| Hooded warbler | |
|---|---|
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| Adult male | |
Scientific classification | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Order: | Passeriformes |
| Family: | Parulidae |
| Genus: | Setophaga |
| Species: | S. citrina |
| Binomial name | |
| Setophaga citrina (Boddaert, 1783) | |
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| Range ofS. citrina (note: missing distribution onHispaniola) Breeding range Wintering range | |
| Synonyms | |
Wilsonia citrina | |
Thehooded warbler (Setophaga citrina) is aNew World warbler. It breeds in easternNorth America across theeastern United States and into southernmostCanada (Ontario). It ismigratory, wintering inCentral America and theWest Indies. Hooded warblers are very rare vagrants to westernEurope.
Recent genetic research has suggested that thetype species ofWilsonia (hooded warblerW. citrina) and ofSetophaga (American redstartS. ruticilla) are closely related and should be merged into the same genus. As the nameSetophaga (published in 1827) takes priority overWilsonia (published in 1838), hooded warbler would then be transferred asSetophaga citrina.[2] This change has been accepted by the North American Classification Committee of theAmerican Ornithologists' Union,[3] and theIOC World Bird List.[4] The South American Classification Committee continues to list the bird in the genusWilsonia.
The French polymathGeorges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon described the hooded warbler in 1779 in hisHistoire Naturelle des Oiseaux from a specimen collected inLouisiana.[5] The bird was also illustrated in a hand-coloured plate engraved byFrançois-Nicolas Martinet in thePlanches Enluminées D'Histoire Naturelle which was produced under the supervision ofEdme-Louis Daubenton to accompany Buffon's text.[6] Neither the plate caption nor Buffon's description included a scientific name but in 1783 the Dutch naturalistPieter Boddaert coined thebinomial nameMuscicapa citrina in his catalogue of thePlanches Enluminées.[7]
The hooded warbler was formerly placed in the genusWilsonia.[8] Amolecular phylogenetic study of the familyParulidae published in 2010 found that the hooded warbler was embedded in a clade that contained species then assigned toDendroica as well as two of four species ofParula and themonotypic generaCatharopeza andSetophaga.[9] To create amonophyletic genus, all members of the clade were placed in the expanded genusSetophaga, which under the rules of theInternational Code of Zoological Nomenclature, hadpriority.[9][10] The genusSetophaga was introduced by the English naturalistWilliam Swainson in 1827.[11]The species is monotypic; no subspecies are recognised.[10] The genus nameSetophaga is fromAncient Greekses, "moth", andphagos, "eating", and the specificcitrina isLatin forcitrine.[12]
The hooded warbler is a small bird and mid-sized warbler, measuring 13 cm (5.1 in) in length and weighing 9–12 g (0.32–0.42 oz).[13] The hooded warbler has a wingspan of 6.9 in (17.5 cm).[14] It has a plain olive/green-brown back and yellow underparts. Their outerrectrices have whitish vanes. Males have distinctive black hoods which surround their yellow faces; the female has an olive-green cap which does not extend to the forehead, ears, and throat. Males attain their hood at about 9–12 months of age; younger birds are essentially identical to (and easily confused with) females.[15] The song is a series of musical notes which sound like:wheeta wheeta whee-tee-oh, for which a common mnemonic is "The red, the red T-shirt" or "Come to the woods or you won't see me". The call of these birds is a loudchip.
These birds feed oninsects, which are often found in low vegetation or caught byflycatching. Hooded warblers' breeding habitats are broadleaved woodlands with dense undergrowth. These birds nest in low areas of a bush, laying three to five eggs in acup-shaped nest. Hooded warblers are often the victims ofbrood parasitism by thebrown-headed cowbird, especially where the hooded warblers' forest habitats arefragmented. In areas with protected woodlands or recovering wooded habitats, the hooded warbler population is stable and possibly increasing.[13]
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