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Thehistory of Santa Monica,California covers the significant events and movements inSanta Monica's past.
Santa Monica was long inhabited by theTongva people. The village ofComicranga was established in the Santa Monica area.[1] One of the village's notable residents wasVictoria Reid, who was the daughter of the chief of the village.[2] During the Spanish period, she was taken toMission San Gabriel from her parents at the age of six.[1] The general area of Santa Monica was referred to as Kecheek.[3]
The first non-indigenous group to set foot in the area was the party of explorerGaspar de Portolà, who camped near the present day intersection of Barrington and Ohio Avenues on August 3, 1769. There are two different versions of the naming of the city. One says that it was named in honor of thefeast day ofSaint Monica (mother ofSaint Augustine), but her feast day is actually May 4. Another version says that it was named byJuan Crespí on account of a pair of springs, theKuruvungna Springs, that were reminiscent of the tears thatSaint Monica shed over her son's early impiety.[4] The Kuruvungna Springs ("the place where we are in the sun") are sacred to the Tongva People.[5]
Regarding the latter, Crespi did note in his diary that the group found a Tongva village at the springs (where the SE corner of the campus ofUniversity High School is today). As is also recorded in his diary, Crespí named the placeSan Gregorio,[4] while the expedition soldiers called it "El Berendo" after a deer they wounded there.[6] The springs were probably commonly called by the name Santa Monica by the turn of the 19th century. By the 1820s, the nameSanta Monica was in use and the name's first official mention occurred in 1827 in the form of a grazing permit,[4] quickly followed by the grant filing for the Rancho Boca de Santa Monica in 1828.[6]
Government sovereignty in California passed fromMexico to the US on February 2, 1848. The northern sections of the city of Santa Monica once belonged toRancho San Vicente y Santa Monica andRancho Boca de Santa Monica. TheSepulveda family sold 38,409 acres (155 km2) of Rancho San Vicente y Santa Monica for $54,000 in 1872 to ColonelRobert S. Baker and his wife,Arcadia Bandini de Stearns Baker. Bandini was the daughter ofJuan Bandini, a prominent and wealthy early Californian, and was the widow ofAbel Stearns, once the richest man in Los Angeles. Baker also bought a half interest in Rancho Boca de Santa Monica.NevadaSenatorJohn P. Jones bought a half interest in Baker's property in 1874.
Jones and Baker subdivided part of their joint holdings in 1875 and created the town of Santa Monica. The town site fronted on the ocean and was bounded on the northwest by Montana Avenue, on the southeast by Colorado Avenue and on the northeast by 26th Street. The avenues were all named after the states of the West, the streets being simply numbered. The first lots in Santa Monica were sold on July 15, 1875.
Jones built theLos Angeles and Independence Railroad, which connected Santa Monica and Los Angeles, and a wharf out into the bay. The first town hall was a modest 1873 brick building, later a beer hall, and now part of the Santa MonicaHostel. It is Santa Monica's oldest extant structure.
The southwestern section of the city originally belonged to theRancho La Ballona of the Machado and Talamantes families. Mrs. Nancy A. Lucas purchased 861 acres (3.48 km2) from the rancho in 1874 for $11,000. The property was farmed by her sons, and a parcel of 100 acres (0.40 km2) was sold to Williamson Dunn Vawter forsubdivision in 1884.
The town's new business district was initially centered around the currentThird Street Promenade. Early street names consisted of both numbers and the names of western states; however Utah eventually became Broadway and Oregon becameSanta Monica Boulevard.
By 1885, the town's first hotel, the Santa Monica Hotel, was constructed on Ocean Ave., between Colorado and Utah in 1885. The Hotel burned in 1887. The 125-room "Arcadia Hotel" opened on January 25, 1887. Named for Arcadia Bandini, it was one of the great hotels on the Pacific Coast of its era. The hotel was the site where ColonelGriffith J. Griffith shot his wife in 1903, which led to their divorce and his (short) imprisonment.
The residents voted to incorporate November 30, 1886, and chose the firstboard of trustees. The original townsite was bounded by Montana Avenue on the north, 26th Street on the east, Colorado Avenue on the south, & thePacific Ocean on the west.
Senator Jones built a mansion,Miramar, and his wife Georgina planted aMoreton Bay Fig tree in its front yard in 1889. (The tree is now in the courtyard of theFairmont Miramar Hotel and is the second-largest such tree in California, the largest being thetree in Santa Barbara.)
When theSouthern Pacific Railroad arrived atLos Angeles, a dispute erupted over where to locate theseaport. The SP preferred Santa Monica, while others advocated forSan Pedro Bay. TheLong Wharf was built in 1893 at the north end of Santa Monica to accommodate large ships and was dubbed Port Los Angeles. At the time it was constructed, it was the longest pier in the world at 4700 feet, and accommodated a train. The plan did not last: San Pedro Bay, now known as thePort of Los Angeles, was selected by theUnited States Congress in 1897. Still, the Long Wharf acted as the major port of call for Los Angeles until 1903. Though the final decision disappointed Jones and other property owners, the selection allowed Santa Monica to maintain its scenic charm. The rail line down to Santa Monica Canyon was sold to thePacific Electric Railway, and was in use from 1891 to 1933.
Meanwhile,Abbot Kinney acquired deed to the coastal strip previously purchased by W.D. Vawter and named the areaOcean Park in 1895. It became his first amusement park and residential project. A race track and golf course were built on theOcean Park Casino. After a falling out with his partners he focused on the south end of the property, which he made intoVenice of America.
Amusement piers became enormously popular in the first decades of the 20th century. The extensive Pacific Electric Railroad easily transported to the beaches people from across theGreater Los Angeles Area. Competing pier owners commissioned ever largerroller coaster rides. Wooden piers turned out to be readily flammable, but even destroyed piers were soon replaced. There were five piers in Santa Monica alone, with several more down the coast. The earliest part of the currentSanta Monica Pier, which is now the last remaining amusement pier, was built in 1909 on what was referred to as the North Bay. The second half, an amusement park pier, was built later and the two rival piers were merged.
Among the South Bay piers, the most notable in this period was Abbot Kinney'sVenice of America pier, started in 1904 and built to rival his former partner's Ocean Park Pier. Located at the end of Windward Avenue in Venice, Kinney's pier was 900 feet long, 30 feet wide and included an Auditorium, large replica Ship Cafe, Dance Hall, Dentzel carousel, a Japanese Tea House and an Ocean Inn Restaurant.[7] Venice soon became considered its own neighborhood.
A newcharter was adopted in 1906 that converted thecity government to a Mayor – Council form of government. Under the new charter, the City Council was composed of one Mayor with veto power, and one Councilmember from each of its seven wards.
Around the start of the 20th century, a growing population ofAsian Americans lived in or near Santa Monica and Venice. AJapanese fishing village was located near the Long Wharf while small numbers ofChinese lived or worked in both Santa Monica and Venice. The two ethnic minorities were often viewed differently by White Americans who were often well-disposed towards the Japanese but condescending towards the Chinese. The Japanese village fishermen were an integral economic part of the Santa Monica Bay community.[8]
Fraser's Million Dollar Pier claimed to be the largest in the world at 1250 feet long and 300 feet wide. The pier housed a spacious dance hall, two carousels, an exhibit of premature babies in incubators at Frederick House,[9] the Crooked House fun house, the Grand Electric Railroad, the Starland Vaudeville Theater, Breaker's Restaurant, and a Panama Canal model exhibit. It burned 15 months after it opened.[7]
A newcharter was adopted in 1914 that converted thecity government to a commission form. This proved to be very weak, especially since the police commissioner was poorly paid and had no accountability.
Auto racing became popular. Drivers would race an 8.4-mile loop made up of city streets. TheFree-For-All Race was conducted between 1910 and 1912. TheUnited States Grand Prix was held in Santa Monica in 1914 and 1916, awarding theAmerican Grand Prize and theVanderbilt Cup trophies. By 1919, the events were attracting 100,000 people, at which point the city halted them.
Donald Wills Douglas, Sr. founded theDouglas Aircraft Company in 1921 with his first plant on Wilshire Boulevard. He built a plant in 1922 at Clover Field (Santa Monica Airport), which was in use for 46 years. In 1924, four Douglas-built planes took off from Clover Field to attempt the first aerial circumnavigation of the world. Two planes made it back, after having covered 27,553 miles in 175 days, and were greeted on their return September 23, 1924, by a crowd of 200,000 (generously estimated). The Douglas Company (laterMcDonnell Douglas) kept facilities in the city until 1975. The entire facility was demolished and removed by 1977.
In 1922, a local newspaper, discussing African Americans, stated "We don't want you here; now and forever, this is to be a white man's town".[10]
The nationwide prosperity of the 1920s was felt in Santa Monica. The population increased from 15,000 to 32,000 at the end of the decade. Downtown saw a construction boom with many important buildings going up such asHenshey's Department Store (destroyed) and theCriterion Theater. Elegant resorts were opened, including the 1925Miramar Hotel and the 1926Club Casa del Mar. The Los Angeles firm ofWalker & Eisen designed the art decoBay City Building, a 13-story skyscraper topped with a huge four-faced clock that was finished in 1930.
Beach volleyball is believed to have been developed in Santa Monica during this time.Duke Kahanamoku brought a form of the game with him fromHawaii when he took a job as athletic director at theBeach Club. Competition began in 1924 with six-person teams, and by 1930 the first game with two-person teams took place.
La Monica Ballroom opened in 1924 on the Santa Monica Pier. It was capable of holding 10,000 dancers in its over 15,000 square foot (1,400 m2) area. A major storm in 1926 almost destroyed the pier and the ballroom, necessitating major repairs.La Monica hosted many national radio and television broadcasts in the early days of networks, before it was finally torn down in 1962. From 1958 to 1962 the ballroom became one of the largest roller-skating rinks in the western U.S.
ComedianWill Rogers bought a substantial ranch inSanta Monica Canyon in 1922. Among his improvements was a polo field where he played with friendsSpencer Tracy,Walt Disney andRobert Montgomery. Upon his untimely death it was discovered that he had generously deeded to the public the ranch now known asWill Rogers State Historic Park,Will Rogers State Park, andWill Rogers State Beach. More recent residents of Santa Monica Canyon have includedChristopher Isherwood,Don Bachardy,Jane Fonda, andTom Hayden (the last two who previously lived in Ocean Park). The southern rim of the canyon is the oldest residential part of Santa Monica, while most of the canyon is in the City of Los Angeles.
In 1928, Will Rogers sold a parcel with two large houses on the beach at the base of the bluffs toWilliam Randolph Hearst, who then gave it toMarion Davies. ArchitectJulia Morgan oversaw the construction of what ultimately became the $7 million, 5-building, 118-roomOcean House. As with other lavish Hearst/Morgan projects it contained entire rooms removed from antiqueEuropean buildings. Davies was a vivacious and popular hostess andOcean House saw many grand parties ofHollywood celebrities. Davies sold the property in 1945 for just $600,000 to a failed attempt at a hotel. Most of the property was torn down in 1958, leaving only theNorth House with a marble pool and tennis courts. The remaining property was sold to the State of California and leased as the privateSand and Sea Club. Following the expiration of the 30-year lease in 1990, management of the property was turned over to the City of Santa Monica. For a short period of time until the 1994 Northridge earthquake, the City operated the site as a public beach facility. It was also used as a shooting location, most notably in the TV showBeverly Hills, 90210, in which it was theBeverly Hills Beach Club. Redevelopment of the property has been a political issue in the city since the 1990s. In 2006, the City Council approved plans for the first ever public beach club, which included the rehabilitation of the property and construction of new facilities. The project, now under construction, is made possible by a generous gift from the Annenberg Foundation, at the recommendation of Wallis Annenberg, and in partnership with the City of Santa Monica and California State Parks. The Annenberg Community Beach House at Santa Monica State Beach opened to the public on April 25, 2009. The total construction costs were roughly $30 million. Local residents succeeded in forcing the city to significantly limit its hours of operation.
The area around the Davies mansion became known as theGold Coast. Stretching alongPacific Coast Highway between Santa Monica Canyon and the Santa Monica Pier it became fashionable in the 1930s for beach homes of discrete celebrities. Following the lead of Rogers and Davies, other actors with homes there have includedNorma Talmadge,Greta Garbo andCary Grant.Douglas Fairbanks spent his last years living there.Peter Lawford had a house there in the 1960s.
Ed Kolpin, Jr., opened a smalltobacco,pipe, andcigar store in Santa Monica, theTinder Box, in 1928. Later it moved to its current location in 1948 where it began serving the many Hollywood celebrities living nearby. Part of the attraction were the famous pipes handmade by Kolpin himself. In 1959 Kolpin began a tobacco-store franchise, at first locally and then by the mid-1960s there wereTinder Box stores in malls across America. The franchise business was sold in the 1970s, but Kolpin still owns and operates the original store as of 2003.
TheGreat Depression hit Santa Monica deeply. One report gives citywide employment in 1933 of just 1,000. Hotels and office building owners went bankrupt. The pleasure piers were a cheap form of entertainment that got cheaper, attracting a coarser crowd.Muscle Beach, located just south of the Santa Monica Pier, started to attract gymnasts and body builders who put on free shows for the public, and continues till today.
In the 1930s, corruption infected Santa Monica (along with neighboringLos Angeles). This aspect of the city is depicted in variousRaymond Chandler novels, where Santa Monica is thinly disguised asBay City. A sequence in Chandler'sFarewell, My Lovely was inspired by the true story of theS.S. Rex.[11] Beginning in 1928,gambling ships started anchoring inSanta Monica Bay just beyond the 3-mile (5.6 km) limit.Water taxis ferried patrons from Santa Monica andVenice. The largest such ship was theS.S. Rex, launched in 1938 and capable of holding up to 3,000 gamblers at a time. TheRex was a red flag to anti-gambling interests. After stateAttorney GeneralEarl Warren got a court order to shut the ships down as a nuisance, the crew of theRex initially fought off police by usingwater cannons and brandishing sub-machine guns. The engine-less ship surrendered after nine days in what newspapers calledThe Battle of Santa Monica Bay. Its owner,Anthony Cornero, went on to build theStardust casino inLas Vegas, Nevada.
The greatest benefit to the city came from the Douglas Corporation when it built theDC-3 commercial aircraft. The DC-3, which first flew from Clover Field, was a terrifically successfulairliner that transformed the air transportation business and brought needed jobs to the city. In a more modest show of entrepreneurship,Merle Norman foundedMerle Norman Cosmetics in 1931 by making creams and cosmetics on her kitchen stove. Bothher former house and her1933 Streamline-styled business headquarters are well maintained.
The federalWorks Project Administration helped build several buildings in the city, most notablyCity Hall. The 1938Art Deco structure was designed byDonald Parkinson and featuresterrazzomosaics byStanton Macdonald-Wright. The mainPost Office andBarnum Hall (Santa Monica High School auditorium) were among several other WPA projects.
Douglas's business grew astronomically with the onset ofWorld War II, employing as many as 44,000 people in 1943. To defend against air attackset designers from theWarner Brothers Studios prepared elaborate camouflage that disguised the factory and airfield.[12][13]
In 1945, Santa Monica City College started the Community Radio Workshop (CRW) to teach returning GIs broadcasting and used the call lettersKCRW. (Later KCRW became a popular and innovativeNPR affiliate.)
TheSears building was built in 1947 at the south end of the retail district and has retained architectRowland Crawford's original late-Moderne styling.
TheRAND Corporation began as a project of the Douglas Company in 1945, and spun off into an independentthink tank on May 14, 1948. RAND eventually acquired a 15-acre (61,000 m2) campus centrally located between the Civic Center and the pier entrance.
As a response to the corruption and inefficiency that grew in the 1930s, the current charter was enacted in 1946. Thecity government adopted acouncil-manager government.
Papermate opened its Santa Monica factory in 1957. The plant produced 600 millionballpoint pens in 1971 and closed in 2005.
The 3,000-seatSanta Monica Civic Auditorium was built on the site of Santa Monica's red-lined African American neighborhood, known as Belmar. Construction began soon after the removal of Belmar's residents. The auditorium was designed in theInternational Style byWelton Becket, opened in 1958.[14] From 1961 to 1968 theAcademy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences held its annualOscar awards ceremony there. Performers that have appeared over the decades include:Joan Baez,The Beach Boys,Tony Bennett,David Bowie,Dave Brubeck,Buzzcocks,The Carpenters,Ray Charles,The Clash,Bill Cosby,Bob Dylan,Ella Fitzgerald,Allen Ginsberg,Arlo Guthrie,Jimi Hendrix,Bob Hope,Elton John,Led Zeppelin,André Previn,Public Enemy,Ramones,The Rolling Stones,Pete Seeger,Bruce Springsteen and theE Street Band,T.Rex,Jonathan Winters, and countless others. Since the late 1980s the auditorium has been more popular for trade conventions than performances. The filmsThe T.A.M.I. Show andUrgh! A Music War were shot there.
Pacific Ocean Park, the last of the great amusement piers, opened in 1958. While it temporarily eclipsed competitorDisneyland, attendance later plummeted and by 1967 the park was foreclosed for back taxes. It sat empty and rotting, an unattractive "attractive nuisance" until finally removed in 1974.
Adjacent to Pacific Ocean Park was the rock and roll club, The Cheetah, which featured earlyperformances by such acts asThe Doors,Alice Cooper,Pink Floyd,Love,The Mothers of Invention,The Seeds,Buffalo Springfield and others. It closed in 1968.
TheSynanon drug rehabilitation cult moved into the old National Guard building in 1959 and added their strange presence to the area. In 1967 it moved into the swank Del Mar Club until 1978. After that they held a small presence until shut down in 1991.[15][16]
The completion of theSanta Monica Freeway in 1966 brought the promise of new prosperity for some, although it was at the cost of decimating Santa Monica's red-linedAfrican American enclave and Hispanic "La Viente" barrio running between Olympic and Pico.
Third Street in downtown was converted into theSanta Monica Mall in 1965, an innovative but ultimately unsuccessful development that turned the three block core of the retail district into anopen-air pedestrian mall. Large parking structures were built, but rarely filled. Within a couple of decades it was in severe decline. (TheSanta Monica Mall, just prior to its conversion to theThird Street Promenade, is a location for some scenes in the movie,Pee-wee's Big Adventure).
The Douglas plant closed in 1968, depriving Santa Monica of its largest employer. A decade passed before the site was redeveloped into an office park. TheMuseum of Flying was opened on the same site another decades later, in 1989.
BandleaderLawrence Welk built theChampagne Towers apartment building and the adjoining 300-foot-tall (91 m)Lawrence Welk Plaza in 1969. The plaza is now known by its address,100 Wilshire, and it is still the tallest building in the city.
During the 1970s, a remarkable number of notable fitness- and health-related businesses started in the city. TheSupergo bicycle shop (originally named Bikecology founded by Susan and Alan Goldsmith as a pro ten-speed bike shop opened in 1971, and was ranked the top grossing bike shop in America by the time it relocated from Wilshire Blvd to the corner of 5th and Broadway in 1995. And coincidentally work on thebicycle path along the beach was undertaken by the city. TheSanta Monica Track Club, founded in 1972 byJoe Douglas, has helped the careers of many Olympians, such asCarl Lewis. Sensei James Field opened hisdojo in 1974, which became one of the primary Shotokankarate schools in the US and is now called theJapan Karate Association (JKA) Santa Monica.Joe Gold, who had sold his chain ofGold's Gyms years before, started theWorld Gym chain in 1977.Nathan Pritikin opened thePritikin Longevity Center in the Casa Del Mar building in 1978 after prior owner Synanon tried to murder attorney Paul Morantz by placing rattlesnake in his mailbox.[16] Ocean Park residentJane Fonda opened a smallaerobics studio on Main Street.
In the late 1970s,progressivism became the dominant political force in Santa Monica.Santa Monicans for Renters' Rights (SMRR) formed in 1978 and was led byRuth Yannatta Goldway,Derek Shearer,Dennis Zane, andReverendJames Conn with support fromTom Hayden and Jane Fonda. Conn'sOcean Park Community Organization (OPCO) was formed in 1979 as an adjunct to theChurch in Ocean Park, partly in reaction to the rapid pace of change along Main Street. It was the first of what became nine community organizations that serve as neighborhood advocates. A strictrent control ordinance passed in 1979 and SMRR achieved a council majority in 1981. It has largely remained the controlling political organization since then.
By 1977, the large 1894 "American Foursquare"-style home of Roy Jones (son of founder John P. Jones) was threatened with destruction. It had been converted into rooming houses and was decrepit. It, along with an adjoining 19th century house, was saved by being relocated to Main Street in Ocean Park and renovated. The Jones house became the home of theSanta Monica Heritage Museum and the other house became a restaurant. The salvation of the buildings was representative of the changes taking place in the city.
The late-1970s/early-1980ssituation comedyThree's Company was set in Santa Monica.
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After the economic doldrums of the 1960s and early 1970s, the city's economy began to recover in the 1980s. An early sign of that change was in the neighborhood of Ocean Park. Main Street, a quaint mile of sawdust bars and dilapidated stores selling old furniture, was upgraded by the concerted efforts of a new generation of owners. Soon it was attracting increasingly expensive boutiques and restaurants. At the northern end of Main Street adjacent to the still-declining Santa Monica Mall, a city block was levelled in 1980 to build a new mall,Santa Monica Place, designed by architect Frank Gehry. Further south on Main Street, the mixed-use museum, retail, and restaurant complex, Edgemar – also designed by Frank Gehry – opened in 1988.
While theSanta Monica Pier had been preserved from intentional destruction in 1973, it was nonetheless poorly maintained. By the 1980s it had become a blight. The area around the pier was filled with poorly built and maintained buildings that housed seedybiker bars andhead shops. The pier itself had dilapidated bars, an odd plaster statue store, and creepy game arcades. The city put off repairing thebreakwater that protected the pier and the so-called "yacht harbor" immediately north. Studies were made for rehabilitation of the pier and repair of the breakwater, but they were never acted upon. In 1983 major winter storms, part of theEl Niño weather pattern, struck Santa Monica on January 27 and again on March 1. The storms destroyed more than a third of the pier, along with stores, bars, cars, and a large crane brought in to begin repairs. Rebuilding the pier was a contentious effort, costing $43 million. Ultimately the work was completed and the pier remains the city's best-known landmark. Three interesting buildings owned by the city were abandoned and destroyed, including theSinbad's Restaurant that featured a large whale's tail in the facade.
In the 1980s, the city put together the plan for turning the failedSanta Monica Mall into theSanta Monica Promenade. The project, completed in 1989 has proven to be a huge success and is a major regional shopping and entertainment center. Between 1988 and 1998, taxable sales in the city grew 440%, quadrupling city revenues. Retails rents in the development area also quadrupled. More than $500 million of private money has been invested into the Promenade and the adjacent streets in theBayside District Corporation business association.
The city opened itsPublic Electronic Network (PEN) in 1989, providing citizens with abulletin board system (BBS) to discuss local issues and access city services. PEN was the first municipally operated BBS in the world. While plagued by the ills common to BBSes, the site empowered residents. Due in part to the placement of publicly available terminals in libraries,homeless persons and their issues received considerable attention on PEN. The SWASHLOCK (Showers, WASHers, and LOCKers) plan was developed on PEN and implemented in 1993. PEN also served as a center to organize opposition to the 1990 proposal to redevelop415 PCH.
The 1990s saw continued development in Santa Monica. The Promenade caught on.Colorado Place,Water Garden, and other nearby office developments on the east side of town attractedMGM,Sony,Symantec, and other corporations. TheShutters Hotel was the first of several new hotels built between the pier and Pico Boulevard. One of them, theLoews, is on the site of the long forgotten Arcadia Hotel. The Casa Del Mar returned to its former glory as a luxury hotel in 1999 after a reported $60 million renovation by the owners of the Shutters Hotel. Even the comparatively dowdy Miramar Hotel found new prominence with the many visits ofPresidentBill Clinton.
In 1994, an old rail station was transformed by the city intoBergamot Station, a collection of art galleries that has become a center of art exhibition and retailing.
The1994 Northridge earthquake caused the loss of many residences and historic buildings, particularly on the north side of the city. Other notable damage: St. John's hospital came close to collapsing; Honda of Santa Monica's parking structure pancaked crushing numerous cars. In all, 100 buildings were condemned outright, including 3,100 apartment units, while far more suffered repairable damage.
TheEvening Outlook, which had been purchased by theCopley Press newspaper chain in 1983, was closed in 1998 after 123 years of reporting.[17][18] It reportedly had 20,000 paid subscription at the time of the closure.[19]
MTBE, a major gasoline additive (10% by volume), was discovered in the city'swater wells in August 1995. The MTBE was found almost by accident since it was not on the list of knowncontaminants and acceptable level had not been set. The city waters engineers had to research the hazard and they raised the alarm. Within a year all five wells were closed, leading to the loss of 45% of the city's water supply. One well had a concentration of 600parts per billion, while another rose from 14 parts per billion to 490 parts per billion within a year. The California EPA guidelines now call for no more than 35 parts per billion. The city's well field is in theCharnock Sub-Basin, a small aquifer inMar Vista, Los Angeles that both Santa Monica andCulver City draw upon. To maintain supply to customers Santa Monica was forced to purchase water from theMetropolitan Water District of Southern California (MWD) at a cost of over $1.1 million per year. Cleanup of the site is ongoing at a current cost of $3 million per year, paid for by the responsible parties, principally:Shell,Chevron andExxon. Following this discovery other water districts began testing that revealed tens of thousands of MTBE pollution cases across the United States.
Santa Monica also was booming in business at the time. The state of California enacted a law, effective January 1, 1999, that overrode Santa Monica's rent control ordinance by mandating vacancy decontrol. Landlords were reported to have raised rents so high that units remained vacant, requiring them to lower their rents to more marketable levels. Rent controls remained on inhabited units, leading to stories of landlords harassing existing tenants in order to make them leave so that higher rents could be charged.[20]
On July 16, 2003,George Russell Weller drove hisBuick at speeds of up to 70 miles per hour through the busy downtownFarmers Market, which was held on a city street that was closed to vehicular traffic by temporary signage at each end. The 86-year-old driver killed 10 that day and injured 63, stopping only due to the Buick's engine and transmission being clogged with body parts.[21] The city vigorously fought against accepting its responsibility in causing the death and injuries of market patrons through the lack of any barricade. In the wake of numerous civil lawsuits filed against the City of Santa Monica and the company organizing the Farmer's Market, a new policy was adopted requiring portableconcretebarricades to reliably block vehicle access forpedestrian street events.
Santa Monica passed a law in 2003 restricting the distribution of food to homeless people in the city. Some organizations have deliberatelydisobeyed these laws.
The increasingly upscale nature of the city – not just the northern part, which was always affluent, but the southern Ocean Park neighborhood as well which has become a favorite of those in the entertainment industry – has created some tensions between newcomers and longtime residents nostalgic for the more bohemian, countercultural past. Nevertheless, with the corporate additions ofYahoo! in 2005, andGoogle in 2006, gentrification continued.
During the 2000s,LA Metro developed plans to return rail transit toSanta Monica, which was gone after the dismantling of thePacific Electric Railway during the 1960s. It developed two plans, including theMetro Expo Line andMetro Purple Line, both of which would extend into Santa Monica. The Purple Line was originally to be extended into Santa Monica, but was stopped due to legislative action. However, Democratic CongressmanHenry Waxman, one of those who opposed the Purple Line's extension, eventually reconsidered extending the Purple Line into Santa Monica. The proposal to extend the Purple Line was described colloquially as the Subway to the Sea.
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On June 7, 2013,a killing spree occurred in several locations at or near the campus ofSanta Monica College. The shooter, identified as 23-year-old John Zawahri, fired shots from anAR-15-typesemiautomatic rifle, killing six people, including himself. The shootings started at Zawahri's father's house, where he fatally shot his father and brother after adomestic dispute, and afterwards, he set the home on fire. He then commandeered a passing vehicle and fired several shots at other vehicles, including a city bus and a police cruiser, killing two and wounding several others. Upon arriving at Santa Monica College, Zawahri shot and killed a woman outside and then fired 70 shots inside the college library, hitting no one. He was then shot by responding police officers after engaging them in a gunfight, later dying after being taken outside.[22][23][24]
In 2016, construction of the LA MetroE line was completed and it began servicing Santa Monica.[25]
Santa Monica experienced looting during the 2020George Floyd protests.[26] By 2024,homelessness increasingly affected local businesses via reduced sales and increased crime.[27][28] Starting in the mid-2010s and continuing to the mid-2020s, theThird Street Promenade experienced vacancies due to high rents, theretail apocalypse, theCOVID-19 pandemic, the homelessness crisis, rising inflation, and difficulty sub-dividing its large buildings. Third Street Promenade has also lost foot traffic and street performers.[29]
Bartolomea (her Spanish mission name), an indigenous Gabrieliño-Tongva Native American, was born around 1808 in an indigenous town called Comigranga, which was located around today's Santa Monica. She was taken away from her parents to live at the San Gabriel mission
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