| Hormosira | |
|---|---|
 | |
| YoungHormosira | |
Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Clade: | Sar |
| Clade: | Stramenopiles |
| Division: | Ochrophyta |
| Class: | Phaeophyceae |
| Order: | Fucales |
| Family: | Hormosiraceae Fritsch |
| Genus: | Hormosira (Endlicher)Menegh. |
| Species: | H. banksii |
| Binomial name | |
| Hormosira banksii | |
Hormosira is a genus ofseaweed in the familyHormosiraceae.[2] It ismonotypic, with a single species,Hormosira banksii, also known asNeptune's necklace,Neptune's pearls,sea grapes, orbubbleweed. It is native to Australia and New Zealand.
Hormosira is native to southeastern Australia (includingTasmania,Lord Howe Island andNorfolk Island) and New Zealand.[1][3][4][5][6][7][8] Despite substantial morphological variation across its range, the species represents a single species and the genusHormosira is monotypic.[6] Genetic analyses ofmitochondrialCOI andmicrosatellite DNA sequence data have indicated that there is low genetic variation across the range of the species in Australia.[6][7]
Hormosira is a perennial[5] species of seaweed (brown algae, Fucales).[4] It is abundant on low-energy rocky reefs within theintertidal zone, where it outcompetes other algal species due to its high tolerance todesiccation. Plants vary significantly in morphology.[6] The thallus (or frond) of the species is made up of strings of olive-brown, spherical, gas-filledpneumatocysts (or beads), which taper towards a smallholdfast.[3] While the holdfast attaches strongly to a substrate, it can be easily dislodged by human trampling.[5] The spheres are buoyant and rise to the surface of the water during high tide, allowing plants to move with the flow of the current and obtain more sunlight.[9]Hormosira also produces a slime layer to reduce desiccation,[9] and plants often grows in high densities,[5][8] which reduces their surface area exposed to the sun and further reduce dehydration.[9] Due to the buoyant thallus,Hormosira plants can drift out to sea over considerable distances, and floating plants can remain fertile for several weeks.[6]
Hormosira reproduces sexually and ismonoecious. The sex organs (conceptacles) are on the surface of the beads, and are visible to the naked eye as rough-looking dimples.[10]Hormosira produces eggs throughout the year, but its peak reproduction is often confined to July–October (at least in northern New Zealand) when the sea temperature is around 14 °C, as the viability of the eggs can be low in high sea temperatures such as 17–22 °C.[11] At high tide, the eggs are released directly into the surrounding water. The eggs are negatively buoyant they sink to the substrate to develop for several days before becoming attached.[6] All individuals release at the same time, maximising fertilisation. The species can also reproduce asexually from broken and dislodged fragments.
Hormosira is regarded as anecosystem engineer[7] or habitat former[8] that occurs in large patches and outcompetes other algal species due to its high tolerance todesiccation.Hormosira is a food source forsea urchins, many smallcrustaceans, and some juvenile fish.[9] Young crustaceans and molluscs often rely on the dense canopies ofHormosira for niche space, protection from predators, and avoid desiccation at low tide.[9]Hormosira provides a substrate forsessile organisms to attach onto, including sea urchins and a wide range offacultative andobligate algalepiphytes such asNotheia anomala.[8] This is beneficial to many organisms as competition for habitat space is a primary limiting factor in the intertidal environment.
Due to the species' highiodine content, Tasmanian schoolchildren were once urged to eat a bead a day to keep thegoitres away.[12]
