| Hokkaido Shinkansen | |||
|---|---|---|---|
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 An H5 series Shinkansen undergoing testing in November 2015 | |||
| Overview | |||
| Native name | 北海道新幹線 | ||
| Status | Operational | ||
| Owner |  JRTT | ||
| Locale | Aomori Prefecture andHokkaido, Japan | ||
| Termini | |||
| Stations | 4 | ||
| Color on map | (#9ACD32) | ||
| Service | |||
| Type | High-speed rail (Shinkansen) | ||
| System | Shinkansen | ||
| Services | Hayabusa,Hayate | ||
| Operator(s) |  JR Hokkaido | ||
| Rolling stock | E5 series,H5 series | ||
| Ridership | 2.11 million (FY 2016)[1] | ||
| History | |||
| Opened | 26 March 2016; 9 years ago (2016-03-26) (Shin-Aomori - Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto)Est. FY2038 (Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto - Sapporo) | ||
| Technical | |||
| Line length | 148.8 km (92.5 mi) 360.6 km (224.1 mi) (2038) | ||
| Number of tracks | Double-track | ||
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)standard gauge | ||
| Minimum radius | 4,000 m (2.5 mi; 13,000 ft) (Most) 6,500 m (4.0 mi; 21,300 ft) (Seikan Tunnel) | ||
| Electrification | Overhead line, 25 kV 50 Hz AC | ||
| Operating speed | 260 km/h (162 mph) Through the Seikan Tunnel: 160 km/h (100 mph) 260 km/h (162 mph) (during major holidays) | ||
| Signalling | Cab signalling | ||
| Train protection system | DS-ATC | ||
| Maximum incline | 2.08% (current) 3.0% (under construction) | ||
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TheHokkaido Shinkansen (北海道新幹線,Hokkaidō Shinkansen) is a Japanese high-speedShinkansen rail line that links up with theTōhoku Shinkansen in northernAomori Prefecture inHonshu and continues on into the interior ofHokkaido through the underseaSeikan Tunnel. Construction started in May 2005; the initialShin-Aomori toShin-Hakodate-Hokuto section opened on 26 March 2016.[2] The section of the line toSapporo was originally scheduled to open by fiscal year 2030,[3] but in December 2024 it was delayed until the end of FY2038, distressing local communities and causing concern over impact on regional development.[4][5] The line is operated by theHokkaido Railway Company (JR Hokkaido).[6]
In preparation for the opening of the Hokkaido Shinkansen, theSeikan Tunnel (Kaikyō Line) and associated approaches (approximately 82 km or 51 mi in total)[7] were converted todual gauge, with both the Shinkansen1,435 mm (4 ft 8+1⁄2 in)standard and1,067 mm (3 ft 6 in)narrow gauge tracks.[8]
Upon the opening of the Shinkansen line the section of the conventional (narrow gauge)Esashi Line approximately paralleling the same route betweenGoryōkaku andKikonai was transferred from the control of JR Hokkaido to a newly establishedthird-sector railway operating company,South Hokkaido Railway Company, becoming theIsaribi Line.[9]
Two train service types operate on the Hokkaido Shinkansen: limited-stopHayabusa services between Tokyo or Sendai and Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto, and semi-fastHayate services between Morioka or Shin-Aomori and Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto.
Under the initial timetable, ten returnHayabusa services operate daily between Tokyo and Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto and one return service operates daily between Sendai and Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto. One returnHayate service operates daily between Morioka and Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto, and one return service daily operates between Shin-Aomori and Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto.[10]
Upon commencement of services in 2016 the maximum speed on the approximately 82 km (51 mi)dual gauge section of the Hokkaido Shinkansen (including through theSeikan Tunnel) was 140 km/h (85 mph), increased to 160 km/h (99 mph) in March 2019.[11] There are approximately 50 freight trains using the dual gauge section each day, so limiting the travel of such trains to times outside of Shinkansen services is not an option. Because of this and other weather-related factors cited by JR East and JR Hokkaido, the fastest journey time between Tokyo and Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto is currently 3 hours, 57 minutes.
During the 2020–21 New Year Holiday period when fewer freight trains were operating, certain Shinkansen services were operated at 210 km/h (130 mph) on the dual gauge section and this was proposed again for the Golden Week Holiday period from 3–6 May 2021.[11][needs update]
This raising of the maximum speed during major travel periods has been repeated every year since. In January 2024, JR Hokkaido announced that the speed would be raised to 260 km/h (160 mph)[12] during major holidays going forward.
To achieve the full benefit of Shinkansen trains travelling on the dual gauge section at 260 km/h (160 mph) (the maximum speed proposed through the tunnel), alternatives are being considered, such as a system to automatically slow Shinkansen trains to 200 km/h (125 mph) when passing narrow-gauge trains, and/or loading freight trains onto special "Train on Train" standard-gauge trains (akin to a covered piggyback flatcar train) built to withstand theshock wave of oncoming Shinkansen trains traveling at full speed. This would enable a travel time from Tokyo to Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto of 3 hours and 45 minutes, a saving of 12 minutes on the current timetable.
In May 2019, JR Hokkaido announced that it had requested permission from theMLIT to increase the speed limit on the 212 km (132 mi) of new track to be constructed between Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto and Sapporo to 320 km/h (200 mph).[13] This would involve the extension of buffers on about 170 km (110 mi) of tunnels, installation of sound barriers on about 30 km (19 mi) of the remaining 42 km (26 mi) of surface track and strengthening of viaducts.
Operating in areas that see significant snowfall during the winter months, accumulation of snow has effects on various train operations. It can cause damage to equipment or can cause a moving train to miss a switch. In particular, accretion of snow in the bogies of the train has been shown to be significant, causing damage or causing schedule delays. Methods have been used to estimate snow accumulation on trains running up to 130 km/h (81 mph), and newer estimates based on weather data can predict accumulation of up to 3 cm (1.2 in) in bogies upon arrival at a station.[14]
The winter season also adversely impacts the occupancy rates of the rail line, with recorded occupancy reaching a low of 19% in the months of January and February.[15]
Legend:
| ● | All trains stop |
|---|---|
| ▲ | Some trains stop |
| Station | Japanese | Distance from Shin-Aomori (km) | Distance from Tokyo (km) | Hayabusa | Hayate | Transfers | Location | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Opened 26 March 2016 | ||||||||
| ↑Through services towardsTokyo via theTohoku Shinkansen ↑ | ||||||||
| Shin-Aomori | 新青森 | 0.0 | 674.9 | ● | ● |
| Aomori | Aomori |
| Okutsugaru-Imabetsu | 奥津軽いまべつ | 38.5 | 713.4 | ▲ | ● | Imabetsu | ||
 Seikan Tunnel | ||||||||
| Kikonai | 木古内 | 113.3 | 788.2 | ▲ | ● | Kikonai | Hokkaido | |
| Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto | 新函館北斗 | 148.8 | 823.7 | ● | ● | Hokuto | ||
| Under construction (Scheduled to open FY2038) | ||||||||
| Shin-Yakumo[* 1] | 新八雲 | 203.0 | 877.9 | Yakumo | Hokkaido | |||
| Oshamambe | 長万部 | 235.9 | 910.8 |
| Oshamambe | |||
| Kutchan | 倶知安 | 290.3 | 965.2 |
| Kutchan | |||
| Shin-Otaru[* 1] | 新小樽 | 328.3 | 1003.2 | Otaru | ||||
| Sapporo | 札幌 | 360.6 | 1035.5 |
| Kita-ku, Sapporo | |||
All services are formed of 10-car JR EastE5 or JR HokkaidoH5 series trainsets.[10]
In February 2014, JR Hokkaido placed an order for four 10-carH5 Series Shinkansen trainsets for use on Hokkaido Shinkansen services from March 2016.[16] Based on theE5 series trainsets operated byJR East since 2011, the order for 40 vehicles cost approximately 18 billion yen.[16] The first two sets of the order are scheduled to be delivered to Hakodate Depot by road from Hakodate Port in October 2014, with test running commencing before the end of the year.[17] The remaining two sets on order were scheduled to be delivered in 2015.[17] The vehicles feature the usual upper green and lower white livery, with a purple stripe in the middle. The color purple was chosen to represent the purple flowers of Hokkaido:lilacs,lupine andlavender. Inside, the ordinary-class cars feature wood paneling and carpet with a snowflake motif. Green class features cream-colored walls representing the local dairy industry and carpet with a drift-ice motif. Gran class features dark blue carpets, said to be modeled after the shimmering lakes and bodies of water along the route.[18]
In the early 1970s, two other Shinkansen routes were proposed for Hokkaido: Sapporo –Asahikawa (Hokkaido Shinkansen extension) andOshamambe –Muroran – Sapporo (Hokkaido South Route). There were also further unofficial plans to connect toAbashiri,Kushiro andNayoro/Wakkanai. These plans have been indefinitely shelved.
Hokkaido along withShikoku was, prior to the opening of the line, the only of thefour main islands of Japan without a Shinkansen connection. Similarly, JR Hokkaido andJR Shikoku along withJR Freight are the only parts ofJR Group that haven't been privatized yet. In 2024 the air route between Sapporo and Tokyo was thesecond busiest in the world by passenger numbers. A faster train connection would shift some of those passengers from air to rail as happened when other Shinkansen services were inaugurated.[19][20][21]
On 1 November 2014, a ceremony was held at Kikonai Station to mark the completion of track-laying for the line between Shin-Aomori and Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto.[22] Test-running on the Hokkaido Shinkansen tracks within Hokkaido commenced from 1 December 2014, initially at low speeds, with the speed raised to the maximum of 260 km/h (160 mph) later that month.[23] Test-running was extended through the Seikan Tunnel to Oku-Tsugaru-Imabetsu in December 2014.[24] Test-running south of Oku-Tsugaru-Imabetsu commenced on 21 April 2015, with the first train reaching Shin-Aomori Station from the north in the early hours of 24 May.[24]
JR Hokkaido is extending the Hokkaido Shinkansen from Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto toSapporo, originally planned to open by 2030.[3] However, in May 2024, theJRTT reported to theMLIT that it would be 'extremely difficult' to extend the line to Sapporo by 2030.[25] In December 2024, MLIT announced the opening will be delayed until FY2038.[4] There is potential for the opening date to be revised in either direction, and a further announcement will be made after discussions at a panel of experts which will commence in January 2025.[4]
Tunneling work on the 5,265 m (3.272 mi) Murayama Tunnel, situated about 1 kilometer (0.6 mi) north of Shin-Hakodate-Hokuto station commenced in March 2015. However in July 2016 the short section between the Murayama Tunnel and the next tunnel (26,470 m) was deemed unnecessary so the construction altered and the planned two tunnels were integrated into the Toshima Tunnel with a total length of 32,675 m. When opened, it will be the longest land tunnel in the country.
The 211.3 km (131.3 mi) extension will be approximately 76% in tunnels, including major tunnels such as Toshima (mentioned above),Oshima (26.5 km or 16.5 mi), Teine (18.8 km or 11.7 mi) and Shiribeshi (18 km or 11 mi).[26]
When the section to Sapporo opens, the estimated journey time fromTokyo toSapporo will be at most 5 hours and 1 minute.[27]
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