The history of theJews inOmaha, Nebraska, goes back to the mid-1850s.
TheJewish community inOmaha, Nebraska, has made significant cultural, economic and social contributions to the city.[1] The first Jewish settlers came to the city shortly after it was founded in 1856. The most numerous Jewish immigrants were from eastern Europe and the Russian Empire. They arrived in four waves of immigration to the US in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Immigrants were active in working class and socialist politics, especially during the 1920s and 1930s. Others established themselves as merchants and businessmen in the city. The Jewish community supported philanthropy and created important cultural and charitable institutions. Born to socialist parents in Omaha, renowned Jewish feminist authorTillie Olsen worked when she was young in the meatpacking plants and helped organize unions.[2] The Jewish youth organizationAleph Zadik Aleph was established by immigrants in Omaha.[3]
Today there are many Jewish families who have lived in Omaha for four generations. These families have followed the expansion of the city to the west, with the center of their residential areas and synagogues having moved fromDowntown Omaha and theNear North Side to theWest Omaha suburbs. New Jewish immigrants have come to the city from Russia andEastern Europe since the 1980s. Historically Omaha served as a point of migration for Jewish Americans who moved on to other cities. Today people from across the country can trace Omaha in their family histories.[4]
In 1856, the first Jewish settlers, mostly merchants and businessmen, arrived in Omaha. From the beginning, leaders ofOrthodox Judaism andReform Judaism worked to create strong congregations.[5] In January 1871, Temple Israel was founded as the first Jewish congregation in Nebraska. Immediately afterwards, the congregation formed a burial society and established thePleasant Hill Cemetery in order to provide ritual services to the city's Jewish community. The firstconfirmation service was held in 1872, and the congregation was incorporated with the city of Omaha in 1873.
In 1884 the congregation dedicated the first synagogue in Omaha at 23rd and Harney Streets.[6] Later in the century Eastern European Jews immigrated to the city.[7] In 1886, anEdict of Expulsion was enforced against the Jews of Kiev, which led many to migrate from Ukraine to the United States. Omaha became home to hundreds, as they settled in the older neighborhoods of the city.[8]
By 1890 the federal census recorded 1,035 Jews in Omaha.[5] In 1892, Temple Israel invited the newly ordained RabbiLeo M. Franklin, a recent graduate ofHebrew Union College, to become their rabbi.[9] Franklin immediately set about spurring changes aimed at strengthening Reform Judaism in the congregation, such as the adoption of theUnion Prayer Book and the ritual recently endorsed by theCentral Conference of American Rabbis.[10] Franklin also pushed to increase the Building Fund, slated for the construction of a new and larger Temple for the Congregation. As time passed, Franklin gained a reputation as an eloquent and idealistic preacher. He won prominent admirers among Omaha's Christian community as well, such asWilliam Jennings Bryan.[11]
Franklin was active in work outside the Omaha congregation. He established a Reform congregation, B'nai Yeshurun, inLincoln, Nebraska; helped found the firstnormal school in Nebraska for the training of religious teachers; served as the editor of the OmahaHumane Society's publication, and lectured in other cities (most notablySioux City, Iowa).[12] In 1896, the congregation elected Franklin to another five-year term as rabbi. Franklin's prominence led to an invitation to speak inDetroit,Michigan, in 1898. He was immediately offered the rabbinate at that city'sTemple Beth El.[12] Franklin accepted Beth El's offer, leaving Omaha in January, 1899. After his departure, Franklin remained in contact with his former Omaha congregation, and participated closely with planning and building of Temple Israel's new Temple, completed in 1908.[13]
In the early 20th century, Anshe Sholom was a Hungarian congregation located in theNear North Side neighborhood, along with B'nai Jacob, a Conservative congregation.[1] As generations of congregants passed on or moved out of the neighborhood, both congregations closed. Their cemeteries are next to that ofTemple Israel on Pleasant Hill.[14]
In 1911 a conversion held in Omaha provoked controversy in the Jewish world. Rabbi Zvi Hirsch Grodzenski, Omaha's Orthodox rabbi, published in the HaMassaf magazine that one butcher who lived in his city converted a girl for marriage to a Jewish guy, assuring her that after the conversion she would not have to keep any commandments at all. Rabbi Grodzensky ruled that the conversion was null and void. Rabbi Yechezkel Benat agreed that such conversions should not be made in the first place, but stated that the conversion is valid in any situation.[15]
TheJ. L. Brandeis and Sons Store Building was opened by Brandeis, a notable member of Omaha's Jewish community, in 1906. Wise Memorial Hospital, named in honor of Rabbi Joseph M. Wise, was located at 406 South 24th Street on a lot donated by Brandeis's wife. Built in 1912 for $125,000, between 1912 and 1917 the hospital treated more than 1,000 patients. In 1930 the institution closed.[16][17] The Louis Epstein family opened the first motion picture house between Chicago and Denver in 1911.
The Jewish Press began publication in 1920; it is still being published, and Omaha has the distinction of being the smallest community in the United States that is able to produce a weekly Jewish publication.[18] In 1924 Omaha's Jewish community celebrated opening its own exclusivecountry club, Highland Country Club, in response to policies at established country clubs which excluded Jews. While social practices changed in the city among both Christian and Jewish Americans,Warren Buffett was one of the few non-Jewish members at Highland. He joined the club in 1968[19] to promote anti-discrimination.[20] The Highland Country Club at Pacific and 132nd Streets was renamed Iron Wood in 2000. It no longer specified Jewish-only membership, just as most other country clubs no longer excluded Jewish Americans or other minorities.[21] Ironwood officially closed at the end of December 2009 due to financial woes.[22]
TheOmaha Jewish Community Center was founded two years after the country club, in 1926. The JCC moved to its present location at 333 South 132nd Street in 1973. The original JCC was the site of important labor organizing in the city, and has continued to serve as an important center for financial support in Omaha's Jewish community throughout its history.[23]
The 1930 U.S. census showed 2,084 JewishRussians in Omaha, many of whom were first-generation immigrants who had fled religious persecution in the Russian Empire (including Ukraine).[24] In 1929 a Conservative congregation began holding services at the Jewish Community Center on 20th and Dodge Streets. Beth El bought land for its cemetery in 1927.[14] In 1935 the group named itself the Beth El Congregation. During Hanukkah in 1941, they dedicated a new synagogue facing 49th Avenue at Farnam Street. After fifty years of almost continuous growth, Beth El dedicated a new synagogue in 1991 at 14506 California Street inWest Omaha, a more suburban location, where most of their congregants had migrated over the years to get newer housing.[25]
Beth Hamedrosh Hagadol Cemetery is inSarpy County, next to Hrabik Cemetery and the Bnai Abraham Cemetery. Today all three are referred to as theFisher Farm Cemetery. They were originally established in 1883 by a now-defunct congregation called Bennea Israel.[14]
Jewish businessmen created much of the commercial development in the Near North Side, especially the important North 24th Street corridor. After helping establish the prominence of the area before World War I, many Jewish merchants maintained their businesses even after the neighborhood wasredlined in the 1920s. Housing discrimination forced African-American residents to stay in the community, but especially after World War II, many descendants of other ethnicitiesmoved from the area to the western suburbs of Omaha to live in newer housing. Such suburban development was typical around growing cities in the postwar years.
Jewish businesses left North Omaha only in thelate 1960s after their businesses were targeted and destroyed in urban riots. Most Jewish residents had already gradually moved to West Omaha and other neighborhoods.[1] In 1968, there were 7,000 Jews living in Omaha. By the second decade of the 21st century the Jewish population was approximately 6,000.[26]
Aaron Cahn was a prominent Jewish member in the Omaha community who served in the firstNebraska State Legislature. His family were among the first Jewish settlers in Omaha.[27]
In the early 1900s,Edward Rosewater, a Bohemian Jew from Hungary, founded theOmaha Bee and served as its editor. His strong stands sometimes stirred controversy. Notable RabbiLeo M. Franklin served Temple Israel from 1892 to 1898.Arthur J. Lelyveld, leader of theHillel organization and president of theZionist Organization of America, was a rabbi in Omaha for several years.
Born in North Omaha,Tillie Olsen was a worker and labor organizer in the 1930s in the meatpacking industry, helping organize theUnited Packinghouse Workers of America in theSouth Omahastockyards and packinghouses. She was much influenced by her parents' Jewish socialist community in North Omaha, and was an activist all her life. Later Olsen began to publish her writings (after her move to California). She became an influential feminist author and served as writer-in-residence at several universities.[28]
By the mid-20th century, Jewish people achieved formal elective office in Omaha.Edward Zorinsky was elected mayor of Omaha and served from 1973 to 1976. After that he was electedUnited States Senator from 1976 to 1987.
Meyer S. Kripke was an American rabbi, scholar, and philanthropist. He served as Rabbi for Omaha Beth El from 1946-1990.[29]
Henry Monsky was a B'nai B'rith leader from Omaha.[7]Aleph Zadik Aleph, the men's Order of theB'nai B'rith Youth Organization began in Omaha in 1923 as acollege fraternity.[3]
Additional notable Jewish Americans from Omaha:
| Synagogues in Omaha[30] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Affiliation | Address | Link | ||
| B'nai Israel Synagogue (unaffiliated) | 618 Mynster Street,Council Bluffs | linkArchived 2013-05-17 at theWayback Machine | |||
| Beth El Synagogue | Conservative | 14506 California Street | link | ||
| Beth Israel Synagogue | Orthodox | 12604 Pacific Street | link | ||
| Capehart Chapel | Offutt Air Force Base | link | |||
| Chabad House | Chabad-Lubavitch | 1866 South 120th Street | link | ||
| Simon Family Chapel, Rose Blumkin Jewish Home | 323 South 132nd Street | ||||
| Temple Israel Synagogue | Reform | 13111 Sterling Ridge Drive | link | ||
| Former synagogues in Omaha[30] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Opened | Closed | Address | Notes | |
| B'nai Israel | 1872 | Open | Park Ave and Johnson Street | Located at 1502 N. 52nd St. in 1952. B'nai Israel founded Pleasant Hill Cemetery at 6412 North 42nd Street in 1872. In 1889, B’nai Israel became Temple Israel. | |
| Beth Israel | 1885 | ? | 18th and Chicago | ||
| Chevra B'nai Israel Adas Russia | 1886 | ? | 12th and Capitol| Russian; also known as "The Kippler Shul"; moved to 18th and Chicago in 1910. | ||
| Beth Hamedrosh Hagadol, aka, was built. | 1883 | AKA "The Litvsche Shul" | |||
| Union of Orthodox Congregations of Omaha | 1883 | B’nai Israel and Beth Hamedrosh Hagadol merged to form the UOC. | |||
| Beth Hamedrash Hagodol | 1890 | ||||
| B’nai Jacob Anshe Sholom | 1909 | A Hungarian synagogue originally located at 1111 N. 24th St., 25th and Seward, then 6412 N. 42nd St. | |||
| B’nai Jacob – Adas Yeshuron | 1906 | AKA "The Kapulier Shul", incorporated at 19th and Beast St., then 24th and Nicholas, and then 3028 Cuming St. | |||
| Beth Hamedrosh Adas Yeshuran | 1922 | 25th and Seward | |||
| Shaare Zion | 1926 | AKA “the Riekes Shul” | |||
| 1929—Beth El Synagogue | 1929 | Open | Located at 1821 North 20th Street, then 1552 N. 19th St. in 1939 | Services held at the Jewish Community Center at 20th and Dodge, located at 49th and Farnam in 1952 | |
| B’nai Jacob Adas Yeshurun | 1952 | ||||
| B'nai Jacob Anshe Sholem, closed permanently | 1985 | ||||
| Jewish cemeteries in Omaha[31] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Name | Address | Established | Notes | ||
| Beth El Synagogue Cemetery | 4700 South 84th Street | The land for this cemetery was bought in 1927. | |||
| Beth Hamedrosh Hagodol Cemetery | 8600 South 42 Street,Bellevue | 1901 | Abbreviated to B.H.H. | ||
| Golden Hill Cemetery | 5025 North 42nd Street | 1888 | |||
| Hrabik Cemetery | 8600 South 42 Street, Bellevue | ||||
| Mount Sinai Cemetery | 8600 South 42 Street, Bellevue | ||||
| Oak Hills Cemetery | Council Bluffs | ||||
| Pleasant Hill Cemetery | 6412 North 42 Street | 1871 | |||
| |
