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Thehistory of anatomy in the19th century sawanatomists largely finalise and systematise the descriptivehuman anatomy of the previous century. The discipline also progressed to establish growing sources of knowledge inhistology anddevelopmental biology, not only of humans but also of animals.
Samuel Thomas von Sömmerring originally published a clear, accurate and precise system in German (1791–1796), then inLatin (1794–1800). There was a second German edition in 1800–1801 and a further eight-volume edition (1841–1844) revised and with additional material byTh.L.W. Bischoff,Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle,E.H. Huschke, Theile,G.G. Valentin,Vogel [de], andRudolph Wagner. The arrangement of the edition is:
This was translated into French by Jourdan, and published in 1846 under the name ofEncyclopedie anatomique. The eighth volume was translated into English in the year 1847.
TheAnatomie Generale ofXavier Bichat is a monument of his scientific ability and scholarship. HisAnatomie Descriptive is distinguished by clear and natural arrangement, precise and accurate description, and the general ingenuity with which the subject is treated. Thephysiological observations are in general correct, often novel, and always highly interesting. Bichat died during the preparation of the third volume and the work was completed byP.J. Roux andM.F.R. Buisson.
Henry Gray, an Englishanatomist andsurgeon at St. George's Hospital, publishedGray's Anatomy.[1] With the artist abilities and help ofHenry Vandyke Carter, Gray produced an inexpensive and accessible anatomy textbook for medical students. Dissecting unclaimed bodies from workhouse and hospitalmortuaries through theAnatomy Act 1832, the two worked for 18 months on what would form the basis of the book. Their work was first published in 1858.[1][2]
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The growth of medical science and medical practice created an increased demand for humancadavers for use in medical colleges, particularly for anatomy demonstrations. Before the 19th century, most were bodies ofexecuted criminals or, more rarely, corpses donated by relatives. The reason being, having the body dissected after death was considered to be a fate worse than death.[3][4] TheMurder Act 1751 permitted that the bodies of murderers be dissected after death to contribute to medical knowledge.[4] After the criminal was hanged, medical students would be there as the body was taken down from the gallows and would argue over who would dissect the body, making the anatomist as feared as the executioner himself.[4]
As demand began to outstrip supply, shortage of corpses often discouraged medical schools from scrutinizing their suppliers too closely. Criminal elements were attracted to the lucrative trade andresurrectionists, resorted toBody snatching to supply the market. The scale of the problem can be seen from the 1831 confessions of theLondon Burkers, who admitted to stealing 500–1000 bodies for anatomists, over a twelve-year career. They received 8–10guineas for each cadaver accepted.[3]
The practices of the body snatchers caused widespread fear and revulsion as the indignities and humiliation of exhumation were compounded by the horror of being the subject of dissection. The criminal temptations ultimately led to the 1827–1828West Port murders in Edinburgh, UK, where likely candidates were killed and sold for cash. The murders led to the passing of theAnatomy Act 1832 which finally provided for an adequate and legitimate supply of corpses.