40°35′N93°28′W / 40.58°N 93.46°W /40.58; -93.46
| Honey War | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Belligerents | |||||||||
 Iowa Territory | Missouri | ||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
| Robert Lucas | Lilburn Boggs | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| Iowa State Militia | Missouri State Militia | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| None | None | ||||||||
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TheHoney War was abloodlessterritorial dispute in 1839 betweenIowa Territory andMissouri over their border.
The dispute over a 9.5-mile-wide (15.3 km) strip running the entire length of the border, caused by unclear wording in the Missouri Constitution on boundaries, misunderstandings over the survey of theLouisiana Purchase, and a misreading of Native American treaties, was ultimately decided by theUnited States Supreme Court in Iowa's favor.[1]The decision was to affirm a nearly 30-mile (48 km) jog in the nearly straight line border between southeast Iowa and northeast Missouri atKeokuk, Iowa that is now Iowa's southernmost point.
Before the issue was settled, militias from both sides faced each other at the border, a Missouri sheriff collecting taxes in Iowa was incarcerated, and three trees containingbeehives were cut down.[1]
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The first major Native American treaties following theLouisiana Purchase in 1803 were theTreaty of St. Louis in 1804 in which the Sac and Fox ceded much of northeast Missouri as well as southern Wisconsin and northern Illinois and theTreaty of Fort Clark in 1808 in which theOsage Nation ceded most of Missouri and Arkansas.
The United States made no formal efforts to survey the land. During theWar of 1812 Native Americans sided with theBritish. When the war turned out to be a stalemate, theTreaty of Ghent in 1815 required that the tribes be returned to the same status they had before the war.
Various tribes met with United States representatives atPortage Des Sioux, Missouri, in 1815 to formally end the war. While most of theTreaties of Portage des Sioux were innocuous treaties with wording about lasting friendship, the treaties with the Sac, Fox and Osage also included a paragraph indicating agreement to abide by the earlier treaties.
With that in place, the United States began plans to survey its territory. In the Treaty of Fort Clark, the Osage had ceded all land east ofFort Clark nearSibley, Missouri. The treaty permitted the United States to survey the new land and they were to "adjust" the boundaries for a starting point 23 miles (37 km) west to the mouth of theKansas River with theMissouri River inKansas City, Missouri on the far bank oppositeKaw Point.
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In 1816 United StatessurveyorJohn C. Sullivan was instructed to survey a line north from the mouth for 100 miles (160 km) and then proceed east to theDes Moines River. In addition to being a round number, the 100-mile (160 km) lineIndian Boundary Line (1816) also lined up in the east with the 2.4 feet (0.73 m) deepDes Moines Rapids on the Mississippi River just south ofFort Madison, Iowa, that was the northern end of navigation on the Mississippi and it also lined up with the westward adjusted boundary from the mouth of theGasconade River the Sac had ceded in 1808. The land on the east side of the Des Moines River was the site of a Sac village which had not been ceded.
Sullivan erectedsurvey markers along the line. The northwest corner of Missouri was established in a marker nearSheridan, Missouri. From there he continued east establishing theSullivan Line to the Des Moines River just south ofFarmington, Iowa, where he made no note of rapids and called it a "small river with shallow gentle water." He did continue his survey another 20 miles (32 km) to the Mississippi.
Confusion over the terms of the Des Moines Rapids on the Mississippi and the phrase rapids on the Des Moines River was to contribute to the border skirmish.
When Missouri applied for statehood first in 1818 various proposals for boundaries were put forth including a western boundary at the mouth of theNodaway River about 30 miles (48 km) west and the mouth of theRock River (Illinois) oppositeRock Island, Illinois. Missouri was already going to be the largest state in area when it entered the Union and there was concern about making it even bigger. Sullivan was a delegate to the convention that was to ultimately declare the boundaries to be the two lines he had drawn.
The constitution defined the boundary as:
The wording of the boundary "extending westward of the rapids of the river Des Moines" was to cause confusion.
In theTreaty of Washington (1824), the Sac and Fox ceded their land in Missouri. The land below the Sullivan Line between the Des Moines and Mississippi was set aside asHalf Breed Tract.
In theIndian Removal Act of 1830, all tribes were moved west and south of the line, Sullivan had drawn.
In 1834 Half Breed Tract was opened to public settlement. This, along with the transfer of the territory of modern-day Iowa to theWisconsin Territory, was to spur Missouri to reconsider its northern border, first by extending its border west to the Missouri River in thePlatte Purchase in northwest Missouri and then by reconsidering the northeast corner.
In 1837 theMissouri General Assembly ordered the line to be resurveyed. When Wisconsin Territory refused to participate in the survey, J.C. Brown began a survey in which he ignored the traditional definition of the rapids below Fort Madison on the Mississippi and instead looked for rapids on the Des Moines River itself and identified the rapids as being atKeosauqua, Iowa, about 9.5 miles (15.3 km) into modern Iowa.
As the dispute heated up, Missouri was to note there were rapids on the Des Moines all the way toDes Moines, Iowa. Meanwhile, Iowa was to maintain its ownership extended to a line about 15 miles (24 km) into modern Missouri at the mouth of the Des Moines.
Tax agents fromKahoka, Missouri, tried to collect taxes in what is nowVan Buren County, Iowa, andDavis County, Iowa. The Iowa residents, allegedly carryingpitchforks, chased away the tax collectors who, legend has it, chopped down threehoney bee trees in what is nowLacey-Keosauqua State Park to collect the honey for partial payment.
Missouri governorLilburn Boggs sent 11 mounted members of the 14th Division of the Missouri State Militia under Major General David Willock, fromPalmyra, Missouri, to the disputed border to protect the tax collector.[3] General Willock was unwilling to shed blood over an issue that should have been resolved peacefully by the governors or by Congress, and an Iowa mob succeeded in capturing the sheriff ofClark County, Missouri, and incarcerated him in theMuscatine, Iowa, jail. The Iowa militia was also called out by Iowa Territory governorRobert Lucas. Authorization for a total payment of $46 to the Missouri Militia was for 7 days in active service.
According to one description about the Iowans:[4]
The two governors agreed to allow Congress to resolve the issue. An arbitrary line was drawn between the two positions. When Iowa entered the Union in 1846, Congress ruled that the border was in fact at the Mississippi confluence, a position that was upheld by theU.S. Supreme Court inState of Missouri v. State of Iowa, 48 U.S. 660 (1849).[5][6]