| Hoop Dreams | |
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 Theatrical release poster | |
| Directed by | Steve James |
| Written by |
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| Produced by |
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| Starring | |
| Cinematography | Peter Gilbert |
| Edited by |
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| Music by | Ben Sidran |
Production company | |
| Distributed by | Fine Line Features |
Release date |
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Running time | 171 minutes[1] |
| Country | United States |
| Language | English |
| Budget | $700,000[2] |
| Box office | $11.8 million |
Hoop Dreams is a 1994 Americandocumentary film directed bySteve James, and produced byFrederick Marx, James, andPeter Gilbert, withKartemquin Films. It follows the story of two African-American high school students,William Gates andArthur Agee, inChicago and their dream of becoming professionalbasketball players.
Hoop Dreams was originally intended to be a 30-minuteshort film produced forPBS; the filming of the special led to five years of filming and 250 hours of footage.Hoop Dreams premiered at the 1994Sundance Film Festival, where it won the Audience Award for Best Documentary. It won numerous other awards in the 1994 season, although it was not nominated for theAcademy Award for Best Documentary Feature, which led to a massive public outcry. Despite its length (171 minutes) and unlikely commercial genre, it received high critical and popular acclaim, and grossed over $11 million worldwide.
Hoop Dreams was ranked #1 on theCurrent TV special50 Documentaries to See Before You Die. In 2005, the film was selected for preservation in the United StatesNational Film Registry by theLibrary of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". TheInternational Documentary Association's members rankedHoop Dreams as thebest documentary of all time in 2007.[3]
In 1987,William Gates andArthur Agee, twoAfrican-American teenagers, are recruited by a scout fromSt. Joseph High School inWestchester, Illinois, a predominantlyWhite high school with an outstanding basketball program. The team is led byGene Pingatore, who coachedNational Basketball Association (NBA) Hall of Fame playerIsiah Thomas when Thomas played at St. Joseph. Agee and Gates are both from poorAfrican-American neighborhoods in Chicago, Illinois: Gates lives in theCabrini–Green projects, while Agee and his family reside inWest Garfield Park. Both boys face 90-minute commutes to the school each way.
In their freshman year, Gates starts on the varsity team at St. Joseph and helps them win the sectional title, earning a mention fromThe Sportswriters on TV as possibly "the next Isiah Thomas", although St. Joseph is eliminated in the super-sectionals in a narrow loss toSt. Francis de Sales High School. Meanwhile, Agee plays on the freshman team and struggles both on the court and in the classroom.
At the end of the year, Agee is kicked out of St. Joseph as his family is unable to pay his tuition; Gates's fees are covered by his sponsor, the president ofEncyclopedia Britannica, who also helps him find awhite collar summer job. Agee's rejection from St. Joseph damages his self-confidence, and he plays poorly for the high school team atJohn Marshall High School, coached by Luther Bedford. In his sophomore year, Gates again starts on the varsity team. St. Joseph is eliminated byGordon Tech in the sectional finals, and Gates struggles with the weight of expectations from his brother, Curtis, who was a talented player in his own right but never made it to the pros and has now transferred his unfulfilled aspirations onto his younger brother.
In their junior year, both boys face challenges. Gates suffers a knee injury that requires surgery and months of rehabilitation, while Arthur's mother, Sheila, loses her job and the family goes onwelfare as Arthur's father, Bo, has walked out and become addicted to drugs. Bo later gives up drugs and returns to the family, and Sheila earns a nursing degree. During this time, the Agee household takes in Arthur's close friend, Shannon, who is escaping an abusive household.
On the court, Agee and John Marshall improve on their poor sophomore year record, including winning an upset victory overDunbar Vocational High School. St. Joseph makes it to the sectional finals, where they once again face Gordon Tech. Gates plays timidly because of his injury. At the end of the fourth quarter, with seconds on the clock and trailing by one, St. Joseph wins twofree throws. Gates—normally a clutch free throw shooter—steps up to take them, but he misses both and St. Joseph is knocked out of the play-offs.
Despite his injury, Gates is courted by many college basketball programs, especiallyMarquette University, and attends theNike All-America summer camp atPrinceton before his senior year (whereDick Vitale andSpike Lee make appearances). After returning from camp, Gates signs aletter of intent with Marquette, though he struggles to meet the minimumACT test score to be eligible for an athletic scholarship. Meanwhile, Arthur, playing high school basketball in theChicago Public High School League, attracts far less attention from college recruiters, although a couple ofjunior colleges show interest in him.
In Gates's senior year, St. Joseph's season concludes early in a second-round play-off loss againstNazareth Academy, ending his hopes of "goingdownstate" for the state championship. Gates had been benched by Coach Pingatore at the start of the game for arriving late. John Marshall goes on an unlikely run through the city championship, largely thanks to Agee's excellent play. The team makes it to the state championship inChampaign, finishing third in the state after a semi-final loss toManual High School.
At the end of the film, Gates has enteredMarquette University inMilwaukee, Wisconsin, and Agee is attendingMineral Area College inPark Hills, Missouri, and still hoping to play for the NBA.
The initial idea for "a film about the culture of basketball in the black community" came to directorSteve James, an amateur basketball player himself, in 1985 while watching basketball at the recreation center atSouthern Illinois University. James reached out to his friendFrederick Marx, then inChina teaching English, who liked the idea. The two agreed that both of them would produce the film, James would direct, and Marx would edit. James thought of the titleHoop Dreams very early in the development process; they also briefly considered calling itHoopin'.[4]
In 1987, James received a $2,000 fellowship grant from theIllinois Arts Council to work on the film. James and Marx then pitched their idea toGordon Quinn ofKartemquin Films. Initially, they planned to focus on a single playground for a 30-minute documentary they hoped would be aired onPBS. Quinn liked the idea and agreed to take the project on. Unable to raise any money besides James's grant, the pair decided to shoot on video instead of film (an unusual choice for the time), and they hiredPeter Gilbert to docinematography as he had his own gear.[4]
The filmmakers contacted coachGene Pingatore ofSt. Joseph High School as he had coached Chicago nativeIsiah Thomas in high school. Pingatore introduced them to "Big Earl" Smith, a talent scout who was familiar with the inner-city playgrounds that the filmmakers wanted to shoot on. Smith brought them to several playgrounds, and at one of them he spotted a youngArthur Agee as a promising player. Agee agreed to be part of the film, and Smith helped arrange for him to attend Coach Pingatore's summer camp, where Thomas would be making an appearance.[4]
When the filmmakers interviewed Pingatore about Agee, he said it was too early to tell about him, but mentioned that another kid,William Gates, could be "the next Isiah Thomas". James, Marx, and Gilbert decided to include Gates in their film as well, and began to consider expanding the scope of their original vision.[4]
For two years, the three filmmakers continued to shoot intermittently and send demos out without raising any additional money.KTCA, a public television channel inMinnesota, heard about the film, and pledged $60,000, plus another $70,000 from theCorporation for Public Broadcasting, to fund an hour-long film. While continuing to search for more funds, the filmmakers considered other ideas, including a segment on a female high school player and a comedy sketch starringTim Meadows.[4]
With limited financial backing, James, Marx, and Gilbert could only manage 22 days of filming for the entire first two years, and each of the filmmakers worked on other projects at times during the filming ofHoop Dreams. By continuing to include Agee even after he was dropped from St. Joseph, they won the trust of him and his family, and the filmmakers began to delve deeper into the personal lives of the boys. At one point, the electricity was turned off in the Agee home; the filmmakers continued filming and (off-camera) provided money for the lights to be turned back on.[4]
The filmmakers shot another 40 days during the boys' junior year. James was able to leverage a relationship with the vice president of theMacArthur Foundation into a $250,000 grant for the film, which allowed them to shoot 100 days from the end of junior year to the end of the film.[4] By the end of filming, they had captured 250 hours of footage.[5]
Hoop Dreams spent three years in editing, during which it was cut down from a first assemblage of more than 10 hours, to a six-hour version, to a rough cut that they showed the boys, their families, and Coach Pingatore. Per their original agreement, Marx handled the editing, but after two years he asked James and William Haugse to step in to help him. James and Haugse spent another year and a half editing. By the spring of 1993, they had a cut ready and began to consider releasing it in theaters.[4]
Hoop Dreams premiered at the 1994Sundance Film Festival, where it won the Audience Award for Best Documentary.[6] It ran on the closing night of the 1994New York Film Festival, the first time a documentary film had ever closed the festival.[5] The filmmakers had previously had to turn down an appearance at the 1993 edition of the festival as the film was not yet ready.[4] Its appearance at Sundance helped it secure a distribution deal withFine Line Features,[4] and the film opened nationwide on October 21, 1994.[5] It grossed $7.8 million domestically and $4 million internationally, for a worldwide total of $11.8 million.[7]
The film was widely acclaimed by critics.Gene Siskel andRoger Ebert gave the film "Two Very Enthusiastic Thumbs Up" on their show, with both critics namingHoop Dreams the best film of 1994.[8] Ebert in his initial television review proclaimed "This is one of the best films about American life that I haveever seen", and later called it the best film of the decade[8] and "one of the great moviegoing experiences of my lifetime."[9] In 2004,The New York Times placed the film on itsBest 1000 Movies Ever list.[10] The film has a 98% approval rating fromRotten Tomatoes, based on 62 reviews with an average rating of 8.8/10. The website's critical consensus states, "One of the most critically acclaimed documentaries of all time,Hoop Dreams is a rich, complex, heartbreaking, and ultimately deeply rewarding film that uses high school hoops as a jumping-off point to explore issues of race, class, and education in modern America."[11]Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 98 out of 100, based on 19 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".[12]
In 2024,Looper ranked it number 2 on its list of the "50 Best PG-13 Movies of All Time," writing "Don't be intimidated by the 170-minute runtime ofHoop Dreams. Though a lengthy commitment, this project from director Steve James is undeniably rewarding as a cinematic experience."[13]
The film was ranked #1 on theInternational Documentary Association'sTop 25 Documentaries list, based on polling of members in 2007.[3] It was also ranked #1 on theCurrent TV special50 Documentaries to See Before You Die.[14] In 2005,Hoop Dreams was included in the annual selection of 25 motion pictures added to theNational Film Registry of theLibrary of Congress, being deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" and recommended for preservation.[15]
Ira Deutchman, who helped distribute the film with Fine Line, advocated for the film to be nominated for Best Picture at theAcademy Awards.[4] When the film, along with the equally acclaimedCrumb a year later, was not nominated in either the Best Picture or the Best Documentary categories, public outcry led to a revised nomination process in the category, led by Oscar-winning documentarianBarbara Kopple.[48] According to Roger Ebert, reliable sources said members of the Academy's documentary nomination committee had a system in which one would wave a flashlight on screen when they gave up on the film. When a majority of the lights flashed, the film was turned off.Hoop Dreams was watched, but the nomination system at the time was based on total points earned when voters gave ratings from 4 to 10 for each documentary. A group of voters gave the lowest possible rating toHoop Dreams and other films. The flashlight system was ended, and the rating scale was reduced.[49][50] Siskel, while also objecting toHoop Dreams being passed by for the nomination, said that it led to more widespread media coverage of the film.[51]
In response to the controversy, Bruce Davis, the Academy's executive director, asked accounting firmPrice Waterhouse to turn over the voting results, in which each voter had given a rating from zero to ten to each of the eligible documentaries. According to Davis, "a small group of members gave zeros to every single film except the five they wanted to see nominated. And they gave tens to those five, which completely skewed the voting ... There was one film that received more scores of ten than any other, but it was not nominated. It also got zeros from those few voters, and that was enough to push it to sixth place."[52]Despite the lack of nomination in the Best Documentary category, the film was nominated forBest Editing at the1995 Academy Awards, which has been noted by Siskel and Ebert once the nominations were announced, that the editing branch had no issues nominating the film compared to the documentary branch.[citation needed]
Neither Agee nor Gates were drafted into theNBA. Nonetheless, both young men were able to turn the film's success and their subsequent fame into a better life for themselves and their families. Gates played three seasons of college basketball atMarquette University before quitting the program, but he graduated from the university in 1999 with acommunications degree. Agee went on to play atArkansas State and later in theUnited States Basketball League and theInternational Basketball Association.[53] The producers gave both Gates and Agee almost $200,000 in royalties from the film, although they were barred from accepting the money until after college due toNational Collegiate Athletic Association rules.[5] In 2001, Gates practiced withMichael Jordan ahead of a tryout with theWashington Wizards, but he fractured his foot and decided to retire from basketball permanently.[54]
Agee, the younger of the two basketball players, launched a foundation promoting higher education for inner-city youth and began the "Hoop Dreams" sportswear line in 2006. Gates became the senior pastor at Living Faith Community Center inCabrini–Green, where he worked at the Kids' Club.[55] The families of both men have experienced losses since the release of the film. Agee's half-brother DeAntonio was killed on Thanksgiving morning 1994, and Gates's older brother, Curtis, was shot to death inChicago Lawn in September 2001. Agee's father, Bo, was murdered in 2004.[55]
An unofficial sequel not made by the original filmmakers,Hoop Reality (2007), explores what happened during the decade afterHoop Dreams.Patrick Beverley from Chicago's West Side appears as a struggling potential star also atJohn Marshall Metropolitan High School and is mentored by Agee and basketball coach Lamont Bryant. Beverley entered the2009 NBA draft, and was selected with the 42nd overall pick by the Los Angeles Lakers.[56]
A digital restoration of the film, created by a partnership of theSundance Institute,UCLA Film and Television Archive, theAcademy Film Archive andKartemquin Films, premiered at the2014 Sundance Film Festival for the film's 20th anniversary. The restoration used the original analog video masters to create a high-definition digital master that was higher-quality than the cropped and transferred version that was released commercially.[57]The Criterion Collection released the restoredHoop DreamsBlu-ray on March 31, 2015.[58]
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