Ahockey puck is either an open or closed disk used in a variety of sports and games. There are designs made for use on an ice surface, such as inice hockey, and others for the different variants offloor hockey which includes the wheeled skate variant ofinline hockey (a.k.a.roller hockey). They are all designed to serve the same function aball does in ball games.
A closed disk hockey puck having the shape of a shortcylinder made ofvulcanizedrubber is used in the sport ofice hockey. Hockey pucks are designed for use on either an ice surface,dry floor, or underwater, though open disk designs have only been used on floors.[1]
Open disk hockey pucks have a hole, forming the shape of atoroid, for use in a particular style of floor hockey. They should not be confused withringette rings, which aretoruses, for use in the sport ofringette. This article deals chiefly with the sport and game pucks which are closed disks.
The origin of the wordpuck is vague. TheOxford English Dictionary suggests the name is related to the verbto puck (acognate ofpoke) used in the games ofshinty andhurling for striking or pushing the ball, from theScottish Gaelicpuc or the Irishpoc, meaning "to poke, punch or deliver a blow":[2][3]
It is possible that settlers ofNova Scotia, many of whom were Scottish and Irish who playedshinty andhurling, may have introduced the word to Canada. This is supported by the prevalent use in Canada of the word "shinny" for an informal or "pick-up" game of hockey, which is also derived from the Scottish game of shinty. The first known printed reference was in Montreal, in 1876 (Montreal Gazette of February 7, 1876), just a year after thefirst indoor game was played there.[4]
A hockey puck is also referred to colloquially as a "biscuit". To put the "biscuit in the basket" (colloquial for the goal) is to score a goal.[5]
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Ice hockey requires a hard disk of vulcanized rubber. A standard ice hockey puck is black, 1 inch (25 mm) thick, 3 inches (76 mm) in diameter, and weighs between 5.5 and 6 ounces (156 and 170 g);[6] some pucks are heavier or lighter than standard(seebelow). Pucks are often marked withsilkscreened team or league logos on one or both faces.[6] Pucks are frozen before the game to reduce bouncing during play.[6]
The first hockey pucks[7] were made from frozen cow dung and leather liver pads. These early pucks had a lifespan of about one game before they were too soft or too hard for playability, so they were replaced with wooden ones.
The sport ofbandy, prior to its first official organization inBritain, had its informal variants spread to North America where they and game concepts fromlacrosse,shinty andhurling served as precursors in some format to ice hockey. These informal games utilized various types of balls while being played on ice until the latter half of 19th century Canada, after which the game of ice hockey and the ice hockey puck began to take their official shape and form.
By the 1870s, flat pucks were made of wood as well as rubber. Records from thefirst indoor ice hockey game (1875) used a wooden puck, to prevent it from leaving the area of play[8] though new evidence has shown that cuts from large corks have also been used.[citation needed]
At first, pucks (of either material) were made in the shape of a square. Rubber pucks were first made by slicing a rubber ball, then trimming the disk square. The original puck used first in the first organized games in Kingston on March 10, 1886 (on display at theOriginal Hockey Hall of Fame), was made from a cut-down lacrosse ball. It looks like a lump of coal, is made from soft rubber, and bounces far more than a modern hockey puck.[9]
TheVictoria Hockey Club of Montreal is credited with making and using the first round pucks, in the 1880s.[10]
There are several variations on the standard black, 6-ounce (170 g) hockey puck. One of the most common is a blue, 4-ounce (110 g) puck that is used for training younger players who are not yet able to use a standard puck. Heavier 10-ounce (280 g) training pucks, typically reddish pink or reddish orange in colour, are also available for players looking to develop the strength of their shots or improve their stick handling skills. Players looking to increase wrist strength often practice with steel pucks that weigh 2 pounds (910 g); these pucks are not used for shooting, as they could seriously harm other players. White pucks are used for technical handling andgoaltender practice. These are regulation size and weight, but made from white rubber. The colour blend in with the ice and rink and requires higher focus on the puck, making handling of the black puck at later stage easier.[11] A hollow, light-weight fluorescent orange puck is available for road or floor hockey. Other variants, some with plastic ball-bearings or glides, are available for use for road or roller hockey.[citation needed]
Two major developments have been devised to create better puck visibility ontelevision broadcasts, but both were short-lived:
The use of a "Firepuck" in the early 1990s was the first attempt to improve the visibility of hockey pucks as seen on television. This invention incorporated coloured retro reflective materials of eitherembedded lens elements or prismatic reflectors laminated into recesses on the flat surfaces and the vertical edge of a standard hockey puck. Yellow was the preferred reflected colour. A spotlight was required to be positioned on the TV camera and focused at the centre of the viewing area.
A short demonstration tape of theMinnesota North Stars skating with the Firepuck was shown during the period break at the1993 NHL All-Star Game in Montreal. TheInternational Hockey League (IHL) pursued testing the Firepuck with its inventor, Donald Klassen. The next television viewing was the IHL All-Star Game inFort Wayne, Indiana, January 1994, where the Firepuck was used for the entire game. The IHL tested the Firepuck in two more games, and finally theEast Coast Hockey League used it January 17, 1997, for their all-star game.
The use of the Firepuck was discontinued because of these reasons:
The Firepuck name was branded during the 1990s but has since been discontinued.
TheFoxTrax "smart puck" was developed by theFox television network when it heldNational Hockey League (NHL) broadcasting rights for the United States. The puck had integrated electronics to track its position on screen; a blue streak traced the path of the puck across the ice. The streak would turn red if the puck was shot especially hard. This was an experiment in broadcasting intended to help viewers unfamiliar with hockey to better follow the game by making the puck more visible. It was ill-received by many traditional hockey fans, but appreciated by many of the more casual viewers.[citation needed] The system debuted with much publicity in the NHL All-Star game at the BostonFleet Center on January 20, 1996, but the system was shelved when Fox Sports lost the NHL broadcast rights three years later.[citation needed]
Most goals are scored by airborne pucks, sometimes seen to tumble through the air, on their way in to the net.
During a game, pucks can reach speeds of 100 miles per hour (160 km/h) or more when struck. The current world record is held byDenis Kulyash ofKHL'sAvangard Omsk, who slapped a puck at the 2011 KHL All-Star Game skills competition inSt. Petersburg,Russia on 5 February 2011 with a speed of 110.3 miles per hour (177.5 km/h).[12]Zdeno Chára, whoseslapshot clocked 108.8 miles per hour (175.1 km/h) in the2013 NHL All-Star Game SuperSkills competition, broke his own earlier record.[13]
Fast-flying pucks are potentially dangerous to players and spectators. Puck-related injuries at hockey games are not uncommon. This led to the evolution of various types of protective gear for players, most notably thegoaltender mask. The most notable incident involving a spectator took place on March 18, 2002, when a 13-year-old girl,Brittanie Cecil, died two days after being struck on the head by a hockey puck deflected into the crowd at an NHL game between theCalgary Flames andColumbus Blue Jackets inColumbus. This is the only known incident of this type to have occurred in the history of the league. Partly as a result of this event, the glass orplexiglass panels that sit atop the boards of hockey rinks to protect spectators have been supplemented with mesh nets that extend above the upper edge of the glass.
NHL regulation pucks were notrequired for professional play until the 1990–91 season, but were standardized for consistent play and ease of manufacture half a century earlier, byArt Ross, in 1940.[6] Major manufacturers of pucks exist in Canada, Russia, theCzech Republic, thePeople's Republic of China,[6][better source needed] andSlovakia.[14]
The black rubber of the puck is made up of a mix of natural rubber, antioxidants, bonding materials and other chemicals to achieve a balance ofhardness andresilience.[15] This mixture is then turned in a machine with metal rollers, where workers add extra natural rubber, and ensure that the mixing is even. Samples are then put into a machine that analyses if the rubber will harden at the right temperature. An automated apparatus, called apultrusion machine,[6] extrudes the rubber into long circular logs that are 3 inches (7.6 cm) in diameter and then cut into 1 inch (2.5 cm) thick pieces while still soft. These pre-forms are then manually put into moulds that are the exact size of a finished puck.[15] There are up to 200 mould cavities per moulding palette, capable of producing up to 5,000 pucks per week.[6] The moulds are then compressed. This compression may be done cold[6] or with the moulds heated to 300 °F (149 °C) for 18 minutes,[15] depending on the proprietary methods of the manufacturer. They come out hard and then are allowed to sit for 24 hours. Each puck is manually cleaned with a trimmer machine to remove excess rubber. The moulding process adds a diamond cross-hatch texture around the edge of the puck for improved friction between the stick and puck for better control and puck handling.[15]
The practice pucks are made by a similar but faster process that uses larger pre-forms, 4–5 in (10–13 cm) thick, puts them into moulds automatically, and applies more pressure and heat over a shorter period of time to compress the puck into the standard size. This allows approximately twice as many pucks to be manufactured in the same time period as the more exacting production of NHL regulation pucks. People sometimes freeze pucks to prevent them from sticking to the ice.[6]
The list of former or present-day major producers includes
ViceroyInglasco -Olympics 2010.Pro-Flex
Gufex[16] -Olympics 1998,2002,2006 and2018. Since 1999, allWorld Championships. Rubena[16] -Olympics 2014.
Vegum Dolné Vestenice[17]
Converse HockeyShotSpalding
Xiamen Yin Hua Silicone Rubber Products Co., Ltd. Xiamen Deng Hong Silica Gel Product Co., Ltd. Xiamen Ijetech Industry & Trade Co. Ltd
Roller hockey pucks,a.k.a.in-line hockey pucks, are similar to ice-hockey pucks but are made from plastic and thus lighter. They have small ribs protruding from their tops and bottoms which limit contact with the surface, allowing better sliding motion and lessfriction. These pucks typically come in light, easily visible colors: mostly commonly red, but also sometimes orange, yellow, pink, or green. Roller hockey pucks were created soinline hockey andstreet hockey players could play with a puck instead of a ball on surfaces such ashardwood,concrete, andasphalt.
Underwater hockey uses a type of puck that while similar in appearance to an ice hockey puck, differs in that it has alead core weighing approximately 3 pounds (1.4 kg) within ateflon, plastic orrubbercoating. This makes the puckdense enough to sink in a swimming pool, though it can be lofted during passes, while affording some protection to the pool tiles.
A smaller and lighter version of the standard puck exists for junior competition and is approximately 1 lb 12 oz (0.80–0.85 kg) and of similar construction to the standard puck.
While there are numerous regional variations in colour, construction and materials all must conform to international regulations stipulating overall dimensions and weight. The regulations state that pucks should be a bright distinctive colour, for example high-visibility pink or orange, and that for World Championships these are the only acceptable colours.
Spongee[18]a.k.a. "sponge hockey", is an organized recreational cult game that emerged in Canada around the 1950s and is played in the Canadian city ofWinnipeg. It gets its name from the puck that is used: instead of the hard vulcanized rubber puck used in regular ice hockey, a softer sponge puck is used.[19] At one point, some locals referred to it as "tweeter" based on the sound the original pucks made. The game is a variant of ice hockey and was influenced by Canadianroad-hockey and ice-hockey players playingshinny on outdoor rinks in running shoes and winter boots. The game is played in winter strictly on outdoor rinks, does not use ice skates, and has codes involving less contact.Broomball shoes are sometimes used.
The spongee puck[19][20] originated when someone took a toy red-white-and-bluehandball and cut out the center, leaving a rude approximation of a standard hockey puck. Eventually manufactured types of sponge pucks came into use, some of which were developed inSlovakia and had a spring core. Spongee pucks are softer than ice hockey pucks and have more bounce.
The term "puck" is sometimes also applied to similar (though often smaller) gaming discs in other sports and games, includingnovuss,shuffleboard,table shuffleboard,box hockey,floor hockey, andair hockey.
Ice hockey pucks of regulation 3-inch (7.6 cm) diameter and 1-inch (2.5 cm) thickness may be used as mechanical vibration dampening isolators in places such as feet for light industrial air compressors, and air conditioning units because they are of regulation materials and therefore consistent manufacture, size, and shape, and are constructed of a repeatable and consistent vulcanized rubber material.
Since the material is rubber, it may be drilled out or milled easily to a fixed depth as rubber feet or used as rubber spacer or gasket material.
A very common use of a slotted hockey puck is as an adaptor between the metal foot of a trolley jack and the sill (rocker panel) of an automobile. The sill has a spot-welded lip which fits into the slot of the puck and would otherwise be bent or marked by the metal foot.
In November 2018, faculty ofOakland University in Michigan received hockey pucks and training to throw them as a possible last-ditch defense againstactive shooters. TheAmerican Association of University Professors distributed pucks to its 800 members, and is working with student groups to distribute an additional 1,700 pucks to students.[21]
{{cite news}}:Missing or empty|title= (help), citing Joyce (1910).
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