 | |
 China |  Peru |
|---|---|
| Diplomatic mission | |
| Embassy of China, Lima | Embassy of Peru, Beijing |
China–Peru relations (Chinese:中秘关系;pinyin:Zhōng mì guānxì;Spanish:Relaciones China-Perú) are foreign relations between thePeople's Republic of China and theRepublic of Peru. Peru is the first Latin American country which China established formal ties, which was done by theQing dynasty in August 1875.[1] Both nations are members of theAsia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and theUnited Nations.
Relations between both nations went through three stages: Chinese coolieism as an institutionalization of human capital export to Latin America during the nineteenth century; the Maoist ideology transfer in the 1970s and 1980s; and, from the 1990s onwards, through international trade and cultural and Mandarin language centers—theConfucius Institute.[2]
Relations were established more than 160 years ago, intertwined with local social imageries, power structures, and narratives. Peru established relations with theQing dynasty with the signing of a treaty inTianjin on June 26, 1874.[3][4] Peru's first Resident Ambassador was named the next year, assuming his duties on May 20, 1878, while the Chinese ambassador would only reach Peru in 1883, after theWar of the Pacific.[3][5][6] Relations between both states started with theCoolie Trade and matured during the ‘Hundred Years weakness and poverty’ (Wang, 1993) from the 1840s to 1949 of the impoverished Qing China, followed by a republic divided by civil wars and invaded by Japan.[2]
After the establishment of theRepublic of China, Peru maintained its relations with the newKuomintang government. In 1944, the diplomatic status of the two countries was raised to embassy level, and high-level officials of the two countries exchanged frequent visits in the 1950s and 1960s.[7] As a result of theChinese Civil War, Peru closed its embassy in Beijing in 1946.[8]
After the establishment ofJuan Velasco Alvarado'sRevolutionary Government, Peru established relations with thePeople's Republic of China on November 2, 1971,[9] with theRepublic of China severing its relations and closing its embassy inLima as a result,[7][10] and the PRC opening its embassy the following year. As such, Peru became the thirdLatin American country to recognize theBeijing-based government.[11] Since the establishment of relations between Peru and the PRC, the South American country has adhered to theOne China policy.[9]
In May 1978, the ROC established the "Far East Trade Center" in Lima to promote bilateral trade. On November 5, 1990, PresidentAlberto Fujimori approved Supreme Executive Order No. RE014, agreeing to change the name of "Far East Trade Center" to "Taipei Economic and Cultural Office in Peru". On March 3, 1994, Peru established a "Taipei Trade Office" in Taiwan.[7]
Peru and the PRC signed afree trade agreement in April 2009. The agreement was officially ratified by both countries governments on December 6, 2009, and came into effect on March 1, 2010.[12][13][14] As of 2025, Chinese investment in Peru is primarily in the resources sector and predominantly mining-related.[15]: 15
President of PeruDina Boluartepays a state visit to China to meet withChinese President andCCP General SecretaryXi Jinping from June 25, 2024, to June 29, 2024.[16]
During a November 2024visit by Xi Jinping to Peru, Boluarte and Xi celebrated the opening of thePort of Chancay, which is part of theBelt and Road Initiative.[17] Xi described the port as the beginning of a new maritime-land corridor between China and Latin America.[17] The port was built byCOSCO Shipping Ports.[17]
Peru is represented in theSpecial Administrative Regions of the People's Republic of China at a local level by theConsulate-General of Peru in Hong Kong, which is also accredited toMacau.[18][19] Macau is, nevertheless, also represented by anhonorary consulate.[20] Relations with the regions are carried out within the framework of relations with the People's Republic of China.
 | |
 Hong Kong | Peru |
|---|---|
| Diplomatic mission | |
| None (Represented by China) | Consulate-General of Peru, Hong Kong |
Hong Kong–Peru relations are carried out under the larger context of relations with China and date back to theBritish era of the region.
ManyChinese Peruvians are descendants ofcoolies that came fromEast Asia, including then British Hong Kong. Recorded voyages of coolie ships to Peru include theLady Montagne (February 17, 1850; left with 450 coolies on board), theAlbert (September 7, 1850; 156 coolies), theVictory (December 6, 1851; 335 coolies) theBeatrice (January 20, 1852; 300 coolies), theFrederich (January 19, 1869; 379 coolies), etc. In 1870, theGovernor of Hong Kong,Richard Graves MacDonnell, accused the Peruvian consul in China, César A. del Río, of being involved in this trade after it was outlawed.[21][22]
In the 1960s, Peru established honorary consulates in British Hong Kong. A Peruvian delegation of the Public Fishmeal and Fish Oil Marketing Company (Spanish:Empresa Pública de Comercialización Harina y Aceite de pescado) visited Hong Kong in 1970 to study the mainland Chinese market up close. This resulted in the opening of a Commercial Office in Beijing in September of the following year as a prelude of the formalisation of relations in November.[23]
In 1991, Hong Kong was visited byMinister of Economy and FinanceCarlos Boloña and PresidentAlberto Fujimori.[24] In 1997,Prime MinisterAlberto Pandolfi represented Peru at theHong Kong handover ceremony.[25]
In 2008, an agreement was signed aiming at the negotiation of afree trade agreement between both regions.[26] Said negotiations started in 2023. In 2022, Peruvian exports were valued atUS$ 262 million, while Hong Kong's exports were valued at US$25 million.[27]
 | |
 Macau | Peru |
|---|---|
Macau–Peru relations (Chinese:澳门与秘鲁关系;pinyin:Àomén yǔ bìlǔ guānxì;Spanish:Relaciones Macao-Perú;Portuguese:Relações Macau-Peru) are also carried out under the larger context of relations with China and date back to thePortuguese era of the region.
Similar to neighbouringHong Kong, the early history of relations took place in the context of the coolie trade and within Peru's relations withPortugal. From 1849 to 1857, a large number of ships left forCallao, until the trade was suspended by the British and Chinese authorities. This meant that from 1860 onwards, a second wave of Chinese immigration to Peru took place with Macau serving as its exclusive starting point.[22] The last ship to leave to Peru was the PeruvianLola, who left in July 1874 and reached Peru with 6 coolies dying in the journey.[28] A year before, theOverseas Ministry had prohibited the trade of coolies to Peru andCuba due to the conditions they were subject to upon arrival.[29]
Peru is a recurring participant in the annualMacao International Trade and Investment Fair, where trade between both regions is promoted.[30][31]
Due to its official relations with mainland China, Perude jure recognisesTaiwan as part of China. However, since 1978, relations between Peru and the ROC are unofficially maintained through representative offices inTaipei andLima.
High-level visits from China to Peru
High-level visits from Peru to China
Por la parte peruana visitaron China el presidente del Congreso de la República, ingeniero Víctor Joy Way, en abril del presente año, y el presidente del Consejo de Ministros, ingeniero Alberto Pandolfi, para asistir en representación del Perú a las ceremonias de transferencia de Hong Kong a la soberanía de China.
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