:House of Ardenne–Luxembourg

The royal House of Luxemburg are named after their ancestors in the Luxembourg branch of the earlierHouse of Ardenne (orArdennes, FrenchMaison d'Ardenne). This was an important noble family fromLotharingia, known from at least the tenth century. They had several important branches, descended from several brothers:^[2]

TheHouse of Ardenne–Luxembourg, including the counts of Luxembourg, descended from CountSigfried of Luxembourg
TheHouse of Ardenne–Verdun, with several dukes ofLower Lotharingia, descended from CountGozlin of Bidgau
TheHouse of Ardenne–Bar, with several dukes ofUpper Lotharingia, descended from DukeFrederick I of Upper Lorraine.

The Luxembourg ancestry of Henry V, count of Luxembourg, ancestor of the royal house of Luxembourg

Sigfried (†998), count of the Ardennes, ruler of "Lucilinburhuc"

Frederick I (†1019),
count of Luxembourg and Salm

Giselbert (†1059),
count of Luxemburg

Frederick, Duke of Lower Lorraine, (†1065), count of Limburg

Conrad I (†1086),
count of Luxemburg

Jutta

Henry III (†1086),
count of Luxembourg

William (†1131),
count of Luxembourg

Ermesinde
(†1143)

Godfrey I,Count of Namur (†1139)

Henry I, count of Limburg, († 1106), Duke of Lower Lorraine

Conrad II (†1136),
count of Luxembourg

Waleran Paganus, Duke of Limburg (†1139)

Henri IV (†1196), "the blind"
count of Namur and Luxembourg

Henry II, Duke of Limburg (†1167)

Henry III, Duke of Limburg (†1221)

Theobald I, Count of Bar

Ermesinde of Luxembourg (†1247)

Waleran III, Duke of Limburg (†1226)

Henry V (†1281), count of Luxembourg, Arlon and Namur

References

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Wikimedia Commons has media related toHouse of Luxembourg.

^"Sigismund (Holy Roman emperor)".Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved2014-03-29.
^Parisse, ‘Généalogie de la Maison d'Ardenne’, La maison d'Ardenne Xe-XIe siècles. Actes des Journées Lotharingiennes, 24 - 26 oct. 1980, Centre Univ., Sht Luxembourg, (1981) 9-41

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