 | This articleneeds additional citations forverification. Please helpimprove this article byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Hoklo people" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(August 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
福佬人 | |
|---|---|
_(14597338250).jpg) A Hokkien family inSouthern Fujian, 1910 | |
| Total population | |
| c. 60 million[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| China | SouthernFujian parts ofGuangdong parts ofZhejiang Hong Kong Macau |
| Taiwan | 16–18 million (est.) |
| Malaysia | Largest group ofMalaysian Chinese[quantify] |
| Singapore | Largest group ofChinese Singaporeans[quantify] |
| Philippines | Largest group ofChinese Filipinos[quantify][2] |
| Indonesia | Largest group ofChinese Indonesians[quantify][3] |
| Brunei | Largest group ofBruneian Chinese[quantify] |
| Myanmar | One of the four largest groups ofBurmese Chinese[quantify][4] |
| United States | 70,000+[5] |
| Vietnam | 45,000 (est.) |
| Languages | |
| Religion | |
TheHoklo people (Chinese:福佬人;Pe̍h-ōe-jī:Ho̍h-ló-lâng) are aHan Chinese sub-ethnic group[6] who speakHokkien,[7] aSouthern Min language,[8] or trace their ancestry tosoutheastern Fujian in China,[9] and known by various related terms such asBanlam people (閩南人;Bân-lâm-lâng),Minnan people,Fujianese people or more commonly in Southeast Asia as theHokkien people (福建人;Hok-kiàn-lâng).[a] The Hokkien people are found in significant numbers inChina,Taiwan,Hong Kong,Macau,Singapore,Malaysia,Philippines,Indonesia,Brunei,Myanmar, and theUnited States. The Hokkien people have a distinct culture and architecture, including Hokkien shrines and temples with tilted sharp eaves, high and slanted top roofs, and finely detailed decorative inlays of wood and porcelain. The Hokkien language, which includesTaiwanese Hokkien, is the mainstream Southern Min, which is partially mutually intelligible to other Southern Min varieties such asTeochew,Zhongshan,Haklau, andZhenan.
InSouthern Fujian, theHokkien speakers refer to themselves as Banlam people (閩南人;Bân-lâm-lâng) or generally speaking, Hokkien people (福建人;Hok-kiàn-lâng). InMandarin, they also call themselves Minnan people (閩南人;闽南人;Mǐnnán rén).
InTaiwan, the term"Hoklo" is usually used for the people. The termHolo[10] (Ho̍h-ló)[11] is also used to refer toTaiwanese Hokkien and those people who speak it.
The term is likely anexonym originating fromHakka orCantonese that some Hokkien andTeochew speakers, particularly in Taiwan and China, borrowed from, since the term is not recognized by Hokkien speakers inSoutheast Asia.
There are several spellings for the wordHoklo (Ho̍h-ló / Hô-ló), either phonetic or based on folk etymologies:
In the Philippines,Chinese Filipinos, most of whom are of ethnic Hokkien descent, usually generally refer to themselves as Lannang (咱儂;Lán-lâng / Lán-nâng / Nán-nâng; 'Our People') or sometimes more specifically Hokkien people (福建儂;Hok-kiàn-lâng).
In Malaysia and Singapore, Hokkien-speakingChinese Malaysians andSingaporeans generally refer to themselves as Tng Lang (唐儂;Tn̂g-lâng; 'Tang People'), where those of Hokkien-speaking descent are more specifically known as Hokkien people (福建儂;Hok-kiàn-lâng).
In Indonesia, Hokkien-speakingChinese Indonesians generally refer to themselves as Tionghoa (中華;Tiong-hôa; 'Central Chinese'), where those of ethnic Hokkien descent are more specifically known as Hokkien people (福建儂;Hok-kiàn-lâng).
In genomic studies, the Han Chinese populations in Fujian (i.e. the Hokkien people) cluster intermediately between the northern Sinitic populations and southern Tai-Kadai and Austronesian populations.[16] This reflects the history of demic diffusion out of the Central Plains region and admixure with Southern tribal minorities.
Other studies deduce a close relation and common paternal ancestry between individuals from the Taihang mountain region of Henan, Fujian Minnan and Chaoshan based on common Y-chromosome patterns and higher prevalence of esophageal cancer,[17] with Han Chinese males from the Taihang region of Henan being posited as the progenitor population for both Fujian Han (i.e. Hokkien people) and the Chaoshan Han (i.e. the Teochew people).
.jpg)
Hoklo architecture is, for the most part, similar to any other traditional Chinese architectural style, but is characterized by higher and more slanted rooftops, the prominent use of decorative wood inlays, the bolder use of bright colors, as well as the utilization of porcelain. The style has been especially well-preserved by diaspora communities in South-East Asia.
Highly decorative and elaborately detailed wood inlays can be seen in the work of the Hokkien communities of Malaysia - for example, the Khoo Clan House in Penang, whereas the Fujian Assembly Hall in Malacca demonstrates the bold use of porcelain in ornamenting the pillars at its entrance. Both buildings are characteristic examples of the traditional Hoklo building and architectural styles brought over by Chinese immigrants to Malaysia.
The main halls of Hoklo public buildings are also a little different in that they are usually decorated with two dragons on the rooftop at the furthest left and right corners and with a miniature figure of a pagoda at the center of the rooftop. Examples of the use of dragons on the rooftop include theKaiyuan Temple in Fujian, the Khoo Clan House in Penang, Malaysia, the Fujian Assembly Hall in Hoi An, Vietnam.
The Hokkien dialect or topolect belongs to the Sinitic group of dialects or topolects known as Minnan. This language group further includes dialects such as Henghua, Teochew, and Hainanese.
The Hokkien people speak Hokkien, which is mutually intelligible to the Teochew language but to a small degree. Hokkien can be traced back to the Tang Dynasty, and it has roots from earlier periods such as the Northern and Southern Dynasties and also a little influence from other sinitic languages as well.
Hokkien has one of the most diversephoneme inventories among sinitic varieties, with moreconsonants thanStandard Mandarin orStandard Yue.Vowels are more-or-less similar to that of Standard Mandarin. Hokkien varieties retain many pronunciations that are no longer found in other Sinitic varieties. These include the pronunciation of the/ʈ/ initial as/t/, which is now/tʂ/ (Pinyin 'zh') in Mandarin (e.g. 'bamboo' 竹 istik, butzhú in Mandarin), having disappeared before the 6th century in other Sinitic varieties.[18] Hokkien has 5 to 7 tones, or 7 to 9 tones according to traditional sense, depending on the variety. TheAmoy dialect for example, has 7-8 tones.
Speakers of proper Hokkien language live in the areas of Xiamen, Quanzhou and Zhangzhou in southern Fujian. Most Hokkien-speaking groups in southern Fujian refer to themselves by the area where they live, for example: Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Xiamen or Longyan people. In eastern Guangdong and southern Zhejiang,Haklau Min andZhenan Min speakers also identify themselves as Hoklo people.
About 70% of theTaiwanese people descend from Hoklo immigrants who arrived to the island prior to the start ofJapanese rule in 1895. They could be categorized as originating fromXiamen,Quanzhou andZhangzhou based on their dialects and districts of origin.[19][better source needed] People from the former two areas (Quanzhou-speaking) were dominant in the north of the island and along the west coast, whereas people from the latter two areas (Zhangzhou-speaking) were dominant in the south and perhaps the central plains as well.
In Hong Kong, Hoklo people are among the four groups of indigenous inhabitants. In order to preserve their culture, the Hoklo along with thePunti,Hakka andTanka people have special rights under Hong Kong law.[20]
The Hoklo or Hokkien-lang (as they are known in Southeast Asia) are the largest ethnic group among Chinese communities in Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines, and the southern part of Thailand. These communities contain the highest concentrations of Hokkien-lang in the region. The various Hokkien language are still widely spoken in these countries today. It has also been considered as a heritage language in Timor-Leste where it was once the main spoken language within the Chinese community. Currently the daily use of Hokkien is slowly decreasing in favor of Mandarin Chinese, English, and other local languages.
The Hokkien-lang also make up the largest ethnic group amongChinese Indonesians.
In the Philippines, the Hoklo or Hokkien-lang call themselves Lannang and form the majority of theSinitic people in the country known asChinese Filipinos. The native Hokkien language is still spoken there.
![[icon]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aWiki_letter_w_cropped.svg) | This sectionneeds expansion. You can help byadding missing information.(August 2016) |
After the 1960s, manyHoklo Taiwanese began immigrating to the United States and Canada.
漳猺人與虔汀潮循接壤處....常稱城邑人為河老，謂自河南遷來畏之，繇陳元光將卒始也
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link){{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link){{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)CS1 maint: others (link) CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)