| Hor Awibre | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Hor, Awibre, Auibre | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Pharaoh | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Reign | 2 years? 1777-1775 BC (Ryholt) a few months (Baker) 7 months c. 1760 BC (Verner) 1732 BC (Schneider) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Predecessor | Renseneb | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Successor | Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Consort | Nubhetepti I[1][2] | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Children | Nubhetepti-khered, possiblySekhemrekhutawy Khabaw andDjedkheperew | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Died | (40s yrs) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Burial | shafttomb atDahshur | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Dynasty | 13th Dynasty | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Hor Awibre (also known asHor I) was an Egyptianpharaoh of the early13th Dynasty in the lateMiddle Kingdom.
Hor Awibre's reign length is partially lost to a lacuna of the Turin canon and is consequently unknown. According to the latest reading of the Turin canon by Ryholt, the surviving traces indicate the number of days as "[... and] 7 days".[2] In the previous authoritative reading of the canon byAlan Gardiner, which dates to the 1950s, this was read as "[...] 7 months".[3] This led scholars such asMiroslav Verner and Darrell Baker to believe that Hor's reign was ephemeral, while Ryholt's reading leaves a longer reign possible and indeed Ryholt credits Hor with 2 years of reign.[1][2] In any case, Hor most likely reigned only for a short time, in particular not long enough to prepare a pyramid, which was still the common burial place for kings of the early 13th dynasty.
Regardless of the duration of his reign, Hor was seemingly succeeded by his two sonsSekhemrekhutawy Khabaw andDjedkheperew.(speculation)
Hor remained unattested until the discovery in 1894 of his nearly intact tomb inDashur byJacques de Morgan, see below.[1]
AtTanis (Nile Delta region), in a secondary context, a granite architrave with the cartouches of Hor andSekhemre Khutawy Khabaw was found. The architrave probably originated inMemphis and came to the Delta region during theHyksos period.[1] Based on this evidence, the egyptologistKim Ryholt proposed that Sekhemrekhutawy Khabaw was a son and coregent of Hor Awibre.[2] Present location of this architrave is unknown.
Of Unknown Provenance, a plaque has been found.[4]
AtLisht, a plaque with his name was found at the Pyramid of Amenemhat I. There were found several faience plaques with 13th Dynasty king's names.[5]
Of Unknown Provenance, a jar lid with partial name of the 13th Dynasty King Hor I.[6][7]
The British Museum have several scarabs which may be attributed to king Hor.
TheTurin King List entry 7:17 lists "The Dual King Awtibra ... 7 days".[8][9] In this list, Hor is preceded byRenseneb (7:16) and succeeded bySedjefakare (7:18).
AtDahshur, the Shaft-tomb of Hor is located inside thePyramid Complex of Amenemhat III, reusing and expanding a shaft-tomb originally made for a member of the royal court ofAmenemhat III. Ten such shaft-tombs were located north of the pyramid, where Hor occupies the first and Nubhotepti-Khered the second. His tomb was found nearly intact in 1894 by Jacques de Morgan working in collaboration withGeorges Legrain andGustave Jequier.[10] It was nothing more than ashaft built on the north-east corner of thepyramid of the12th Dynasty pharaohAmenemhat III.[11] The tomb was originally made for a member of Amenemhat's court and was later enlarged for Hor, with the addition of a stone burial chamber and antechamber.[1]
Next to the burial of Hor was found the totally undisturbed tomb of the 'king's daughter'Nubhetepti-khered. She was likely a daughter of Hor[12] or otherwise a daughter of Amenemhat III.[11]
The mummy of the king had been ransacked for his jewelry and only Hor's skeleton was left in his coffin.[10] The king was determined to have been in his forties at the time of his death. He was found with his arms across his chest.[13]
Burial goods include a canopic chest,[14] canopic jars,[15] gold-leaf,[16] and a ka-statuette.[17][18] His burial goods show a special type of hieroglyphs known as "incomplete hieroglyphs", which developed in the reign of Amenemhat III onwards (i.e. burial equipment of Nefruptah), where parts of animal hieroglyphs have been ritually 'mutilated' removing their legs etc.[19]
Although the tomb had been pillaged in antiquity, it still contained anaos with a rare life-size wooden statue of theKa of the king. This statue is one of the most frequently reproduced examples of Ancient Egyptian art and is now in theEgyptian Museum under the catalog number CG259.[11] It is one of the best-preserved and most accomplished wooden statues to survive from antiquity, and illustrates an artistic genre that must once have been common in Egyptian art, but has rarely survived in such good condition.
The tomb also contained the partly gilded rotten rectangular woodencoffin of the king.[20] The king's wooden funerary mask, its eyes of stones set inbronze,[21][10] had been stripped of its gold gilding but still held the king's skull. Hor's canopic box was also found complete with itscanopic vessels.
Other artifacts from the tomb include an offering table,[22] small statues, alabaster and wooden vases, somejewelry, two alabasterstelae inscribed with blue painted hieroglyphs and a number offlails,scepters and wooden staves which had all been disposed in a long wooden case. These had been intentionally broken in pieces.[10] The tomb also housed weapons such as a granite macehead[10] and a golden-leaf dagger and numerous pottery.
According to Ryholt and Darrell Baker, Hor Awibre was the fifteenth ruler of the 13th Dynasty.[1][2] Alternatively,Detlef Franke andJürgen von Beckerath see him as the fourteenth king of the dynasty.[23][24][25][26] No evidence has been found that relate Hor to his predecessor on the throne,Renseneb, which led Ryholt and Baker to propose that he was an usurper.
Some Egyptologists speculate his reign was from c. 1777 BC until 1775 BC[2] or for a few months, c. 1760 BC or c. 1732 BC.[27]
| Preceded by | Pharaoh of Egypt Thirteenth Dynasty | Succeeded by |
