Archery, or the use ofbow and arrows, was probably developed in Africa by the laterMiddle Stone Age (approx. 70,000 years ago). It is documented as part ofwarfare andhunting from theclassical period (where it figures in themythologies of many cultures)[1] until the end of the 19th century, when bow and arrows was made functionally obsolete by the invention and spread ofrepeating firearms (though they are still used in hunting).[2]
Archers were a widespread if supplemental part of the military in the classical period, and bowmen foughton foot, inchariots ormounted on horses. Archery rose to prominence in Europe in the later medieval period, where victories such as theBattle of Agincourt cemented the longbow in military lore.[3][4]
Archery in both hunting and warfare was eventually replaced byfirearms in Europe in theLate Middle Ages andearly modern period. Firearms eventually diffused throughoutEurasia via theGunpowder empires, gradually reducing the importance of archery in warfare throughout the world.[2]
Archery is still practiced today, for hunting[5] and as a target sport.[6]
The oldest known evidence ofarrows comes fromSouth African sites such asSibudu Cave, where likelyarrowheads have been found, dating from approximately 72,000–60,000 years ago,[7][8][9][10][11][12] on some of which poisons may have been used.[7]
Small stone points from theGrotte Mandrin in Southern France, used some 54,000 years ago, have damage from use that indicates their use as projectile weapons, and some are too small (less than 10mm across as the base) for any practical use other than as arrowheads.[13] They are associated with possibly the first groups ofhumans to leave Africa.[14][15]
Likely arrowheads were reported in 2020 fromFa Hien Cave inSri Lanka, dated to 48,000 years ago. "Bow-and-arrow hunting at the Sri Lankan site likely focused on monkeys and smaller animals, such as squirrels... Remains of these creatures were found in the same sediment as the bone points."[16][17]
At the site ofNataruk inTurkana County, Kenya,obsidian bladelets found embedded in a human skull and within the thoracic cavity of another human skeleton, suggest the use of stone-tipped arrows as weapons about 10,000 years ago.[18]
In the Sahara,Mesolithic rock art of theTassili plateau from 5,000 BP or earlier depicts people carrying bows.[19]
Based on indirect evidence, the bow seems also to have appeared or reappeared later in Eurasia around theUpper Paleolithic.
In theLevant, artifacts which may be arrow-shaft straighteners are known from theNatufian culture, (ca. 12,800–10,300 BP) onwards. TheKhiamian andPPN A shouldered Khiam-points may well be arrowheads.
Possible fragments of a bow found at Mannheim-Vogelstang have been dated to the Early Magdelenian age (c. 17,500 to 18,000 years ago) and at Stellmoor dated 11,000 years ago.[20]Azilian points found inGrotte du Bichon, Switzerland, alongside the remains of both a bear and a hunter, with flint fragments found in the bear's third vertebra, suggest the use of arrows at 13,500 years ago.[21]
Other early indications of archery in Europe come fromStellmoor in theAhrensburg valley north ofHamburg, Germany. They were associated with artifacts of the latePaleolithic (11,000–9,000 BP). The arrows were made ofpine and consisted of a mainshaft and a 15–20 centimetre (6–8 inches) long foreshaft with aflint point. They had shallow grooves on the base, indicating that they were shot from a bow.[22]
The oldest definite bows known so far come from theHolmegaard swamp in Denmark. In the 1940s, two bows were found there, dated to about 8,000 BP.[23] TheHolmegaard bows are made ofelm and have flat arms and a D-shaped midsection. The center section is biconvex. The complete bow is1.50 m (5 ft) long. Bows of Holmegaard-type were in use until theBronze Age; the convexity of the midsection has decreased with time.
Mesolithic pointed shafts have been found in England, Germany, Denmark, and Sweden. They were often rather long, up to120 cm (4 ft) and made of European hazel (Corylus avellana), wayfaring tree (Viburnum lantana) and other small woody shoots. Some still have flint arrow-heads preserved; others have blunt wooden ends for hunting birds and small game. The ends show traces offletching, which was fastened on withbirch-tar.[citation needed]
The oldest depictions ofcombat, found inIberian cave art of the Mesolithic, show battles between archers.[24] A group of three archers encircled by a group of four is found in Cueva del Roure,Morella la Vella, Castellón, Valencia. A depiction of a larger battle (which may, however, date to the early Neolithic), in which eleven archers are attacked by seventeen running archers, is found in Les Dogue,Ares del Maestrat, Castellón, Valencia.[25]At Val del Charco del Agua Amarga,Alcañiz, Aragon, seven archers with plumes on their heads are fleeing a group of eight archers running in pursuit.[26]
Archery seems to have arrived in the Americas via Alaska, as early as 6000 BC,[27] with theArctic small tool tradition, about 2500 BC, spreading south into the temperate zones as early as 2000 BC, and was widely known among theindigenous peoples of North America from about 500 AD.[28][29]
The oldest Neolithic bow known from Europe was found in anaerobic layers dating between 7,400 and 7,200 BP, the earliest layer of settlement at the lake settlement at La Draga,Banyoles,Girona,Spain. The intact specimen is short at 1.08 m (3 ft 7 in), has a D-shaped cross-section, and is made of yew wood.[30]Stone wrist-guards, interpreted as display versions ofbracers, form a defining part of theBeaker culture and arrowheads are also commonly found in Beaker graves. European Neolithic fortifications, arrow-heads, injuries, and representations indicate that, in Neolithic and EarlyBronze Age Europe, archery was a major form of interpersonal violence.[31] For example, theNeolithic settlement atCarn Brea was occupied between around 3700 and 3400 BC; excavations found that every timber structure on the site had been burnt, and there was a concentration of arrow heads around a probable entrance to the enclosure, suggesting that these arrows may have been used by a large group of archers in an organized assault.[32][33][34]
Chariot-borne archers became a defining feature of Middle Bronze Age warfare, from Europe to Eastern Asia and India. However, in the Middle Bronze Age, with the development of massed infantry tactics, and with the use of chariots for shock tactics or as prestigious command vehicles, archery seems to have lessened in importance in European warfare.[31] In approximately the same period, with theSeima-Turbino Phenomenon and the spread of theAndronovo culture,mounted archery became a defining feature ofEurasian nomad cultures and a foundation of their military success, until the massed use of guns.
Ancientcivilizations, notably thePersians,Parthians,Egyptians,Nubians,Indians,Koreans,Chinese, andJapanese fielded large numbers of archers in their armies. Arrows were destructive against massed formations, and the use of archers often proved decisive. The Sanskrit term for archery,dhanurveda, came to refer to martial arts in general.
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Theancient Egyptian people took to archery as early as 5,000 years ago. It was widespread by the time of the earliestpharaohs and was practiced both for hunting and use in warfare. Legendary figures from the tombs ofThebes are depicted giving "lessons in archery".[35] Some Egyptian deities are also connected to archery.[36]The "Nine bows" were a conventional representation of Egypt's external enemies. One of the oldest representations of the Nine bows is on the seated statue of PharaohDjoser (3rd Dynasty, 27th century BC).[37]Many of the archers in service to Egypt were ofNubian extraction commonly referred to asMedjay, who go from a mercenary force during their initial service to Egypt in theMiddle Kingdom to an elite paramilitary unit by theNew Kingdom. So effective were the Nubians as archers that Nubia as a whole would be referred toTa-Seti or land of the bow by the Ancient Egyptians.
TheAssyrians andBabylonians extensively used the bow and arrow for hunting and warfare. The empires in ancientMesopotamia formed the first standing armies used exclusively for warfare. This included soldiers trained and employed as archers. The archers served as an integral division of the military that was used on foot and on chariots. The bow and arrow, and the sport of archery as a whole, were one of the main components of theAssyrian army, and severalAssyrian kings were depicted having a bow and arrow, marking it as a very important weapon in ancient societies.[38]
TheChariot warriors of theKassites relied heavily on the bow. TheNuzi texts detail the bows and the number of arrows assigned to the chariot crew. Archery was essential to the role of the light horse-drawn chariot as a vehicle of warfare.[39]
TheOld Testament has multiple references to archery as a skill identified with the ancientHebrews.Xenophon describeslong bows used to great effect inCorduene.
Three-bladed (trilobate) arrowheads have been found in theUnited Arab Emirates, dated to 100 BC-150 AD.[40]
Thecomposite bow was first produced in theEurasian Steppes during theBronze Age, and from there it diffused throughout theOld World. The nomads from the Eurasian steppes are believed to play an integral part in introducing the composite bow to other civilizations, including Mesopotamia, Iran, India, East Asia, and Europe. There are arrowheads from the earliestchariot burials atKrivoye Lake, part of theSintashta culture about 2100–1700 BC. These people are also believed to have invented spoke-wheeled chariots, and chariot archery became an integral component of the militaries of earlyIndo-Europeans.
Domestication of horses and mounted horseback archery are also believed to have originated in the Eurasian steppes. This revolutionized warfare as well as the practice of archery.
The use of bow and arrow was recorded extensively throughout the history of the Indian subcontinent.
ThePaleolithic paintings ofBhimbetka rock shelters depict archery.[41]Vedic hymns in theRigveda,Yajurveda, andAtharvaveda lay emphasis on the use of the bow and arrow.[42] The second Veda, the Yajurveda containsDhanurveda (dhanus "bow" and veda "knowledge"), which was an ancient treatise on the science of archery and its use in warfare. The existence of Dhanurveda or "Science of Archery" in antiquity is evident from references made in several works of ancient literature. The Viṣṇu Purāṇa refers it as one of the eighteen branches of knowledge taught, while the Mahābhārata mentions it as having sutras like other vedas.Śukranīti describes it as that 'upaveda of yajurveda' which has five arts or practical aspects. The Dhanurveda enumerates the rules of archery, and describes the uses of weapons and the training the army. Besides providing the account of the training of the archers, Vasiṣṭha's Dhanurveda describes the different types of bows and arrows, as well as the process of making them. Detailed accounts of training methodologies in early India considered to be an essential martial skill in early India.[43]
The composite bow in India was being used by 2nd millennium BCE. The bow was used extensively on foot as well on chariots. It was incorporated into the standing armies of theMahajanapadas, and used in mounted warfare on horses, camels, and elephants with ahowdah. The importance of archery continued through antiquity during theMaurya Empire. TheArthashastra, a military treaties written byChanakya during the Maurya Era, goes in depth on the importance and implementation of archery. It also mentions an archery school atTaxila which enrolled 103 princes from different kingdoms across the empire.
During the era of theGupta Empire mounted archery was largely supplanted by foot archers. This was in contrast to the nomadic armies on horseback from Central Asia such as the Iranian, Scythians, Parthians, Kushans, and Hunas. Later Indian kingdoms entities would maintain and field large numbers of mounted archers. The use of bows and arrows continued to be used as the mainstay of most Indian armies until the advent offirearms, introduced by Mongolgunpowder empires.[39][44]
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The people ofCrete practiced archery and Cretan mercenary archers were in great demand.[45] Crete was known for its unbroken tradition of archery.[46]
During the invasion of India byAlexander the Great, archers are listed among the troops Alexander personally commanded.[47]
The early Romans had very few archers, if any. As their empire grew, they recruited auxiliary archers from other nations.Julius Caesar's armies in Gaul included Cretan archers, andVercingetorix his enemy ordered "all the archers, of whom there was a very great number in Gaul, to be collected".[48] By the 4th century, archers with powerful composite bows were a regular part of Roman armies throughout the empire. During the fall of the western empire, the Romans came under severe pressure from the highly skilledmounted archers belonging to theHun invaders, and later Eastern Roman armies relied heavily on mounted archery.[49]
Archery featured prominently in ancient Chinese culture and philosophyConfucius himself was an archery teacher; andLie Zi (aDaoist philosopher) was an avid archer.[50][51] In China,crossbows were developed, and Han Dynasty writers attributed Chinese success inbattles against nomad invaders to the massed use of crossbows, first definitely attested at theBattle of Ma-Ling in 341 BC.[52] Because the cultures associated with Chinese society spanned a wide geography and time range, the techniques and equipment associated with Chinese archery are diverse.[53]
At the start of the medieval period, shortbows were used for both hunting and warfare. Medieval shortbows were structurally similar to ancient bows, but new construction materials significantly increased their usefulness. With a range of about 100yds a shortbow had the ability to kill or injure an unarmoured man at close range, but were often ineffective against armour.Vikings made extensive use of shortbows both on land and at sea, but other early medieval armies less so, with some notable exceptions. Both sides used archers at theBattle of Hastings, and the Norman archers struck a decisive blow by firing their arrows into the air (avoiding shields and armour which they could not penetrate) and woundingSaxonKing Harold. The shortbow remained the primary ranged weapon throughout early medieval Europe. Archers were usually unarmoured, and were typically peasants or townsmen rather than nobles or men-at-arms.[54]
Around the tenth century thecrossbow was introduced in Europe. Crossbows generally had a longer range, greater accuracy and more penetration than the shortbow, but suffered from a much slower rate of fire. Unlike the longbow they did not require special skill or strength to use effectively. They were also controversial, attracting stigma to those who used them, and were outlawed by the Lateran Council of 1139.[55] Despite this, crossbows were used in the earlyCrusades, with models having a range of 300 yd (274 m) and being able to penetrate armour or kill a horse.[56] They fired short metal bolts rather than arrows. The French army relied substantially on the crossbow in late medieval times.[57]
Thelongbow first appeared in Europe in the 13th century, although similar weapons were described in antiquity. It did not appear with any frequency until the 14th. Like their shortbow predecessors longbow archers were more likely to be peasants or yeomen than men-at-arms. The longbow had a similar range and penetration as the crossbow, but a much higher rate of fire. It also required more skill and strength to use effectively than a crossbow. Its lack of accuracy at long ranges made it a mass weapon rather than an individual one. During the late medieval period the English army famously relied on massed archers armed with the longbow.
From the fourteenth century onwards in England the longbow was not only a military weapon but was reinforced as a civic duty through statute law and local enforcement. Measures required male householders and their servants (and often children) to own bows and practise archery, while games such as football and bowls were prohibited. In Tudor times towns such as Bristol, Leicester and Worcester built or repaired public “butts” (archery ranges) and church-wardens’ accounts show regular payments for the making of these sites, particularly during the heightened invasion fears of the 1540s. Court records show that local authorities fined a wide cross-section of townsmen – from labourers to merchants and officials – who failed to own a bow or attend practice, indicating that archery was treated as a social obligation rather than purely an activity. This coordinated plan of regulation, civic infrastructure and surveillance underpinned England’s continuity of archery training into the early modern period.[58]
In the Scottish Highlands, archers were used in battle until 1689 at Killiekrankie, with a documented fatal shot from the Hanoverian Government army. They were last used in large numbers during the final clan battle between the MacDonalds and the Mackintoshes in 1688. Highlanders are most regularly recorded or depicted using the short recurve or "McNaughton Bow" in this period.[59] Significant victories attributable to the longbow, such as theBattle of Crecy[60] andBattle of Agincourt resulted in theEnglish longbow becoming part of military lore. In both England and Scotland legislation was passed to ensure a supply of trained longbowmen, such as theUnlawful Games Act 1541 which prohibited "Several new devised Games" that might detract from archery training.
In the Middle East thecomposite bow was the preferred bow in the later medieval period. More powerful than the shortbow, they had the advantage over the longer longbow that they could be fired from horseback. However, they also required skilled craftsmen to manufacture, and, like the longbow, extensive training to use well. TheByzantine Empire was already using mounted archers extensively by the 5th century, and the Emperor Mavrikios laid down principles for their use in his seminal military work theStrategikon of Maurice. The core of the Byzantine army was theCataphract, an armoured horse archer. The Byzantines also recruited mercenary light mounted archers from the Steppes.[61]
Turkish tribes, of which theSeljuk Turks are representative, used mounted archers against the EuropeanFirst Crusade, especially at theBattle of Dorylaeum (1097). Their archers were more lightly armoured than the Cataphracts, and consequently more mobile. Their tactic was to fire at the enemy infantry, and use their superior mobility to prevent the enemy from closing with them.[61]
TheMongol armies ofGenghis Khan and his successors relied almost exclusively on mounted warriors, who used theMongol bow (a form of recurve composite bow) as their principal weapon.[61] Mongol bows of that period were constructed from leather, horn, and wood with animal sinew outside, held together with fish glue and covered with tree bark to protect against water. 13th century bows were said to be able to shoot 700–800 meters accurately.[62] Warriors would carry two bows, a long one for shooting at range and a short one for close fighting. They also carried different types of arrows for different uses, some of which could pierce thick armour. The bow was also used for hunting, and warriors were trained from an early age, and competed in tournaments.[63]
In KoreaJoseon adopted a military-service examination system from China that included a focus on archery skills and that contributed to the development of Korean archery as a practical martial art.[64]
In Asia archery was one of the Six Noble Arts of theZhou dynasty of China (1146–256 BC); archery skill was a virtue for Chinese emperors.[50][51]
TheSasanian generalBahram Chobin has been credited with writing a manual of archery in the tenth century inIbn al-Nadim's catalogueKitab al-Fihrist.[65]
A complete arrow of 75 cm[66] (along with other fragments and arrow heads) dated back to 1283 AD, was discovered inside a cave[67] situated in the Qadisha Valley, Lebanon.[68]
A treatise onArab archery by Muḥammad ibn Abī Bakr, calledIbn Qayyim Al-Jawziyya (1292–1350 AD) comes from the 14th century.[69]
A treatise on Saracen archery was written in 1368. This was a didactic poem on archery dedicated to a Mameluke sultan by Ṭaibughā al-Ashrafī.[70]
A 14th-century treatise on Arab archery,Kitāb fī maʿrifat ʿilm ramy al-sihām, was written by Hussain bin Abd al-Rahman.[71]
A treatise,A Book on the Excellence of the Bow & Arrow of c. 1500 details the practices and techniques of archery among the Arabs of that time.[72]
An anonymous book written inPicardy, France, in the late 15th century details how archery in medieval Europe was practiced. The book was titledLe Fachon de tirer l'arc a main. It describes the means of how a yew bow could be made, the kinds of wood that could be used, how to shoot it, string it and different kind of arrows. According to the writer, its purpose is for posterity, possibly due to the rise of the gun.[73]
InMali, thefootmen were dominated by archers. Three archers to onespearman was the general ratio of Malian formations in the 16th century. The archers generally opened battle, softening up the enemy for cavalry charges or the advance of the spearmen.[74]
The advent offirearms eventually rendered bows obsolete in warfare. Despite the high social status, ongoing utility, and widespread pleasure of archery, almost every culture that gained access to even early firearms used them widely, to the relative neglect of archery.
"Have them bring as many guns as possible, for no other equipment is needed. Give strict orders that all men, even the samurai, carry guns."
— Asano Yukinaga, 1598[75]
In Ireland,Geoffrey Keating (c. 1569 – c. 1644) mentions archery as having been practiced "down to a recent period within our own memory."[76]
Early firearms were inferior inrate of fire (a Tudor English author expects eight shots from theEnglish longbow in the time needed for a "ready shooter" to give five from the musket),[77] andFrançois Bernier reports that well-trainedmounted archers at theBattle of Samugarh in 1658 were "shooting six times before a musketeer can fire twice".[78] Firearms were also very susceptible to wet weather. However, they had a longer effective range (up to 200 yards for the longbow, up to 600 yards for the musket),[77][79] greater penetration,[80] were extremely powerful compared to any previous man-portable missile weapon (16th century arquebuses and muskets had 1,300 to 3,000 joules per shot depending on size and powder load, as compared to 80–100 joules for a typical longbow arrow or 150–200 joules for a crossbow bolt),[81] and were tactically superior in the common situation of soldiers shooting at each other from behind obstructions. They also penetrated steel armour without any need to develop specialmusculature. Armies equipped with guns could thus provide superior firepower, and highly trained archers became obsolete on the battlefield. TheBattle of Cerignola in 1503 was won by Spain mainly by the use of matchlock firearms, marking the first time a major battle in Europe was won through the use of firearms.
The last regular unit armed with bows was the Archers' Company of theHonourable Artillery Company, ironically a part of the oldest regular unit in England to be armed with gunpowder weapons. The last recorded use of bows in battle in England seems to have been a skirmish atBridgnorth; in October 1642, during theEnglish Civil War, an impromptu militia, armed with bows, was effective against un-armoured musketmen.[82] The last use of the bow in battle in Britain is said to have occurred at theBattle of Tippermuir in Scotland on 1 September 1644, whenJames Graham, 1st Marquess of Montrose's Royalist highlanders defeated an army of Scottish Covenanters.[83] Among Montrose's army were bowmen.[83]
Archery continued in some areas that were subject to limitations on the ownership of arms, such as the Scottish Highlands during the repression that followed the decline of theJacobite cause, and theCherokees after the Trail of Tears. TheTokugawa shogunate severely limited the import and manufacture of guns, and encouraged traditional martial skills among the samurai; towards the end of theSatsuma Rebellion in 1877, some rebels fell back on the use of bows and arrows. Archery remained an important part of the military examinations until 1894 inKorea and 1904 in China.
Within the steppe of Eurasia, archery continued to play an important part in warfare, although now restricted to mounted archery. TheOttoman Empire still fielded auxiliary cavalry which was noted for its use of bows from horseback. This practice was continued by the Ottoman subject nations, despite the Empire itself being a proponent of early firearms. The practice declined after theCrimean Khanate was absorbed byRussia; however mounted archers remained in the Ottoman order of battle until the post-1826 reforms to the Ottoman Army. The art of traditional archery remained in minority use for sport and for hunting in Turkey up until the 1920s, but the knowledge of constructing composite bows fell out of use with the death of the last bowyer in the 1930s. The rest of the Middle East also lost the continuity of its archery tradition at this time.
An exception to this trend was theComanche culture of North America, wheremounted archery remained competitive with muzzle-loading guns. "After ... about 1800, most Comanches began to discard muskets and pistols and to rely on their older weapons."[84] Repeating firearms, however, were superior in turn, and the Comanches adopted them when they could. Bows remained effective hunting weapons for skilled horse archers, used to some extent by all Native Americans on the Great Plains to huntbuffalo as long as there were buffalo to hunt. The last Comanche hunt was in 1878, and it failed for lack of buffalo, not lack of appropriate weapons.[85]
Ongoing use of bows and arrows was maintained in isolated cultures with little or no contact with the outside world. The use of traditional archery in some African conflicts has been reported in the 21st century, and theSentinelese still use bows as part of a lifestyle scarcely touched by outside contact. A remote group in Brazil, recently photographed from the air, aimed bows at the aeroplane.[86] Bows and arrows saw considerable use in the2007–2008 Kenyan crisis.
The British initiated a major revival of archery as an upper-class pursuit from about 1780–1840.[87]Early recreational archery societies included the Finsbury Archers and theKilwinning Papingo, established in 1688. The latter held competitions in which the archers had to dislodge a wooden parrot from the top of an abbey tower. The Company of Scottish Archers was formed in 1676 and is one of the oldest sporting bodies in the world. It remained a small and scattered pastime, however, until the late 18th century when it experienced a fashionable revival among thearistocracy. SirAshton Lever, an antiquarian and collector, formed the Toxophilite Society in London in 1781, with the patronage ofGeorge, the Prince of Wales.
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Archery societies were set up across the country, each with its own strict entry criteria and outlandish costumes. Recreational archery soon became extravagant social and ceremonial events for the nobility, complete with flags, music and21 gun salutes for the competitors. The clubs were "the drawing rooms of the great country houses placed outside" and thus came to play an important role in the social networks of local elites. As well as its emphasis on display and status, the sport was notable for its popularity with females. Young women could not only compete in the contests but retain and show off their sexuality while doing so. Thus, archery came to act as a forum for introductions, flirtation and romance.[87] It was often consciously styled in the manner of aMedievaltournament with titles andlaurel wreaths being presented as a reward to the victor. General meetings were held from 1789, in which local lodges convened together to standardise the rules and ceremonies. Archery was also co-opted as a distinctively British tradition, dating back to the lore ofRobin Hood and it served as a patriotic form of entertainment at a time of political tension inEurope. The societies were also elitist, and the newmiddle classbourgeoisie were excluded from the clubs due to their lack of social status.
After theNapoleonic Wars, the sport became increasingly popular among all classes, and it was framed as a nostalgic reimagining of the preindustrial rural Britain. Particularly influential was SirWalter Scott's 1819 novel,Ivanhoe that depicted the heroic character Locksley winning an archery tournament.[88]
The 1840s saw the first attempts at turning the recreation into a modern sport. The firstGrand National Archery Society meeting was held inYork in 1844 and over the next decade the extravagant and festive practices of the past were gradually whittled away and the rules were standardised as the 'York Round' – a series of shoots at 60, 80, and 100 yards.Horace A. Ford helped to improve archery standards and pioneered new archery techniques. He won the Grand National 11 times in a row and published a highly influential guide to the sport in 1856.
Towards the end of the 19th century, the sport experienced declining participation as alternative sports such ascroquet andtennis became more popular among the middle class. By 1889, just 50 archery clubs were left in Britain, but it was still included as a sport at the1900 Paris Olympics.
In the United States, primitive archery was revived in the early 20th century. The last of theYahi Indian tribe, a native known asIshi, came out of hiding in California in 1911.[89][90] His doctor,Saxton Pope, learned many of Ishi's traditional archery skills, and popularized them.[91][92] ThePope and Young Club, founded in 1961 and named in honor of Pope and his friend, Arthur Young, became one of North America's leading bowhunting and conservation organizations. Founded as a nonprofit scientific organization, the club was patterned after the prestigiousBoone and Crockett Club and advocated responsible bowhunting by promoting quality, fair chase hunting, and sound conservation practices.
In Korea, the transformation of archery to a healthy pastime was led byEmperor Gojong, and is the basis of a popular modern sport. The Japanese continue to make and use their uniquetraditional equipment. Among theCherokees, popular use of their traditional longbows never died out.[93]
In China, at the beginning of the 21st century, there has been revival in interest among craftsmen looking to construct bows and arrows, as well as in practicing technique in the traditional Chinese style.[94][95]
In modern times, mounted archery continues to be practiced as a popular competitive sport in modernHungary and in some Asian countries but it is not recognized as an international competition.[96] Archery is the national sport of theKingdom of Bhutan.[97]
From the 1920s, professional engineers took an interest in archery, previously the exclusive field of traditional craft experts.[98] They led the commercial development of new forms of bow including the modernrecurve andcompound bow. These modern forms are now dominant in modern Western archery; traditional bows are in a minority. In the 1980s, the skills of traditional archery were revived by American enthusiasts, and combined with the new scientific understanding. Much of this expertise is available in theTraditional Bowyer's Bibles (see Further reading). Modern game archery owes much of its success toFred Bear, an American bow hunter and bow manufacturer.[99]
{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)A trilobate arrowhead can be defined as an arrowhead that has three wings or blades that are usually placed at equal angles (i.e. c. 120°) around the imaginary longitudinal axis extending from the centre of the socket or tang. Since this type of arrowhead is rare in southeastern Arabia, we must investigate its origin and the reasons behind its presence at ed-Dur.
With the bow let us win cows, with the bow let us win the contest and violent battles with the bow. The bow ruins the enemy's pleasure; with the bow let us conquer all corners of the world.
During the Choson period (1392–1910), Korea adopted a military-service examination system from China that included a focus on archery skills and that contributed to the development of Korean archery as a practical martial art.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)The mean depth of arrow wounds, for example, was an inch and a half, that of gunshot wounds six inches, not counting balls that went right through the body or head.
