Hortense Cornu | |
|---|---|
 Hortense Lacroix bySébastien-Melchior Cornu | |
| Born | Albine Hortense Lacroix (1809-04-08)8 April 1809 |
| Died | (1875-05-16)16 May 1875 |
| Pen name | Sébastien Albin |
| Occupation | Writer, Translator, Salonnière |
| Nationality | French |
| Spouse | |
Hortense Cornu (née Lacroix; 8 April 1809 – 16 May 1875[1][2]) was a French socialite,salonnière, writer, and translator who played a significant role in the culture and politics of theFrench Second Empire. The goddaughter and foster-sister ofNapoléon III, their lifelong relationship was his "closest and most lasting friendship with a woman."[3] As an avowedRepublican, she clashed with the Emperor over his authoritarianism and was estranged from him for a period of time after his1851 coup d'état, but in the end "no political differences were allowed to mar their friendship, which was deep and true..."[4][5] She advocated various French archaeological expeditions and, amongst other contributions, was involved in founding theNational Archaeological Museum, France.[6][7]
Albine Hortense Lacroix was born in Paris, the daughter of Marie Désirée Savreux and Martin Lacroix.[2] Marie was a lady-in-waiting toHortense de Beauharnais, and Martin was theMaître d'hôtel of the household.[5] Her brother was the architectEugène Lacroix.[8] The elder Hortense and her infant son Louis-Napoléon, only one year older than Hortense Lacroix, were chosen as her godparents. The two children were raised together as foster-siblings and shared an education until Hortense was 14.[5]
In 1834, Hortense married the painterSébastien Cornu.[8]
Before his rise to power, Cornu served as research assistant and advisor to Louis Napoléon during his imprisonment atHam. She brought him the necessary books for his writing, including works on the working class in France.[9]Blanchard Jerrold wrote that "He sought her opinion and deferred very often to her judgment. The warmth with which he thanked her again and again for her zeal and her intelligent execution of his literary and scientific commissions, the delicacy with which he endeavoured repeatedly, but always in vain, to compel her acceptance of some of the pecuniary results of his writings, testify at once to the high value and thorough unselfishness of her work."[10]
The two friends suffered a falling out in the aftermath of Louis-Napoleon'scoup d'état on 2 December 1851. As a Republican, Cornu was dismayed by Napoléon's violent overthrow of theSecond French Republic. When he came to visit her atVincennes in the wake of the coup, she told him from the top of the stairs that "she would not receive an assassin."[5] The rupture lasted for twelve years, although Hortense broke her silence to write and congratulate the Emperor on the birth of his son, thePrince Imperial, in 1856. She also served once again to help him in his writings, this time on hisLife of Caesar, and also served as an intermediary between the Emperor and a group of young writers of her acquaintance, includingErnest Renan andLéon Renier.[11] She told one man, Nassan Senior, that "the destruction of our liberties, the massacres of 1851, the transportations of 1852, thereprisals by Orsini, rise before me, and I have a horror of being embraced by a man covered with the blood of so many friends."[12]
Only in 1863, after she received a letter from the Emperor asking her to visit theTuileries Palace and meet the young prince, did she relent and reestablish her friendship with the Emperor. This time, "she became convinced that he still genuinely leaned towardliberalism, which she saw as the key to perpetuating the dynasty."[13] Cornu became a regular fixture at the palace, visiting two or three times a week. Her advice held much sway with Louis-Napoleon, who once said that "it's Hortense who gives me all my good ideas."[14]
In 1870, Napoléon tasked her with working out a plan for profit-sharing for mining workers.[15] One tribute to her, written after her death, stated that "she only made use of her influence with the emperor to repair and to prevent injustice, and she refused to accept a fortune from him, saying that she wished to preserve the right of telling him the truth."[16] According toMaxime du Camp "...there was in her a liberal fund, where often she drew the strength to combat the too authoritarian counsels of which the 'entourage' was not stingy...very often she intervened to soften the punishments incurred from political offenses."[17] Du Camp also credited her with championingÉmile Ollivier, a liberal deputy who would become Louis-Napoléon's Prime Minister in 1869.[18] In regards to foreign policy, Cornu was one of several people close to the Emperor who fervently supportedItalian nationalism.[19] According to theEmpress Eugénie, it was Cornu who suggested her friendKarl of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen to the Emperor as a candidate for the Romanian throne.[20]
Under the pseudonym of Sébastien Albin, Cornu published articles in various periodicals. In 1841 she published her translations of German popular chants and ballads (Ballades et chants populaires de l'Allemagne) and in 1848 wrote an article on the history of Italian art for the "Encyclopédie Moderne".[21][22][23] She also contributed to theRevue du Nord inMetz, theRevue indépendante, and theDictionnaire de la conversation.[8][22]
In 1841, Cornu translated the works ofBenjamin Franklin into French (Mémoires complets, oeuvres morales et littéraires de B. Franklin).[24] In 1843, she translated the correspondence betweenGoethe andBettina von Arnim into French under the Albin pseudonym (Goethe et Bettina), and later arranged forGustave Flaubert'sSalammbô (1862) to be translated into German by one of her friends.[25][26][27]
Cornu promoted various archaeological expeditions in the Middle East and was the only woman to be admitted to theAcadémie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. Through her intervention, Renan was put in charge of an expedition to ancientPhoenicia.[28] She also played an important role in establishing theNational Archaeological Museum, France atSaint-Germain-en-Laye, helping to recruit archaeologists for the new institution. She was one of those responsible for convincing Napoléon III to purchase part of theCampana Collection.[6][29] She also convinced the Emperor to purchase the papers of the antiquarianBartolomeo Borghesi; her protégéErnest Desjardins was entrusted with concluding the transaction and publishing the papers.[30]
According to Renan, Cornu had a particularly successful influence in the sphere of educational reform: "The creation of several courses...at theCollege of France, the establishment of theSchool for Higher Studies, many scientific missions – some of which were very fruitful – a new impulse imparted to the acquisition of objects of antiquity, a great number of publications undertaken with the justest feeling of the requirements of erudition, marked a new era...all this belonged to her indirectly, since it was under her influence that the Emperor entered into the direction of ideas which rendered the second half of his reign a very brilliant epoch for critical studies."[31]
In 1870, at the outbreak of theFranco-Prussian War, Cornu retired to a small house she owned inLongpont-sur-Orge. Her husband died in October of that year, and she herself became increasingly infirm due to a heart condition.[2] According to Ernest Renan, "this woman, to whom so many people owed their lives and fortunes, found herself in a state bordering on privation...If some of her friends had not made her understand that her poverty would be an insupportable reproach to them, she would have died in destitution."[32] She died at Longpont on 16 May 1875.[2]
Cornu preserved all the letters "she had thought worthy of preservation" from Napoleon III, and gave a handful of them to his biographerBlanchard Jerrold. After her death, some 197 were obtained bySeymour de Ricci, who was forbidden by the French government from publishing them until 1908.[33]
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