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| Hokaglish | |
|---|---|
| Philippine Hybrid Hokkien | |
| 相濫摻話 | |
| Native to | Philippines |
| Region | Manila (concentrated inBinondo),Metro Cebu,Metro Bacolod,Iloilo, or elsewhere in thePhilippines |
| Ethnicity | Chinese Filipinos |
| Era | 1945 – present |
Hokkien mixed language
| |
| none | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
 Area where Hokaglish is spoken | |
| This article containsIPA phonetic symbols. Without properrendering support, you may seequestion marks, boxes, or other symbols instead ofUnicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. | |
Hokaglish (/ˈhɒkəɡlɪʃ/;Chinese:相濫摻話;Pe̍h-ōe-jī:Saⁿ-lām-chham-ōe;Tâi-lô:sann-lām-tsham-uē;IPA:[sã˧˧lam˦˩→˨˩t͡sʰam˧˧ue˦˩]), formally known asPhilippine Hybrid Hokkien, is aspoken language formed fromcontact primarily fromPhilippine Hokkien,Tagalog andPhilippine English,[1] with some influence fromPhilippine Spanish,Cantonese, and other local peripheral languages.[2]
Typically used amongst someChinese Filipinos, who are also typically fluent inTaglish and some level of fluency ofPhilippine Hokkien, Hokaglish is used in various corporations, academic institutions, restaurants, and religious institutions especially inMetro Manila or wherever there are Chinese Filipinos across thePhilippines.[1] Some note that this is a result of having to maintain command of all three languages in the spheres of home, school and greater Philippine society. Although used by Chinese Filipinos in general, this form ofcode-switching orcode-mixing is popular especially among the younger generations of Chinese Filipinos, such asGeneration X andmillennials.[3]
Usually older generationChinese Filipinos who typically havePhilippine Hokkien as theirfirst language, such as those of theSilent Generation,Baby Boomer, and someGeneration X, typically useHokkien Chinese sentence structure as the base while injecting English and Tagalog words while the younger generations who haveTagalog and/orEnglish as theirfirst language, such asGeneration X,millennials, and someBaby Boomers andGeneration Z use theFilipino/Tagalog sentence structure as the base while injecting the few Hokkien terms they know in the sentence. The latter therefore, in a similar sense withTaglish usingTagalog grammar andsyntax, tends tocode-mix viaconjugating the Hokkien terms the way they do for Filipino/Tagalog words.[4]
The termHokaglish is a portmanteau or blend ofHokkien andTaglish, itself a blend ofTagalog andEnglish. It was first recorded in 2016.[5]
Earlier thought to be a creole,[2] it may actually be amixed language similar toLight Warlpiri orGurindji Kriol. It is also considered a hybrid English or X-English, making it one of thePhilippine Englishes.[6]