Hor-Aha (orAha orHorus Aha;fl.c. 3085 BC)[1] is considered the secondpharaoh of theFirst Dynasty of Egypt by mostEgyptologists[a], while others consider him the first one and corresponding toMenes. He lived around the 31st century BC and is thought to have had a long reign.
The commonly used name Hor-Aha is a romanisation of his Horus name, written as aHorus falcon perched upon a serekh with a mace and shield in its talons, forming a variant of hieroglyph Gardiner code D34. Read as Aha (ꜥḥꜣ), the Egyptian verb 'to fight', here a masculine singular participle describing an attribute of the king (Horus) and thus translated as Horus 'the fighter'[5] by scholars.[6]
Manetho's recordAegyptiaca (translating to History of Egypt) lists his Greek name asAthothis, or "Athotís".
In the contemporaryEarly Dynastic sources, kings are most usually identified by their Horus and later (afterDen)[7] their Nebty/Nesut biti names.[8] Whereas, the laterRamesside kinglists tend to use their Personal/Nebty names, rather than their Horus names. Thus there are issues with matching Horus name to Personal/Nebty names on theAbydos andTurin canon.[9][10] However, in more recent years it has been increasingly accepted that we do in fact have the personal names of the earliest kingsNarmer =Menes,Djer = Iti,Djet = Ita, based on the existence of particular sealings and graffito.[11] Although, Hor-Aha, is left as the outlier with no seal and or document like theDjer Sinai graffito discovered by Tallet that confirms his Horus name.[12] It has however, been argued by Autuori that a contemporary seal of Hor-Aha (IÄF III, fig. 36)[13], with an additional two X1 brad loaf/'t' glyphs placed within hisserekh, may actually be a writing of his personal name.[14] Astt is very close tottj (Teti) the spelling on theAbydos andTurin canon.[14]
Regardless, based on the sequence of1st dynasty kings in contemporary sources it is generally accepted by those that agreeMenes =Narmer. That Hor-Aha is indeed the Teti mentioned as the second king of the first dynasty on theAbydos andTurin canon.[12]
There has been some controversy about Hor-Aha. Some believe him to be the same individual as the legendaryMenes and that he was the one to unify all of Egypt.[15] Others claim he was the son of Narmer, the pharaoh who unified Egypt. Narmer and Menes may have been one pharaoh, referred to with more than one name. Regardless, considerable historical evidence from the period points to Narmer as the pharaoh who first unified Egypt (seeNarmer Palette) and to Hor-Aha as his son and heir.
Hor-Aha appears to have commemorated visits to a number of religious sites, for ritual activities. One year label of Aha (Aha3) fromAbydos appears to record both a visit to a shrine ofNeith (likely at Sais).[17][18] It has been suggested this was to honour the lower Egyptian origins ofNeithhotep if she was indeed his mother.[19][20] Furthermore, the same label in the second register appears to commemorate a visit to the Djebaut (ḏbꜥ.wt) shrine inButo.[20][21][22] A third visit to a religious site may be recorded on the right hand side of the first register of theNaqada label. Which has a combination of signs, that although often argued to be evidence in the Narmer-Menes debate, may simply be read instead as a visit or founding of anb.tj (nebty, two ladies) shrine.[23][24][25][26] It is now the general consensus that theNaqada label has no bearing on the Narmer-Menes debate.[27][28][29][30] Moreover, many scholars doubt that it is a nebty name as the nebty name simply is not in use this early on.[31]
Furthermore, the first register of theNaqada label may show aniꜥb nṯr.w oriꜥb sḫm.w barque of Sokar (rather than a Henu or Maaty barque)[32][33], or alternatively it may depict a following of Horus event which is more administrative in nature. The other above mentioned labelAha3 which commemorates the visit to the Djebaut shrine atButo, also shows other ritual activity taking place there, possibly even a running of theApis bull along with other connected rituals.[34] Moreover, the second register of theNaqada label depicts potentially some kind of ritual feast.[35] One other label of Aha (Aha2) also appears to depict a ritual event in which human sacrifice takes place.[36] Furthermore, the labels of Aha's reign attest to the fashioning of 2 or 3 Imiut (im.i-wt) fetishes.[37] LabelAha5, however, depicts the sign Gardiner code E15, and so may instead be read asAnubis instead of an Imiut fetish, and thus interpreted as the fashioning of a statue of Anubis. A making of a statue ofAnubis is also recorded on the surviving year entries on thePalermo stone dated to Hor-Aha, potentially the same event?.[38]
Mastaba attributed toNeithhotep which is believed to have been built by Hor-Aha.
The magnificent Naqada Mastaba at a size of 54m by 27m, Excavated by De Morgan, dates to the reign of Hor-Aha.[39] It is a monumental 'palace facade' mastaba tomb, with 16 chambers and 5 larger and deeper inner chambers, of which the middle is the burial chamber.[40] De Morgan states that the outer 16 chambers are for burial goods, but according to Kahl et al they are purely architectural features formed by the supporting walls as a structural element of the superstructure.[41][42][40] The structure had a low bench around the outer walls, and a mud brick enclosure wall.[42][40] The namesNarmer, Aha, Rekhit andNeithhotep have been found here.[43] The burial assemblage of this tomb is exceedingly high status for this period, with ivory vessels inscribed with Rekhit, and Neithhotep in the Burial chamber, along with ivory fragments associated with a coffin like object.[44] Furthermore, ivory and copper objects, as well as stone palettes, expensive beads, and stone vessels have been found in other chambers.[45] As for the occupant of this tomb, there are two main candidates, Rekhit andNeithhotep, now considering the exceedingly high status of this burial and scale of the tomb,Neithhotep is often considered by scholars to be most likely, and so usually identified as the occupant.[46][47] However, some consider Rekhit, a possible, brother/half brother or son of Aha to be the tombs occupant due to him being the most attested individual within the tomb.[47] It is also now known, however, thatNeithhotep out lived Aha, and is attested alongsideDjer, Aha's successor on a graffito at Wadi Ameyra in the Sinai.[48]
The oldestMastaba at Saqqara is tomb S3357 which dates to the reign of Hor-Aha, and is of the 'palace facade' type, excavated by Emery. It is approximately 42m by 16m, and notably has a boat grave.[49] It is generally considered to have had one the highest officials of Aha as its occupant, likely a member of the royal family.[50] Which makes the possible princes of Aha, Het, Sa-Iset and Rekhit mentioned on seals and burial goods of the tomb potential candidates for the occupant of the tomb.[51] Most importantly though, is it marks the appearance of the first tomb inSaqqara, the Memphite necropolis under Aha, coinciding with his larger concentration of attestations in the region compared to predecessors, for example, at Helwan and Zawyet el-Aryan.[52][49][53] Showing an intensification of Royal interest in Memphis under Aha, which indeed would make sense given Manetho's remark that Aha built a palace in Memphis, it is likely according to Heagy that Aha moved the residence from Thinis to Memphis.[53]
Few artifacts remain of Hor-Aha's reign. However, the finely executed copper-axe heads, faience vessel fragments,[54] ivory box and inscribed white marbles all testify to the flourishing of craftsmanship during Aha's time in power.[55] Furthermore, Hor-Aha's tomb complex atUmm el-Qaab, is far larger than his predecessors. This has even been used by some as an argument for the identification of Aha withMenes. However, it in general testifies to a growing capacity for the contemporary administration to command significantly larger quantities of labour than ever before.
Inscription on anivory tablet from Abydos suggests that Hor-Aha led an expedition against theNubians. On a year tablet, a year is explicitly called 'Year of smiting of Ta-Sety' (i.e. Nubia).[56]
During Hor-Aha's reign, trade with theSouthern Levant seems to have been on the decline. Some scholars consider Hor-Aha to be unattested in the Southern Levant.[52] However, many would identify a serekh on a vessel fragment from En Besor as his, and so it is quite possible Hor-Aha is indeed attested in the Southern Levant.[57][58][59] Although, clearly a major drop in attestations in the Southern Levant when compared toNarmer, whom is attested securely many times at multiple sites.[52] Either way the Egyptian outpost an En Besor is known to have been active in the reign of Hor-Aha, and Hor-Aha's tomb also contained fragments of pottery from Syro-Palestine.[52] Furthermore, theNaqada label mentioned above may also attest to this. If Helck's interpretation of the boat scene in the Neith shrine visit labels third register is followed, and timber is indeed being transported. Then it may imply that the toponyms mentioned could be as far out asLebanon, the usual source for Egypt's timber. To corroborate this, analysis of the timber in Hor-Aha's tomb has shown it is cedar wood which was procured by Egyptians exclusively from Lebanon.[60] Thus the earliest known Egyptian contact with Lebanon (likely Byblos), is securely dated to Hor-Aha's reign.[61]
According to the Egyptian priestManetho (who lived over 2,600 years after Hor-Aha's reign), Aha built a palace inMemphis and was a skilled physician who wrote multiple books on anatomy.[62]
Clay seal fragment bearing Hor-Aha's serekh together with ḥ and t signs, perhaps meant to signify a personal nameHtj
One possible family member of Aha, is the occupant of tomb B14 within his funerary complex, named Imaib (imꜣ-ib) or "Benerib" (bnr-ib), which is best translated as "Beneficent of heart, or Sweet of heart".[63][64] Usually taken by scholars to be a chief wife of Aha or an important official.[46] Based on the translation of this individuals name they have typically been identified as a female family member of Aha, however, Bestock (2009) points out that the use of the name element ib "heart", is not exclusive to women in theEarly Dynastic period.[46][65] Furthermore, Bestock pointed out that from Aha's funerary complex, all the occupants of the subsidiary graves (of which B14 is one), have been male.[66] Which does indeed cast doubt on the identification of this individual as the chief wife of Aha. Three reasons were posited by Bestock for this discrepancy, firstly that, "Beneribs remains were among those recovered and the name was misinterpreted as female when Benerib is male.", "The remains weren't collected, but Benerib is male.", or "That the remains of benerib were not found but Benerib is female, thus being exceptional for her sex and status when compared to the other occupants of the subsidiary graves."[67] Either way, based on their tomb size (chamber B14), and finds recovered, whatever Imaib/Beneribs sex, they was an important official under Aha and likely a relative of the king. Hence also Wilkinsons identification of them with a chief queen of Aha.[46]
Rekhit has often been identified as a prince ofNarmer, and thus a brother or half-brother to Hor-aha.[69] However, he has also been identified as a prince of Hor-Aha, based on his name being juxtaposed next to Aha's name on some seal impressions in a type of seal known as the "prinzen seal".
Other individuals whose names have been found on seals of Aha, and whom maybe identified as Princes or Princesses, include het (ḥ.t) and Sat-iset (zꜣ.t-is.t).
Neithhotep, was most likely the mother of Hor-Aha and Queen ofNarmer.[16] Although, may also have been a wife of Aha instead, given that she lived until the reign ofDjer.[70][71]
Hor-Aha's tomb comprises three chambers B10, B15 and B19, shown in inset. B14 could be the tomb of Hor-Aha's wifeBenerib.
The tomb of Hor-Aha is located in the necropolis of the kings of the 1st Dynasty at Abydos, known as theUmm el-Qa'ab. It comprises three large chambers (designated B10, B15, and B19), which are directly adjacent to Narmer's tomb.[72] The chambers are rectangular, directly dug in the desert floor, their walls lined with mud bricks.The tombs of Narmer and Ka had only two adjacent chambers, while the tomb of Hor-Aha comprises three substantially larger yet separated chambers. The reason for this architecture is that it was difficult at that time to build large ceilings above the chambers, as timber for these structures often had to be imported from Canaan.
A striking innovation of Hor-Aha's tomb is that members of the royal household were buried with the pharaoh, the earliest knownretainer sacrifices in Egypt. It is unclear if they were killed or committed suicide. Among those buried were servants,dwarfs, women and even dogs. A total of 36 subsidiary burials were laid out in three parallel rows north-east of Hor-Aha's main chambers. As a symbol of royalty Hor-Aha was even given a group of young lions.
Ivory label inscribed with the serekh of Hor-Aha and bearing the name of his wifeBenerib.
Ivory label bearing the serekh of Hor-Aha. It reports the victory over the "arch-usingSetjet-folks" (center) and the visit at the domain "Horus thrives with the cattles" (right).
Fragmented ebony label of Hor-Aha relating a visit of the king to the shrine of the goddess Neith of Sais in the Delta,British Museum.
Episode 1 of season 4 ofFranklin & Bash, "The Curse of Hor-Aha" revolves around a rare Egyptian artifact and the protagonists trying to find it to get their boss back.
Murder by the Gods: An Ancient Egyptian Mystery by William G. Collins is a thriller about Prince Aha (later king Hor-Aha), with Narmer as a supporting character.
^Most scholars, particularly in recent years have chosen the identification of Menes with Narmer and therefore accept Hor-Aha as the second king of the 1st dynasty. For example, some of these notable recent works include Kahl 2006: 94; Quirke 2010: 65; Tallet 2013: 122; 2015: 22, n. 70; Hendrickx 2014: 271; Heagy 2014, Cervelló Autuori 2021, Heagy 2021.[2] Those who assert that Hor-Aha was the first i.e. Menes and not Narmer, include notably scholars such as Dreyer, Helck, Kaplony and for publications in recent years, von Beckerath (1999: 36-39) and Leprohon (2013: 22-25).[2] These recent publications according to Autuori (2021), clearly force the sources.[3] Also, it is clear from the Qa'a 'king list' seas that the contemporary Egyptians considered him the second king of the First Dynasty.[4]
^Seidlmayer, Stephan.The Rise of the State to the Second Dynasty., quoted inAltenmüller, Hartwig (2010).Egypt: The World of the Pharaohs. H.f.ullmann.ISBN978-3-8331-6000-4.
^abHeagy 2014, p. 75. sfn error: no target: CITEREFHeagy2014 (help)
^F. Petrie Abydos, II, London: Egypt Exploration Fund. Memoir 23, A. J. SpencerEarly Egypt: The rise of civilisation in the Nile Valley, London: British Museum Press 1993
^Kahl 1994, p. 208. sfn error: no target: CITEREFKahl1994 (help)
^Sowada 2009, pp. 37–38. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSowada2009 (help)
^Sowada 2009, p. 52. sfn error: no target: CITEREFSowada2009 (help)
^Baker, Darrell D. (2008).Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume 1: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300-1069 BC. Egypt: The American University in Cairo Press. p. 8.ISBN978-977-416-221-3.
^Kahl 2002, p. 32. sfn error: no target: CITEREFKahl2002 (help)
^Bestock 2009, p. 26. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBestock2009 (help)
^Bestock 2009, p. 27. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBestock2009 (help)
^Bestock 2009, p. 28. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBestock2009 (help)
^Bestock 2009, pp. 28–29. sfn error: no target: CITEREFBestock2009 (help)
^Tallet 2015, p. 4. sfn error: no target: CITEREFTallet2015 (help)
^Helck 1987, p. 101. sfn error: no target: CITEREFHelck1987 (help)
^W. M. Flinders Petrie:The Royal Tombs of the Earliest Dynasties 1901, Part II, London 1901, S. 7–8, Taf. LIX; and more recently: Werner Kaiser:Einige Bemerkungen zur ägyptischen Frühzeit, In:Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 91 (1964), 86–124, and 96–102
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