| Hokkaido wolf | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Taxidermied Hokkaido wolf at Hokkaido University Museum | |
Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Carnivora |
| Family: | Canidae |
| Genus: | Canis |
| Species: | |
| Subspecies: | |
| Trinomial name | |
| †Canis lupus hattai | |
 | |
| Range includedHokkaido andSakhalin islands, theKamchatka Peninsula andIturup andKunashir islands just to the east of Hokkaido in theKuril archipelago. | |
| Synonyms | |
C. l. rex (Pocock, 1935)[2] | |
TheHokkaido wolf (Canis lupus hattai), also known as theEzo wolf (Japanese:エゾオオカミ（蝦夷狼）ー,Hepburn:Ezo Ōkami) and inRussia as theSakhalin wolf,[3] is an extinctsubspecies of gray wolf that once inhabited coastal northeast Asia. It was one of two subspecies that were once found in theJapanese archipelago, the other being theJapanese wolf (C. l. hodophilax). Its nearest relatives were the wolves of North America rather than Asia.
It was exterminated inHokkaido during theMeiji Restoration period, when American-style agricultural reforms incorporated the use ofstrychnine-laced baits to kill livestock predators.[4] Some taxonomists believe that it survived up until 1945 on the island ofSakhalin.
The Ezō wolf[a][8][9][10] or Hokkaidō wolf[9] (Canis lupus hattai Kishida, 1931)[11][12] is an extinct[13] subspecies of the gray wolf (Canis lupus). In 1890, the skulls of Japanese wolves (Canis lupus hodophilax) were compared with those of wolves from Hokkaido in the British Museum. The specimens were noticeably different and explained to be local varieties of the same subspecies. Later, explorers to the Kuril islands of Iturup and Kunashir believed that the wolves they saw there were the Japanese subspecies. In 1889, the wolf became extinct on Hokkaido island. In 1913, Hatta Suburō proposed that the wolf might be related to the Siberian wolf but had no living specimens to undertake further analysis. In 1931, Kishida Kyukishi described a skull from a wolf killed in 1881 and declared it to be a distinct subspecies. In 1935, Pocock examined one of the specimens in the British Museum that had been obtained in 1886 and named itCanis lupus rex because of its large size.[14]
Analysis of itsmitochondrial DNA showed it to be identical with gray wolf specimens from Canada,[15][16] Alaska and the US,[16] indicating that the ancestor of the Ezo wolf was genetically related to the ancestor of North American wolves.[15][16][17] Thecoalescence time back to themost recent common ancestor for two Ezo wolf samples was estimated to be 3,100 (between 700 and 5,900) years ago, and the Ezo wolf is estimated to have diverged from North American wolves 9,300 (between 5,700 and 13,700) years ago. These estimates indicate that Ezo wolves colonized Japan more recently than Japanese wolves from the Asian continent during thelast glacial period via a land bridge withSakhalin Island, which existed up to 10,000 years ago.[18][19][17] TheTsugaru Strait was 3 km wide during the last glacial period,[18][20] which prevented Ezo wolves from colonizing Honshu and they likely arrived in Japan less than 14,000 years ago.[9] A more recent study estimates their arrival in Hokkaido less than 10,000 YBP.[17]
Stableisotope analysis measures the amount of differentisotopes of the same element contained within a specimen. When conducted on the bone of an extinct specimen, it informs researchers about the diet of the specimen. In 2017,radiocarbon dating and an isotopic analysis of bone collagen was conducted Ezo wolf specimens. The radiocarbon dating confirmed that the wolves spanned different time periods dating back as far as 4,000 years ago. The isotopic analysis showed that feeding habits of these wolves were similar to the modern "coastal"British Columbia wolf, with both populations dependent on both marine and terrestrial prey.[10]
A study of Ezo wolf morphology showed that it was similar in size to mainland Asian and North American wolves.[15] It stood 70–80 cm at the withers.[21] Soviet zoologistVladimir Geptner wrote that the wolves (classed under thenomen dubiumC. l. altaicus) of Kamchatka (whereC. l. hattai's range is supposed to have encompassed)[22] are just as large asC. l. lupus, with light gray fur with dark guard hairs running along the back.[23]Edwin Dun, in his unpublished memoirs, described it in the following terms:[24]
The Hokkaido wolf is a formidable beast but not dangerous to man as long as other prey is to be had for the killing. During the winter months, at the time of which I am writing, they lived mostly upon deer which were very plentiful. During the summer their diet was principally horse meat. A full grown wolf weighs from 70 to 80 pounds, he has an enormous head and mouth armed with tremendous fangs and teeth. He is generally very lean but exceedingly muscular. Of a grey color in summer and greyish white in winter, when his fur is thick and long. His feet are remarkable for their size, three or four times larger than the feet of the largest dog which they resemble in shape, only the claws are much longer. Their large feet enable them to travel rapidly over deep snow that soon tires a fleeing deer that could easily run away from his enemy when the ground is bare. They usually hunt singly or in couple but frequently the trail of a pack of four or five or even more is seen in the snow. They are widely scattered throughout the island as a rule but few in any one neighborhood.[24]
The range of the Ezo wolf was theHokkaido andSakhalin islands,[25][22]Iturup andKunashir islands just to the east of Hokkaido in theKuril archipelago, and theKamchatka Peninsula.[22] It became extinct on Hokkaido island in 1889.[4] It was reported to be surviving in Sakhalin island and perhaps the Kuril Islands in 1945;[26][27] however, according to the Soviet zoologistVladimir Geptner it had not been seen on Sakhalin at the beginning of the 20th century, with vagrant specimens ofSiberian forest wolf occasionally crossing into the island via theNevelskoy Strait, though not permanently settling. Information on the animal's presence on the Kuril islands is often contradictory or erroneous. It was tentatively recorded to inhabitKunashir,Iturup andParamushir, while wolves reported onShumshu were later dismissed as feral dogs. A survey undertaken in the mid-1960s could not find a wolf on any of the Kuril islands but did find many feral dogs.[28]
TheAinu revered the wolf as the deity Horkew Kamuy ("howling god"), in recognition of the animal's similar hunting habits to their own. Wolves were sacrificed in "sending-away"iomante ceremonies, and some Ainu communities, such as those inTokachi andHidaka, held origin myths linking the birth of the Ainu to a coupling between a white wolf and a goddess. Ainu hunters would leave portions of their kills for wolves, and it was believed that hunters could share a wolf's kill if they politely cleared their throats in its presence. Because of the wolf's special status in Ainu culture, hunters were forbidden from killing wolves with poison arrows or firearms, and wasting the pelt and meat of a wolf was thought to provoke wolves into killing the hunter responsible. The Ainu did not differentiate wolves from their domestic dogs, and would strive to reproduce wolf traits in their dogs by allowing dogs in heat to roam freely in wolf-inhabited areas in order to produce hybrid offspring.[29]
With the onset of theMeiji Restoration in 1868,Emperor Meiji officially ended Japan's long-standing isolationism through theCharter Oath, and sought to modernize Japan's agriculture by replacing its dependence on rice farming with American-styleranching. To provide land for this the Meiji government engaged in a process ofcolonization of the island of Hokkaido.Ohio rancherEdwin Dun was hired as a scientific adviser in 1873 for the Kaitakushi (Hokkaido Development Agency), and began promoting ranching with state-run experimental farms. As wolf predation was inhibiting the propagation of horses in southeastern Hokkaidō and allegedly causing hardship to Ainu deer hunters, the Meiji government declared wolves as "noxious animals" (yūgai dōbutsu), entrusting Dun to oversee the animals' extermination.[30][31][32] Dun began his work at theNiikappu ranch with a mass-poisoning campaign involving the use ofstrychnine-laced baits. This was supplemented by a bounty system established by the Kaitakushi.[30] This campaign led ultimately to the extinction of the Hokkaido wolf.[33]
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