Hogbacks arestone carvedAnglo-Scandinavian stylesculptures from 10th- to 12th-century northernEngland and south-westScotland. Singular hogbacks were found inIreland andWales. Hogbacks fell out of fashion by the beginning of the 11th century. Their function is generally accepted asgrave markers. Similar later grave markers have been found in Scandinavia. InCornwall similar stones are known ascoped stones.
Hogbacks take the form of recumbent monuments, generally with a curved ('hogbacked') ridge, often also with outwardly curved sides. This shape, and the fact that they are frequently decorated with 'shingles' on either side of the central ridge, show that they are stylised 'houses' for the dead. The 'house' is of a Scandinavianlonghouse type associated with the 'mead hall' feasting atValhalla in pre-ChristianNorse religion. One theory is that hogbacks originated among theDanish settlers who emigrated tonorthern England in the 870s. However, there is not sufficient research to prove or disprove this. The monuments at Govan and Penrith are associated with local native BritishCumbric speaking rulers of the period.
It has been suggested that the monument-type was invented about 920. There are particular concentrations of hogbacks inYorkshire,Cumbria, and in theGovan Stones collection at the formerGovan Old Parish Church inGovan on theRiver Clyde – the first being their likely area of origin. Individual examples are found over a much wider area, however, fromDerbyshire to CentralScotland.
The presence of hogbacks in Scotland is likely due to the Forth-Clyde route, which connected York to Dublin. Most hogback sites in Scotland are along waterway routes. There are stray examples as far afield as theNorthern Isles andOrkney.
Ireland has a single example atCastledermot,County Kildare, which is similar to two hogbacks inIngleby Arncliffe, North Yorkshire.[1]
Wales has a single example of a hogback, located at Llanddewi Aberarth Church.
The most numerous collections are the ones preserved in St Thomas's church atBrompton,North Yorkshire. Discovered in 1867 following the restoration of the church, six were taken toDurham Cathedral Library, leaving four whole ones and fragments of others at Brompton. They are characterized by carvings of bears hugging the slabs with strapwork in their mouths. Elsewhere, five impressive examples found in the early medieval churchyard of Govan Old are in theGovan Stones museum, situated in the (former)parish kirk ofGovan,Glasgow. There is a fine example in the visitor centre onInchcolm island in theFirth of Forth. An excellent and highly decoratedexample exists inSt Peter's Church, Heysham, near Morecambe.
There are two main types of hogbacks. One is the Brompton type, which is characterized by massive end beasts. The other type is the warrior's tomb, which looks more like a house. It does not have massive end beasts.[2] Within the two main groups of hogback styles are smaller subsets. The scroll type hogback is a subset of the warrior's tomb type. It is characterized by scroll motifs on the horizontal band below thetegulation.[3]
Govan sits on the south bank of the Clyde River, and was the Christian centre of the Clyde Britons and theKingdom of Strathclyde. It has the four largest known hogbacks. There are five hogbacks in theGovan Stones museum atGovan Old Parish Church. The earliest, known as 'Govan 2', has been dated to the tenth century. It has two rows of tegulation with concave, contoured lines. It has a band of interlace beneath the rows of shingles. The interlace pattern is not the same on either side. It is not continuous on either side. This is the only hogback at Govan with stopped-plait interlacing. The stopped plait on this hogback is characterized by a series of small, separated elements with pellet fillers. It also has a running ring-knot interlace with frets. On the other side, the sections of four-cord plait are stylistically reduced to a contoured diagonal bar crossed with a bar and four small pellets flanking it.[3]
The later four hogbacks at Govan are dated to later in the 10th century. The longest hogback at Govan does not have the decorative motifs that its earlier brother has. It is covered in rows of shingles, but they are not contoured. It is wider with a shallower roof pitch. The third hogback is massive. It has a full-bodied, 3-dimensional end-beast with legs. This single animal straddles the monument from one end to the other. The fourth hogback is also characterized by a single end-beast. Its head faces outward, an uncommon feature in hogbacks. The animal's four bent legs point toward its head. The roof ridges resemble a spine and the rows of tegulation are like scales. The fifth hogback has two end-beasts, one at either end. The beasts' faces and bodies are shown in profile with jaws gaping open, their legs intersecting along the base. This is the only known hogback with end-beasts in this position.[3]
InCornwall grave markers of the hogback type are known ascoped stones. There are five known coped stones surviving, varying in their resemblance to hogbacks found elsewhere. One is found inSt Buryan, another inLanivet a third atPhillack, a fourth atSt Tudy and in 2012 a fifth was excavated inPadstow. Cornish coped stones tend to be longer than normal hogbacks at over 2 metres in length, but shorter in height, and have an unusualhipped roof style. The Lanivet stone is the only known hogback in Cornwall to have beasts carved on the ends. The stones show both Scandinavian and local Cornish influence in their designs, indicating the inclusion of Cornwall in a"western British Viking-age sculptural tradition".[4]
