Hormuzan | |
|---|---|
 Hormuzan being brought before caliphUmar, who is found sleeping soundly in the shadow of a palm tree. | |
| Born | Mihragan-kadag,Media,Sasanian Empire |
| Died | 644 Medina,Rashidun Caliphate |
| Allegiance |  Sasanian Empire |
| Service | Sasanian army |
| Rank | Shahrdar (governor) |
Hormuzan (Middle Persian:Hormazdān,New Persian:هرمزان) was aPersian aristocrat who served as the governor ofKhuzestan, and was one of theSasanian military officers at theBattle of al-Qādisiyyah. He was later taken prisoner by the Muslims after thefall of Shushtar in 642. Two years later, he was accused of the assassination of theRashiduncaliphUmar, and was killed byUbayd Allah, the deceased caliph's son.
Hormuzan was a wealthy aristocrat native toMihragan-kadag, a district inMedia,[1] and belonged to one of theseven Parthian clans of theSasanian Empire. He had a brother named Shahriyar, who was the governor ofSusa.[2] According to some sources, Hormuzan was the brother-in-law ofKhosrow II (r. 590–628) and the maternal uncle ofKavad II (r. 628),[3] but this is most likely incorrect, since Kavadh's mother was not an Iranian, but aByzantine princess namedMaria.[4] According toPourshariati, Hormuzan may have belonged to a Persian family instead of a Parthian one.[4] Although his origin is disputed, it is known that he was part of the Parsig (Persian) faction which is first mentioned in 628 and played a major role in Sasanian politics. Hormuzan ruled his birthplace Mihragan-kadag as a part of his family domain, and all ofKhuzistan,[3] one of the richest provinces of the Sasanian Empire.
Hormuzan is first mentioned in 609 as one of the Sasanian officers who participated in theBattle of Dhi Qar. The rebelling Arabs managed to defeat the Sasanians at the battle, but order was soon restored by Ruzbi, the frontier governor (marzban) ofal-Hira.[5] In 628, Khosrow II was overthrown by his son Kavadh II, who crowned himself as the newshahanshah (king of kings) of the Sasanian Empire. Three days later, Kavadh orderedMihr Hormozd to execute his father. In 632, after a period of coups and revolts,Yazdegerd III (r. 632–651) was crowned as king of the Sasanian Empire atEstakhr, an ancient Iranian city inPars, where the Sasanian family had founded their empire.
In 633, theMuslim Arabs invaded Persia, and by 636, they were camping atal-Qadisiyyah, a city close toCtesiphon, the capital of the Sasanian Empire. The Sasanian army chief (spahbed),Rostam Farrokhzad, prepared to make a counter-attack, raising an army which included the Parsig faction underPiruz Khosrow,Bahman Jadhuyih and Hormuzan; the Pahlav (Parthian) faction under Rostam himself andMihran Razi; and anArmenian contingent underJalinus andMusel III Mamikonian. The army also included the military officerKanadbak and his son, known in Arabic sources asShahriyar bin Kanara.[6] During the battle, the Sasanian army was defeated, and Shahriyar, along with Musel, Bahman, Jalinus and Rostam, were killed. The Arabs then besieged Ctesiphon.
Hormuzan managed to survive, and along withNakhiragan, Mihran Razi and Piruz Khosrow, including the rest of the survivors, regrouped at Bavel (Babylon), where they tried to repel the Arab army, but were once again defeated.[7] Hormuzan then fled toHormizd-Ardashir in Khuzestan, which he used as his base in his raids inMeshan against the Arabs.[5] Yazdegerd III supported him in these raids, and believed that it was possible to regain the territories which had been taken by the Arabs.[8] Hormuzan, along with the rest of the survivors of al-Qadisiyyah, later regrouped again and fought the Arabs at thebattle of Jalula in 637. The Sasanian army was once again defeated and Mihran Razi was killed. Hormuzan then withdrew once again to Hormizd-Ardashir, where he chose to stay in case the Arabs should invade his domains.
Hormuzan continued his raids into Meshan and also began raiding Iraq. He repelled theKurds who had been making incursions into Pars and Khuzestan. Hormuzan shortly clashed with an Arab army to the west of Hormizd-Ardashir, but was easily defeated and thus retreated back to the city, where he sued for peace. The Arabs asked for tribute in exchange for peace, which he agreed to.[9] However, he soon stopped paying tribute, and raised an army which included the Kurds he previously had fought.[9] Thecaliph (ruler) of theRashidun Arabs, responded by sending an army under a certainHurqus ibn Zuhayr as-Sa'di, who defeated Hormuzan in 638 at Hormizd-Ardashir, and forced the city to payjizya (poll-tax).[10] Hormuzan fled toRam-Hormizd, and once again sought a peace treaty, which he was granted in return for tribute.[10]
However, he later stopped paying tribute, and a result clashed with the Arabs again, who inflicted a defeat on him. The cities of Khuzestan were slowly one by one seized. Sometime later in 641, after a defeat at Ram-Hormizd, Hormuzan fled toShushtar, and was defeated near the city, which cost him the lives of 900 of his men, while 600 were captured and would later be executed. Nevertheless, he managed to reach the city.[11] The Arabs then laid siege to the city.
Fortunately for Hormuzan, Shushtar was well fortified due to the rivers and canals that surrounded it on almost all sides.[12] There are several versions of how the city was captured; according toal-Tabari, during the siege, an Iranian defector named Sina (or Sinah) went to al-Nu'man and pleaded for his life to be spared in return for showing him a way into the city. Al-Nu'man agreed, and Sina told him to: "attack via the outlet of the water, and then you will conquer the city."[13]
Al-Nu'man did as he told him, and with a small portion of his army, charged into Shushtar. Hormuzan then retreated to the citadel and continued his resistance. The surviving men of Hormuzan who were in citadel along with him, killed their own family members and threw their property into the river rather than let the Arabs take them.[14] In the end, Hormuzan was eventually forced to surrender.[14][13]
According to another version written in theKhuzestan Chronicle, similar to the version by al-Tabari, a defector fromQatar, along with another person, asked the Arabs for some of their plunder in exchange for how to enter the city. The Arabs agreed, and after some time, they managed to enter the city.[12] According toal-Baladhuri, during the siege, the Arabs were reinforced with a group of professional Iranian elites underSiyah al-Uswari, known as theAsawira.[15] The reason for their defection was in order to preserve their status and wealth. However, according to the Khuzestan Chronicle, the Asawira first defected to the Arabs after they entered Shushtar. The brother of Hormuzan, Shahriyar, is said to have been a part of the Asawira.[15] According to Pourshariati, the story of the Asawira helping the Arabs in their conquest of Khuzestan, may have been false.[1] Nevertheless, it is known that Hormuzan was after his surrender taken by the Arabs and brought to their capitalMedina.
What happened after is told byGeorge Rawlinson, in summary, as follows:[16]
Hormuzan, on obtaining an audience, pretended thirst and asked for a cup of water, which was given him; he then looked suspiciously around, as if he expected to be stabbed while drinking. "Fear nothing," said Umar; "your life is safe till you have drunk the water." The crafty Persian flung the cup to the ground, and Umar felt that he had been outwitted, but that he must keep his word.
In contrast, the Arab tradition holds that Hormuzan, when first brought as a prisoner before the RashidunCaliphUmar, was asked to convert. He refused, and so Umar called his executioner to kill him. At that point Hormuzan asked for some water, claiming that it would be cruel to kill him while thirsty. Umar had water brought, and upon Hormuzan obtaining a pledge of safety until he'd finished drinking he threw the cup to the ground. He then asked the Caliph if he would keep his word, and Umar agreed and spared his life. Immediately afterwards, Hormuzan converted toIslam, explaining that he had not wanted it said that he'd converted for fear of death.[17][18][19]
While in Medina, he advised the RashidunCaliphUmar in making important fiscal and institutional changes. However, in 644, Hormuzan was killed by Umar's sonUbayd Allah, after an involvement in a plot which killed Umar.[14] Umar's successor, CaliphUthman, instead of punishing Ubayd Allah for his actions, had him pardoned. This was not well received by some of Hormuzan's Arab supporters who strongly protested to Uthman[20] and even later tried to take action against Ubayd Allah, who managed to flee to the governor of Syria,Mu'awiya I.[3]