Ahorse-drawn vehicle is a piece of equipment pulled by one or more horses. These vehicles typically have two or four wheels and were used to carry passengers or a load. They were once common worldwide; while they have mostly been replaced byautomobiles and other forms of self-propelled transport, some are still in use today.
Horses were domesticated circa 2000 BCE.[1] Before that oxen were used. Historically, a wide variety of arrangements of horses and vehicles have been used, fromchariot racing, which involved a small vehicle and four horses abreast, tohorsecars or trollies,[note 1] which used two horses to pull a car that was used in cities before electrictrams were developed.
A two-wheeled horse-drawn vehicle is acart (see various types below, both for carrying people and for goods). Four-wheeled vehicles have many names – one for heavy loads is most commonly called awagon. Very light carts and wagons can also be pulled bydonkeys (much smaller thanhorses),ponies ormules. Other smaller animals are occasionally used, such as largedogs,llamas andgoats (seedraught animals). Heavy wagons, carts and agricultural implements can also be pulled by other largedraught animals such asoxen,water buffalo,yaks or evencamels andelephants.
Vehicles pulled by one animal (or by animals in a single file) have twoshafts that attach either side of the rearmost animal (thewheel animal orwheeler). Two animals in single file are referred to as atandem arrangement, and three as arandem.[2] Vehicles that are pulled by apair (or by ateam of several pairs) have apole that attaches between the wheel pair. Other arrangements are also possible, for example, three or more abreast (atroika), a wheel pair with a single lead animal (a "unicorn"), or a wheel pair with three lead animals abreast (a "pickaxe"). Very heavy loads sometimes had an additional team behind to slow the vehicle down steep hills. Sometimes at a steep hill with frequent traffic, such a team would be hired to passing wagons to help them up or down the hill. Horse-drawn carriages have been in use for at least 3,500 years.
Two-wheeled vehicles are balanced by the distribution of weight of the load (driver, passengers, and goods) over the axle, and then held level by the animal – this means that the shafts (or sometimes a pole for two animals) must be fixed rigidly to the vehicle's body. Four-wheeled vehicles remain level on their own, and so the shafts or pole are hinged vertically, allowing them to rise and fall with the movement of the animals. A four-wheeled vehicle is also steered by the shafts or pole, which are attached to the front axle; this swivels on aturntable or "fifth wheel" beneath the vehicle.
From the 15th century drivers of carts were known as carmen, and in London were represented by theWorshipful Company of Carmen. In 1890 there were 13,800 companies in the United States in the business of building carriages pulled by horses. By 1920, only 90 such companies remained.
Barouche: an elegant, high-slung, open carriage with a seat in the rear of the body and a raised bench at the front for the driver, a servant.
Berlin: A four-wheeled covered carriage developed in the 17th century.
Brake: Originallybreak, a heavy four-wheeled carriage frame for breaking horses, later several passenger vehicles built on the same framework and size.
Britzka: A long, spacious carriage of four wheels, pulled by two horses.
Brougham: A specific, light four-wheeled carriage, circa mid-19th century.
Buckboard: A very simple four-wheeled wagon, circa the early 19th century.
Buggy: a light, open, four-wheeled carriage, often driven by its owner.
Cabriolet: A two-wheel carriage with a folding hood.
Calash orCalèshe: seebarouche: A four-wheeled, shallow vehicle with two double seats inside, arranged vis-à-vis so that the sitters on the front seat faced those on the back seat.
Cape cart: A two-wheeled four-seater carriage drawn by two horses and formerly used in South Africa.
Cariole: A light, small, two- or four-wheeled vehicle, open or covered, drawn by a single horse.
Carriage: in the late eighteenth century, roughly equivalent to the modern word "vehicle" [Walker]. It later came to be restricted to "passenger vehicle" and even to "private, enclosed passenger vehicle" [Britannica]. This last is the sense adopted by the linked article.
Carryall: A type of carriage used in the United States in the 19th century. It is a light, four-wheeled vehicle, usually drawn by a single horse and with seats for four or more passengers.
Chaise: A light two- or four-wheeled traveling or pleasure carriage, with a folding hood or calash top for one or two people.
Charabanc: A larger wagon pulled by multiple horses.
Curricle: A smart, light two-wheeled chaise or "chariot", large enough for the driver and a passenger and usually drawn by a carefully matched pair of horses.
Diligence: a French stagecoach. The 19th-century ones came in three sizes,La petite diligence,La grande diligence andL'impériale.
Dog cart: asprung cart used for transporting a gentleman, his loader, and his gun dogs.
One-horse shay: a light, covered, two-wheeled carriage for two persons, drawn by a single horse.
Phaeton: a light-weight horse-drawn open carriage (usually with two seats); or an early-nineteenth-century sports car
A mid-19th-century engraving of aPhaeton, from a carriage builder's catalog
Post chaise: A fast carriage for traveling post in the 18th and early 19th centuries.
Ralli car: a light two-wheeled sprung cart with seating for four passengers back-to-back.[3]: 81
Rockaway: A term applied to two types of carriage: a light, low, United States four-wheel carriage with a fixed top and open sides that may be covered by waterproof curtains, and a heavy carriage enclosed at sides and rear, with a door on each side.
A basic, un-sprungcart in Australia. In that country and in New Zealand, the termdray is applied to this type of vehicle in addition to a four-wheeled wagon.Wagon
Bow wagon: A simple agricultural wagon with laths bowed over the wheels in the manner of mudguards, to keep bulky loads such as straw from contact with them. An Australian design.
Cart: Particularly in Australia and New Zealand, an un-sprung cart. In Britain, even in the 18th century, the name came to be associated withbrewers' deliveries so that the later vehicle that was more correctly called atrolley also came to be known as abrewer's dray. These are still seen at horse shows in Britain.
Also a sledge used for moving felled trees in the same way as the wheeled skidder. (See implements, below). It could be used in woodland, apparently with or without snow, but was useful on frozen lakes and waterways. [OED]
Chasse-marée: A four-horse adaptation of the cart principle for the rapid delivery of fish to French markets.
Conestoga wagon: A large, curved-bottom wagon for carrying commercial or government freight.
Covered wagon: the name given to canvas-topped farm wagons used by North American settlers to move both their families and household goods westward. Varieties of this wagon include theConestoga wagon (larger wagons able to carry large amounts of goods and primarily used on flat trails, for example, the Santa Fe Trail) andprairie schooner (smaller wagons more suited for mountainous regions, for example, the Oregon and California Trails).
Float: A light, two-wheeled domestic delivery vehicle with the centre of its axle cranked downward to allow low loading and easy access to the goods. It was used particularly for milk delivery.
Lorry: A low-loading platform body with four small wheels mounted underneath it. The driver's seat was mounted on the headboard.
Pantechnicon van: Originally, a van used by The Pantechnicon for delivering goods to its customers.
Telega: A Russian wagon, crudely made, usually unsprung.[3]: 160
Travois, 1890s
Travois: An A-frame of poles, its apex resting on the back of the horse and dragged on the ground behind it; the space between the poles bridged to carry a small load.[3]: 182
Trolley: Like a lorry, but with slightly larger wheels and a slightly higher deck. The driver's seat was mounted on the headboard.
Trolley and lift van: A standardized trolley and a lift van, a standardized box, designed to fit each other or any other of the same sort. The lift van was the direct counterpart of the moderncontainer in the materials and size appropriate to its time.
Un-sprung cart: A simple two-wheeled vehicle for workaday use in carrying bulk loads. It was usually drawn by one horse.
Wagon: a four-wheeled vehicle for transport of goods
Wain: Early English name for a wagon, especially those used in farm work.[3]: 171
Horsecar orstreetcar (US) ortram (outside the US): public transport vehicle on rails
Slate waggon orslab waggon orrubbish wagon: a small four-wheeled rail car for carrying blocks ofslate out of aquarry
Dandy waggon ordandy cart: an additional small rail car added to agravity train to transport the horse downhill, after which the horse would pull the line of cars (often slate waggons) back up the hill.[4]
In general terms,hackney cab usually means a two-wheeled vehicle for hire pulled by a single horse, andhackney coach usually means an enclosed four-wheeled vehicle for hire.[3]: 29–30, 90 [5]: 63, 162
Articles related to hackney types for hire:[3]: 29, 76 [5]: 147, 154
Cabriolet, early French and English; this carriage is where the name 'cab' came from
^The term horsecar is used primarily in the UK to refer to a rail-based vehicle drawn by horses. In the US, the term streetcar or trolley is used, but those same terms could refer to the electric versions as well.
^abcdBerkebile, Donald H. (1978).Carriage Terminology: An Historical Dictionary. Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Press.ISBN9781935623434.OL33342342M.
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