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Thehistory of Odisha begins in theLower Paleolithic era, asAcheulian tools dating to the period have been discovered in various places in the region.[1] The early history of Odisha can be traced back to writings found in ancient texts like theMahabharata,Maha Govinda Sutta and somePuranas. The region was also known to other kingdoms in region ofEast Indies due tomaritime trade relations.
In 1568 CE, considered to be a pivotal point in the region's history, the region was conquered by the armies of theSultanate of Bengal led by theiconoclast generalKalapahad. The region lost its political identity and the following rulers of the region were more often tributary lords than actual kings. By 1593,Odisha had passed completely to theMughal Empire and became part of theBengal Subah. After 1751, theMarathas gained control of the region. During theMaratha administration, literature and poetry flourished. In 1803, the region was passed onto theBritish Empire, where they divided the region into parts of other provinces. In 1936, the province of Odisha was formed on the basis of population ofOdia-speaking people.
The region which comprises the modern-day Odisha was not known by the same name throughout history. It and parts of it were referred by different names in different era.
140 million years ago (mya), the peninsularIndian Plate, including Orissa, was a part of theGondwanasupercontinent. Due to this, some of the oldest rocks in the subcontinent, dating toPrecambrian times,[29] are found in Orissa. Some of the rocks, like the Mayurbhanj granitepluton, have been dated to 3.09 billion years ago (Ga).[30] The coal-fields inMahanadi andIb river basins are known to be one of the richest sites for fossils in the subcontinent.[31] This has led to the discovery of new species, like thecharophytes from thePermian Period, which were found in the Talcher region and the UpperPermianmegaspores from the Ib river area.[32]
In the districts ofMayurbhanj,Keonjhar,Sundargarh andSambalpur,Acheulian tools dating toLower Paleolithic times have been discovered.[1] The Gudahandi hills inKalahandi district have rock carvings and paintings dating toUpper Paleolithic.[33] From Kuchai, nearBaripada, variousNeolithic tools likehoes,chisels,pounders,mace heads,grinding stones and also pieces of pottery.[34][33] Prehistoric paintings and inscriptions have also been found in Garjan Dongar inSundergarh district, and Ushakothi inSambalpur district[35] and Vimkramkhol inJharsuguda district.[36][37] There has been an uncertainty about the inscriptions at Ushakothi and Vimkramkhol regarding whether they are in a proto-Brahmi script.[38] Yogimath nearKhariar has cave paintings from the Neolithic.[39][38]
According to political scientist Sudama Misra, the Kalingajanapada originally comprised the area covered by thePuri andGanjam districts.[40]
According to some scriptures (Mahabharata and somePuranas), a king Bali, theVairocana and the son of Sutapa, had no sons. So, he requested the sage, Dirghatamas, to bless him with sons. The sage is said to have begotten five sons through his wife, the queen Sudesna.[2] The princes were namedAnga,Vanga,Kalinga,Sumha andPundra.[3][4] The princes later founded kingdoms named after themselves. The prince Vanga foundedVanga kingdom, in the current day region ofBangladesh and part ofWest Bengal. The prince Kalinga founded the kingdom ofKalinga, in the current day region of coastal Odisha, including the North Sircars.[5]
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The Mahabharata also mentions Kalinga several more times. Srutayudha, the king of Kalinga, son ofVaruna and river Parnasa, had joined theKaurava camp in theKurukshetra War. He had been given a divinemace by his father on request of his mother, which protected him as long he wielded it. But, Varuna had warned his son, that using it on a non-combatant will cause the death of the wielder himself. In the frenzy of battle, harried byArjuna's arrows, he made the mistake of launching it at Krishna, Arjuna's charioteer, who was unarmed. The mace bounced off Krishna and killed Srutayudha.[41] The archer who killedKrishna, Jara Savara, andEkalavya are said to have belonged to theSabar people of Odisha.[42][43]
In the Buddhist text, Mahagovinda Suttanta, Kalinga and its ruler, Sattabhu, have been mentioned.[44]
In the 6th centurysutrakara (chronicler), Baudhayana, mentions Kalinga as not yet being influenced by Vedic traditions.[45] He also warns his people from visiting Kalinga (among other kingdoms), saying one who visits it must perform penance.[46]
Mahapadma Nanda the ruler ofMagadha is presumed to have conquered Kalinga during his reign around c. 350 BCE. TheHathigumpha inscriptions mentions the suzerainty of theNandas in the Kalinga region.[47] The inscriptions also mention irrigation projects undertaken by the Nanda kings in the state during their reign.[48]
InAsurgarh, beads and punched coins belonging to an unknown king dating to the pre-Mauryan period have been discovered.[49]
Ashoka of theMauryan dynasty conquered Kalinga in the bloodyKalinga War in 261 BCE[50] which was the 8th year[citation needed] of his reign. According to his ownedicts, the war about 1,000,000 people were killed, 1,500,000 were captured and several more were affected.[50] The resulting bloodshed and suffering of the war deeply affected Ashoka. He turned into a pacifist and converted to Buddhism.[citation needed]. However, Ashoka's eulogists like Charles Allen agree that his conversion to Buddhism predated the Kalinga war. Moreover, he seems to have had links with Buddhists for a decade before his conversion. The evidence suggests that his conversion to Buddhism was more to do with the politics of succession than with any regret he felt for sufferings of war.
The Kalingans had used personnel from theAtavika region, which was in the west of Kalinga, during the war.[49] According to his edicts, Ashoka conquered the coastal region of Kalinga but didn't try to conquer theAtavika region.[51][52] The Mauryans governed the Kalinga region as a province. They used Tosali as the regional capital and judiciary center. Akumara (viceroy) ruled fromTosali, modern-dayDhauli.Samapa, modern-dayJaugada, was another administrative centre.[50] Ashoka erected twoedicts in the region, atJaugada andDhauli.
In the 1st century BCE, Mahameghavahana established theMahameghavahana dynasty in Kalinga.Kharavela was the third ruler of the dynasty. He reigned in the second half of the 1st century BCE. Most of the information about Kharavela comes from theHathigumpha inscription inUdayagiri nearBhubaneswar. The inscription also calls the dynasty as Chedi (also spelled Cheti)[48] The inscription records his life from his boyhood to his 13thregnal year.
The record stops at his 13th regnal year. It is presumed that he was succeeded by his son,Kudepasiri.[54][55] The Mahameghavahana dynasty (or a successorSada dynasty) probably continued to rule over Kalinga andMahishaka as evident from the inscriptions and coinsdiscovered at Guntupalli andVelpuru, Andhra Pradesh, which mention a series of rulers with the suffixSada.[56]
| Odisha Timeline | |
|---|---|
| 500 BCE – 1300 CE | |
| c. 350 BCE | Mahapadma Nanda conquers Kalinga |
| 261 BCE | Ashoka conquers Kalinga in theKalinga War |
| c. 170 BCE | Coronation ofKharavela |
| c. 639 CE | Hiuen-Tsang visitsOddiyana |
| c. 885 CE | Janmejaya I establishes theSomavamsi dynasty |
| c. 1135 CE | Anantavarman Chodaganga shifts his capital to Kataka |
| c. 1245 CE | Narasimhadeva I builds theKonark temple |
| c. 1278 CE | Queen Chadrika builds theAnanta Vasudeva Temple |
Gautamiputra Satakarni is known to have invaded Kalinga during his reign.[57] TheNashikprashasti inscription of Gautamiputra's mother during the reign ofVasisthiputra Pulumavi, located in theNasik Caves, states that his orders were obeyed by thecircle of all kings and calls him the lord of mountMahendra among a list of other mountains.[58][59]
TheKushan Empire may have reached Kalinga or parts of it during the first three centuries[60] of the common era as evident from coins found at several places in notably inJaugada,Sisupalgarh and Gurubai in Manikapatana (Puri) among others. More imitation coins are found than real ones. So, the local rulers possibly circulated them in the post-Kushana period. There is coin of one Maharaja Rajadhiraja Dharmadamadhara which has been found in Sisupalgarh. There is a Kushana motif on one side and a human head on the other.[61]
During the 3rd century, a tribe called Murundas, ruled fromPataliputra. They have been speculated to have arrived from Central Asia. They used to issue coins similar to Kushana coins.[62]
But other than these mostlynumismatic evidences, this period of history is mostly in the dark.
In c. 313 CE, a princess of Kalinga, Hemamala, is recorded to have fled the kingdom with atooth of Buddha, a sacred relic, hidden in her hair and presented it to kingSirimeghavanna ofSri Lanka.[63] According to the legend,Khema took a tooth from the pyre of Buddha and later gave in to a king, Brahmadutta. He built a temple at a city calledDantapura. After several generations, during the reign the Guhasiva, the prince ofUjjain came to Dantapura to worhship the relic. He married the daughter of Guhasiva, Hemamala, and was later called Dantakumara (Prince Tooth). When a king attacked Kalinga, Dantakumara and Hemamala fled with the relic to protect it.[64][65]
Samudragupta (reign c. 335 – c. 375 CE) is presumed to have conquered the region, as in hisAllahabad inscription, it has been mentioned that, he had conquered Mahêndra of Kôsala, Vyâghraraja of Mahâkantâra, Mantarâja of Kêrala, Mahêndra of Pishtapura, Svâmidatta of Kottûra on the hill, Damana of Êrandapalla, Vishnugôpa of Kâñchi, Nîlarâija of Avamukta, Hastivarman of Vengî, Ugrasêna of Palakka, Kubêra of Dêvarâshtra, Dhanamjaya of Kusthalapura, and others. Pishtapura (modern-dayPithapuram) is presumed to be the then capital of Kalinga. Mahakantara is presumed to be parts of western Odisha and Central India. Kottura is traced to modern dayGanjam district.[66]
In post-Samudragupta period, a new dynasty calledMatharas arose in south Kalinga, they ruled from Pishtapura but also issued copper grants fromSimhapura.[67] Their kingdom was probably spread from Mahanadi to Godavari.[68]
Another dynasty of rulers arose in western Odisha during post-Gupta period, they are calledSharabhapuriya dynasty. Not much is known about this dynasty. Everything known about them, comes from the inscriptions on copper plates and coins. They may or may not have also been known as the Amararyakula dynasty.[69] This dynasty is supposed to have started by one Sarabha, who may have been a feudal chief under the Guptas. They ruled over the modern-day region ofRaipur,Bilaspur andKalahandi.[69] Their rule lasted from c. 499 to about 700 CE.
The Shailodbhava dynasty ruled parts of modern Odisha during the 6th-8th centuries. Their core territory was known as Kongoda-mandala, and included parts of the present-dayGanjam,Khordha andPuri districts. Their capital was located at Kongoda, which is identified with modernBanapur. The Shailodbhava kingdom was known as Kongoda-mandala. After conquering present-day Odisha, the Gauda king Shashanka created the Kongoda-mandala province, and appointed Sailodbhava ruler Madhavaraja II as his feudatory in the region.[70]
Madhavaraja II soon gained independence, as noted from theKhordha inscription which describes him asSakala-Kalingadhipati, the lord of the entireKalinga), although there is little evidence to prove that he actually conquered the whole of Kalinga given his contemporaryGanga king Indravarman also claimed to have conquered the whole of Kalinga. His inscriptions state that he performed theashvamedha and other sacrifices, presumably to assert his independence. He was succeeded by his son Dharmaraja who was a strong ruler, and reigned for at least 30 years. In the Nimina inscription, he assumed the royal titlesParamabhattaraka,Maharajadhiraja, andParameshvara. Later the Shailodbhavas fell into obscurity and their territory appears to have become part of the Shvetaka Gangas, who were vassals of theBhauma-Karas. By the 8th century feudatory of the Kongoda-mandala, which was now a province of the Bhauma-Kara kingdom.[70]
The Bhauma-Kara dynasty, ruled in parts of Odisha in eastern India between 8th and 10th centuries and their kingdom was known as called Toshala. By the last quarter of the 8th century, the Bhauma-Karas had gained control of the formerShailodbhava territory. The early rulers of the dynasties followedBuddhism, and its later rulers followedShaivism andVaishnavism. The earlier Bhauma-Kara kings appear to have ruled the northernToshali area, while theShailodbhavas, who ruled the southern Kongoda region. The dynasty puled most of the coastal Odisha by the time of kingShivakara I (c. 756/786). According to the Ganjam inscription of the Shvetaka Gangas, Shivakara I conquered Kongoda and the northernKalinga.[71]
Shantikara I, the younger son of Shubhakara I, marriedTribhuvana Mahadevi I, a daughter of theWestern Ganga king Rajamalla. The Dhenkanal inscription of Tribhuvana-Mahadevi I (c. 846) mentions the tumultuous shape of the Bhauma-Kara kingdom before her father Rajmalla put an end to the Rashtrakuta-Pala domination. She reunified the kingdom and with her successors the Bhauma-Kara period saw the beginning of the unification of historically distinct regions such as Odra, Toshala, Kongoda and Utkala.[71][72]
The Somavamshi dynasty, also known as Keshari dynasty ruled parts of present-day Odisha in eastern India between the 9th and the 12th centuries. Their capitals included Yayatinagara (now modernBinika) and Abhinava-Yayatinagara (now modernJajpur). The early Somavamshi kings ruled in the region of the eastern part of Dakshina Kosala, which now forms much of western Odisha. The Chaudwar inscription of the earliest known Somavamshi king Janamejaya describes him asKosalendra (i.e. lord of Kosala).[73] During his long reign of 34 years, Janmejaya issued a number of copper-plate grants at various places across western and coastal Odisha. This suggests that Janmejaya consolidated the Somavamshi rule in western Odisha and by his 31st regnal year, he issued three grants from Kataka, which has been identified as Chaudwar near modern Cuttack. This suggests that his influence extended to eastern Odisha by the end of his reign.[72]
Yayati I (c. 922–955), the son of Janmejaya I, made a large number of grants in the Dakshina Kosala which are recorded on the inscriptions issued at Yayatinagara. The capital was later moved to the Guheshvarapataka (modernJajpur) after the conquest of the Bhauma-Kara kingdom, following which it was renamed to Abhinava-Yayatinagara (the new city of Yayati). Yayati I is credited with building of a new temple at Puri, and installing the image of Purushottama (Jagannatha) there. His reign marks the beginning of the Somavamshi style of temple architecture, which features new forms of ornamentation and iconography in Odisha.[72] An important epoch that marked the reign of Yayati I was the initiation of theUtkaliya era which seems to correspond to the reign of the legendary early Somavamshis (Kesaris) as per the chronicleMadala Panji, thus implying the start of the era for theOdia calendar.[74]
Indravarman I is assumed to be the earliest known king of theEastern Ganga dynasty. His Jirjingi grant mentions no predecessors and was issued in his 39th[75] regnal year, c. 537 CE. He had his capital atDantapura. Another plate found also mentions him defeating aVishnukundina king called Indra Bhattaraka.[76] Many rulers of this dynasty went by the titleTrikalingadhipati,[77] literally the "lord of the three Kalingas". The capital was later shifted to Kalinganagara, later during the reign of Devendravarman I (c. 652–682?).
During this period, c. 639 CE,Xuanzang visited this region, he notes thatMahayana Buddhism was widely practiced in this region. He mentions the existence of the monastery calledPushpagiri. The sites were lost until recently. New excavations have found several Buddhist monuments dating to this period.[78][79][80] Kalinga was invaded and pillaged byKulottunga I in1100, afterAnantavarman Chodaganga decided not pay his annual tribute. The event was later the subject of the Tamil poemKalingattuparani.[81]
The capital was again shifted toKataka byAnantavarman Chodaganga in 1135.[82] He is said to have started building thePuri Jagannath temple.[83] The temple was later completed by his successorAnangabhima Deva III.Narasingha Deva I is known to have built theKonark temple.
In 1187,Nissanka Malla who ascended to the throne in Sri Lanka claimed to have descended from Kalinga. He may have been born in 1157 in the capital of Kalinga,Sinhapura (modern daySrikakulam, now inAndhra Pradesh).[84] In 1215, an invader from Kalinga, calledKalinga Magha landed in Sri Lanka and had an oppressive reign of 21 years.[85]
By the early 12th century, Kalinga had been conquered byKulothunga Chola I and his generalKarunakara Tondaiman. The literary work calledKalingathu Parani, is written in praise of the invasion.[86]
According to the textTabaqat-i Nasiri, the ruler of Jajnagar (Kalinga) began to harass theLukhnauti (Bengal) ruler in 1243.Tughral Tughan Khan the governor of Bengal advanced against Jajnagar in March 1244. The armies encountered after a month at the frontier fort of Katashin and the Kalingan army retreated after taking losses. Later, when the army of Khan was having lunch, the Kalingan army flanked them and attacked. The defeated army of Khan then retreated.[27]
| Orissa Timeline | |
|---|---|
| 1200 CE - 1800 CE | |
| 1434 CE | Coronation ofKapilendradeva |
| c. 1467 CE | Sarala Dasa writes theOriya Mahabharata |
| 1559 CE | Mukunda Deva seizes the throne |
| 1568 CE | Kalapahad invades Orissa |
| 3 March 1575 | Battle of Tukaroi takes place inBalasore |
| 1623 | Shah Jahan visits Orissa |
| 1751 | Alivardi Khan cedes Orissa toMarathas |
TheGajapati Empire was established byKapilendra Deva in 1435,[87] after the fall of the last Eastern Ganga king, Bhanudeva IV. The dynasty is also known as aSuryavamsi dynasty. In about 1450, Kapilendra Deva installed his eldest son, Hamira, as the governor of Rajamundry and Kondavidu.[88][89] Kapilendra Deva managed spread his kingdom from Ganga in the north to as far asBidar in the south by 1457.[90]
During Kapilendra Deva's reign,Sarala Das, theOdia poet, wrote the Odia Mahabharata and his other works.[91]
When Kapilendra Deva died in 1467, a civil war occurred to capture the throne, among his sons. In the end,Purushottama Deva succeeded in securing the throne in 1484 by defeating Hamvira.[89] But, during this period significant southern parts of the empire were lost toSaluva Narasimha, the ruler ofVijayanagara. By the time of his death, he had managed to recover most these territories by capturing Saluva Narasimha.
He was succeeded by his son,Prataparudra Deva, in 1497. Immediately, he had to face the armies ofAlauddin Husain Shah of Bengal. During his reign, Alauddin Husain Shah attacked again in 1508, this time the Muslim army marched up to Puri. In 1512Krishna Deva Raya of theVijayanagara Empire invaded Kalinga and defeated the forces of the Gajapati Empire.[92]
Govinda Vidyadhara was a minister under, Gajapati king, Prataparudra Deva.[89] But, he rebelled against him and succeeded in ascending the throne in 1541, after murdering the two sons of Prataparudra Deva.[90]
TheBhoi dynasty[93] was founded by Govinda Vidyadhara who came to throne in a bloody coup, in 1541.[90] The dynasty was short-lived and during this period the kingdom came under conflict with neighbouring kingdoms and reeled with civil wars. First, Raghubhanja Chhotray who was the nephew of Govinda Vidyadhara, became a rebel. Govinda was succeeded by his son, Chakrapratap, who was an unpopular ruler. After he died in 1557, a minister called Mukunda Deva rebelled. He killed the last two Bhoi kings and squashed the rebellion of Raghubhanja Chhotray. After that, he declared himself the Gajapati of Odisha.[90]
Mukunda Deva (also known as Mukunda Harichandana)[93] came to throne, in 1559, in a bloody coup. According to theMadala Panji (temple records), he was aChalukya.[93] During this period, Odisha was going through many internal conflicts. Mukunda stuck an alliance withAkbar, that he made him a foe ofSulaiman Khan Karrani, the ruler of Bengal. Sulaiman sent his son,Bayazid Khan Karrani and his infamous general,Kalapahad, to conquer Odisha, in 1567.
Mukunda met the forces in the north but had to withdraw to stop a rebellion after signing a treaty with the Sultan's son.[93] Mukunda was killed in a battle with the rebel forces led by Ramachandra Bhanja. Ramachandra Bhanja was a feudal lord under Mukunda, who had rebelled. He himself got caught up in the conflict and was murdered by Bayazid.[94] Akbar was preparing for the invasion ofChittor, so he was unable to respond. Kalapahad ran across the kingdom in a plundering spree and destroyed several temples.[93] By end of 1568, Odisha was under the control of Sulaiman Khan Karrani.
During this period, Ramachandra Deva I, who was the son of a general and had been imprisoned by Mukunda, escaped from prison and fled toVizagapatam.[91]
1568 is considered an important date in the history of Odisha, as Mukunda Deva is considered the last independent ruler of Odisha. After 1568, the region saw a steady decline. Odisha was not to be an independent kingdom again.[93] Later in 1920, Odiaplaywright, Ashwini Kumar Ghose wrote a play calledKala Pahada based on the exploits of Kalapahad and the tragic death of Mukunda Deva. The play is considered one of the greatesttragedies in Odia literature.[95]
In 1568, Odisha came under the control of SultanSulaiman Khan Karrani of theKarrani dynasty, who was the ruler ofSultanate of Bengal. The Sultan assigned Ismail Khan Lodhi ofPrithimpassa as the governor of Orissa.
In theBattle of Tukaroi, which took place in modern-dayBalasore,Daud Khan Karrani was defeated and retreated deep into Odisha. The battle led to the Treaty of Katak in which Daud ceded the whole ofBengal andBihar, retaining only Odisha. The treaty eventually failed after the death ofMunim Khan (governor of Bengal and Bihar) who died at the age of 80. Daud took the opportunity and invaded Bengal. This led to the Battle of Rajmahal in 1576, where Daud was defeated and executed.[96][97]
In 1590, Qutlu Khan Lohani, an officer of Daud the Sultan of Bengal,[98] declared himself independent and assumed the title of "Qutlu Shah".Raja Man Singh who was the Mughal governor of Bihar, started an expedition against him. Before facing Man Singh, Qutlu Shah died. Qutlu Khan's son Nasir Khan, after little resistance, accepted Mughal sovereignty and paid homage to Man Singh on 15 August 1590. Nasir Khan was then appointed Governor of Odisha and signed a treaty which ceded the region of and aroundPuri. Nasir Khan remained faithful to the Mughal empire for two years but after that he violated the conditions of his treaty by laying siege to theJagannath Temple of Puri. Man Singh attacked Nasir Khan and decisively defeated him on 18 April 1592 in a battle near the present dayMidnapore town.[99] By 1593, Odisha had passed completely to the Mughal empire and was a part of Bengal Subah.
RajaRamachandra Deva, the king ofKhurda, had accepted Akbar's suzerainty.[98] Akbar mostly followed a policy of non-interference in the local chieftains' matters. After Akbar, his son,Jahangir came to power, who followed a different policy. Under him, Odisha was made into a separate Subah and a governor, titledSubahdar, ruled in the name of the Mughal emperor.
Quasim Khan was appointed the governor of Odisha in 1606. During this period, the king of Khurda, Purusottam Deva was attacked by Mughal armies led by Kesho Das. He was defeated, and had to offer his sister and daughter along with dowry to buy peace.[98]
In 1611, Kalyan Mal, son ofTodar Mal came to be the governor of Odisha. Kalyan Mal also attacked and defeated Purusottam Deva, who had to send his daughter to the Mughal harem.[98] In 1617, Kalyan was recalled to the court.
In 1617,Mukarram Khan became the governor of Odisha. He also tried to attack Purusottam Deva. But, Purusottam Deva fled from Khurda. In 1621, Ahmad Beg was made the governor of Odisha. Purusottam Deva died in exile in 1622 and was succeeded by his son Narasimha Deva. According to theMadala Panji (temple chronicles), princeShah Jahan had visited Odisha in 1623, which was just after his rebellion.[100] Ahmad Beg remained governor until 1628.
In 1628,Shah Jahan became the Mughal emperor and Muhammad Baqar Khan was appointed the governor of Odisha. He extended his influence well into the kingdom of Golconda. In 1632, he was recalled.Shah Shuja was appointed by Shah Jahan as the Subahdar of Bengal from 1639 until 1660. From 1645 onwards, a deputy of Shuja called Zaman Teharani was the governor of Odisha.[98] Orissa was the firstsubah (imperial top-level province) added to Akbar's fifteen byShah Jahan. It hadCuttack as seat and bordered Bihar, Bengal and Golconda subahs, as well as the remaining independent and tributary chiefs. In 1647, Narasimha Deva was beheaded by a Mughal general called Fateh Khan.[100]
In 1658, Shah Jahan took ill andDara Shikoh took on as the royal regent. This led to a war of succession in whichAurangzeb emerged victorious in 1659. He imprisoned his own father, who later died in 1666. During this period of instability in the Mughal empire, several chieftains in Odisha had declared independence. Khan-i-Duran was appointed the governor under Aurangzeb and his reign was from 1660 to 1667. During this period, he crushed several rebel chieftains and subdued Mukunda Deva I, the then king of Khurda.[98]
In 1707, Aurangzeb died and the control of Mughals over Odisha began to weaken.Murshid Quli Khan was made governor of Odisha in 1714. In 1717, he was also made theNawab of Bengal. He swore fealty to the Mughal emperor but he was an independent ruler for all purposes. He took several measures to increase revenues and create several newJagirs. In 1727, on his death, his son-in-law,Shuja-ud-Din became the Nawab of Bengal. Before that he was a deputy of Murshid in Odisha. During his time, several tracts of land were lost to neighbouring kingdoms.[98]
In 1727, Taqi Khan, the son of Shuja-ud-Din, was made the governor. He got engaged in a war with Ramachandra Deva II. Ramachandra Deva II was imprisoned and was converted to Islam.[100][101] Ramachandra Deva II once visited Puri to seeRatha-Yatra. Taqi Khan was displeased by this advanced on Khurda and Ramachandra Deva II fled. Bhagirathi Kumar, son of Ramachandra Deva II, was declared king by Taqi Khan. Taqi Khan died in 1734. During his reign, several Islamic monuments were built in Odisha.[98]
His successor,Murshid Quli Khan II (alias. Rustam Jung), a Naib Nazim (deputy governor) of Shuja-ud-Din and also his son-in-law, allowed worship in Puri and he is said to have given his daughter to Ramachandra Deva II in marriage after he converted to Islam. He installed Padmanava Deva as king of Khurda in 1736 but replaced him by Birakesari Deva, son of Ramachandra Deva II in 1739. Shuja-ud-Din died in 1739 and was replaced by his son,Sarfaraz Khan. Sarfaraz Khan was defeated and killed in theBattle of Giria byAlivardi Khan. Rustam Jung marched against Alivardi Khan but he was defeated. Alivardi Khan was not a popular ruler.[98]
TheMarathas started raiding Alivardi Khan's territory starting in 1742, aided by Rustam Jung and his allies.[102] These raids used quick hit-and-run tactics and were calledbargis. Alivardi Khan unable to check the raids ceded Odisha toRaghoji I Bhonsle in 1751.
During this period, the idols ofJagannath and other deities were removed from the temple several times, and hidden to save them fromiconoclasm.[98][100]
By 1751, the Marathas controlled the administration of Orissa. The riverSubarnarekha served as the border between Bengal and Maratha-controlled Odisha.[103][104]
The Marathas improved Orissa's profile as a pilgrimage site, especially to theJagannath Temple where maintenance and repairs were strongly encouraged. They paid extra attention to uphold religious sites. The Marathas instituted the pilgrim tax for their income at Puri, which was exempt for paupers.[100] The Marathas expanded on road construction, erection of houses and even experimented with a postal service. However, external trade declined in Maratha-held Orissa. With the rise of British power in the Bengal region and their chokehold on maritime trade in theBay of Bengal; exports of grains and commodities declined sharply for locals.[104]
Literature and poetry blossomed in Odisha under the rule of the Marathas. This was due to patronization of the local chiefs and other Maratha rulers.Kavya and Padya literature, of both prose and poetry made significant headways during this period.[104]
The strategic position of Orissa for trade was understood by Britain, as it was situated between British-heldBengal andMadras. In 1803, the British conquered the region during theSecond Anglo-Maratha War, when most of the Maratha forces were engaged elsewhere.[103][104]
| Odisha Timeline | |
|---|---|
| 1800 CE - 1947 CE | |
| 14 October 1803 | Fort of Barabati falls to the British |
| 1817 | The Paika Rebellion |
| 1866 | TheGreat Famine of 1886 (Na Anka Durvikhya) |
| 1 April 1936 | Orissa became a separate province |
| 15 August 1947 | India becomes independent |
ThePortuguese were the first Europeans to build factories in Odisha. They had a settlement in Pipili in Puri district. The British had established a settlement in Hariharpur (modern-dayJagatsinghpur), with the permission of the Mughal administrator, as early as 1633 to trade cotton goods. But it could not be maintain long because of the harsh climate, and Portuguese andAracanesepirates.[87] In 1765,Lord Clive acquired thediwani of Bengal, Bihar and Odisha from titular Mughal emperor,Shah Alam II. But, only theMidnapore district was meant by Odisha, as rest of it had passed on to the Marathas.[citation needed] Lord Clive had tried to negotiate the acquisition of Odisha from the Marathas. His successor,Warren Hastings, had also tried negotiating with the Marathas.
A Colonel Harcourt of thePresidency armies sailed fromNorthern Circars on 3 August 1803 and landed on 25 August.[105] He marched fromGanjam with 5000 men on 8 September, to flush the Marathas out of the region.[106] On 18 September, Harcourt took control of Puri.[100] On 21 September, a second force had landed at Balasore and after taking control of the region, it sent reinforcements to Cuttack to help with the siege of the fort. On 14 October, the fort ofBarbati was stormed and captured.[106]
On 17 December 1803,Raghoji II Bhonsle ofNagpur signed the Treaty of Deogaon (also Deogarh) in Odisha with the BritishEast India Company after theBattle of Laswari and gave up theprovince of Cuttack (which included the coastal Mughalbandi plain,Garhjat the princely states of Western Odisha, Balasore port, and parts ofMidnapore district of West Bengal).[47] The region was subsequently administered by the British as a division until 1912 of theBengal Presidency with its administrative seat inCuttack, the princely states remaining underindirect rule.[citation needed]
Jayakrushna Rajaguru Mohapatra, (better known to the Indian public asJayi Rajaguru) the royal preceptor to Mukunda Dev II (who at the time was still a minor) mobilised an army of Paika warriors and led a revolt against the East India Company in 1804, which was the first uprising against British rule in Orissa. However, the Presidency armies, with the assistance of local chiefs, were ultimately able to suppress the rebellion, and both Jayi Rajaguru and the Raja were captured. On 6 December 1806, Jayi Rajaguru was executed inMidnapore.[107]
In 1817, the British had to suppress the Paika rebellion. The Paika were a landed militia who were exempted from taxes in lieu of their services. They were dissatisfied with the new British land laws and were led by Bakshi Jagabandhu,[62] a commander of the king of Khurda.[108]
Surendra Sai from Sambalpur region had started a rebellion against the British in 1827. During theIndian Rebellion of 1857, the princes of Odisha did not join the wars.[citation needed]
In 1866, Odisha was struck with agreat famine, calledNa Anka Durvikhya[109] (literallythe nine number famine) locally.[110] The death toll has been estimated to be about one million spread across different regions.[111] During the famine, Babu Bichitrananda Das and Gouri Shankar Roy decided to publish a magazine in Odia. The first issue ofUtakala Deepika appeared on 4 August 1866 from the newly Cuttack Printing Press. It dealt with issue of famine.[112] Though Christian missionaries had established a printing press in Cuttack in 1838, this was the first independent publication in Odia.[113]
In 1870,Madhusudan Das became the first person from Odisha to acquire a graduate degree. He had completed his Bachelor of Arts fromCalcutta University and later went on to acquire a Master of Arts from the same university in 1873. He also acquired a law degree in 1878.[114] He went on to become one of the foremost leaders from the state.
After Madhusudan Das returned from Calcutta to Cuttack in 1881, the Utkal Sabha was formed in 1882. It marked the beginning of political activities in Odisha.[114] In 1888, adurbar was held in Cuttack during the visit of Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal, where the Utkal Sabha led by Gouri Shankar Roy presented the issue of bringing Odia-speaking territories under one administration.[115]
In 1903, the Utkal Union Conference was founded.[114] In 1912, Odisha and Bihar were separated from Bengal province to form a new single province.[116] In 1912, the Orissa Tenancy Act was introduced the Bihar-Orissa Legislative Assembly. The previous Bengal Tenancy Act of 1885 was considered ill-suited for the conditions of the region. On 12 September 1913, the Orissa Tenancy Act was passed, securing better rights and treatment forryots in the region.[117] In 1913,Sashi Bhusan Rath began publishing the first Odia daily newspaper,Asha, from Berhampur.Gopabandhu Das was the editor and wrote its editorials until 1919. In 1915, Gopabandhu Das began publishing a magazine calledSatyabadi, to promote Odia literature and culture. On 4 October 1919, he started his own weekly newspaper,Samaja.[118] In 1914, the revolutionaryBagha Jatin moved to a hideout inKaptipada village inMayurbhanj. On 9 September 1915, Bagha Jatin and his companions were discovered by the colonial authorities and it resulted in a 75 minutes gunfight. On 10 September 1915, Bagha Jatin died of bullet wounds at the Balasore hospital.[119]
In 1885,Indian National Congress was founded. In 1920, it adopted reorganization of provinces according to linguistic basis as one its agendas.[120] This inspired many leaders in Odisha to form an Odisha Congress Committee and demand a separate province for the Odia-speaking population.[121] In 1923, the Bhubanananda Odisha School of Engineering was established in Cuttack. It was the first technical diploma institution in the region.[122] In 1927, the districts of Cuttack and Balasore were hit by abnormal floods for the third successive year. About 28,756 families were affected by the floods according to the government report.[123]
On 6 April 1930, a group of volunteers marched from Cuttack to Inchudi in Balasore. On 12 April, they defied theBritish salt tax law by making salt.[124] On 1 April 1936, Odisha was granted the status of a separate province.Odisha Day (Utkala Dibasa) is celebrated locally every year on 1 April to mark the day. In 1936, Odisha has 6 districts:Cuttack,Puri, Balasore,Ganjam,Koraput, andSambalpur.[125] On 11 October 1938, Baji Rout, a ferry boy of 12 years, was shot dead by policemen in Dhenkanal district, when he refused to ferry them across the river.[126] In 1943, theUtkal University was founded.[127]
In March 1946, the foundation stone for theHirakud Dam was laid by the Governor of Odisha, Sir Hawthrone Lewis.[128] Also in 1946, the Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI) was established in Cuttack to prevent occurrences like theBengal famine of 1943.[129] On 22 July 1947,Biju Patnaik rescued theIndonesian Prime MinisterSutan Sjahrir and Vice PresidentMohammad Hatta from behindDutch lines and flew them toSingapore in aDouglas C-47 Skytrain, disguised as crew members. They reached India on 24 July.[130][131]
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| Orissa Timeline | |
|---|---|
| 1947 CE – Present | |
| 1948 | Capital of Odisha shifted fromCuttack toBhubaneswar |
| 1952 | The firstKalinga Prize awarded |
| 1953 | Completion of theHirakud Dam |
| 1956 | University College of Engineering, was established in Burla |
| 1957 | Odisha Sahitya Academy was established |
| 12 February 1961 | The building ofLegislative Assembly of Odisha was inaugurated |
On 27 May 1947,Harekrushna Mahatab took oath to form aCongress ministry.[citation needed] In 1946, it was decided thatBhubaneswar would replaceCuttack as the political capital of the state ofOdisha. A year after India gained its independence from Britain, the task of designing had been granted to the German architectOtto Königsberger.[62] Also in 1948, construction on theHirakud Dam began.[128] By 1949, the 24princely states had been integrated and Odisha had 13 districts:Cuttack,Puri,Balasore,Ganjam,Koraput,Sambalpur,Dhenkanal,Sundergarh,Keonjhar,Balangirpatna,Boudh-Kandhamal,Mayurbhanj andKalahandi.[125] On 12 May 1950, Mahatab resigned to join theCabinet of India.[132]Nabakrushna Choudhuri took over as the Chief Minister the same day.[133][citation needed]
In 1951, Biju Pattnaik made a donation to theUNESCO to establish theKalinga Prize. It has been awarded every year since 1952 to people who have contributed to the popularization of science.[134][135] On 12 February 1952,Nabakrushna Choudhuri took oath as the Chief Minister after the 1951 Assembly polls.[citation needed] In 1953, the 66 meters high and 25.4 km longHirakud Dam was completed.[128] In 1953, theRourkela Steel Plant was planned to be built in collaboration with aWest German consortium.[136] On 19 October 1956, Nabakrushna Choudhuri resigned and Mahatab became the Chief Minister.[citation needed] In 1956, the first technical degree institution in the region, University College of Engineering, was established inBurla (presently it is known asVeer Surendra Sai University of Technology).[122] In 1957, the Odisha Sahitya Academy was established to develop and promoteOdia language and literature.[137] On 13 January 1957, Prime MinisterJawaharlal Nehru officially inaugurated theHirakud Dam.[138] The 1957 Assembly polls were also won by theCongress party and on 6 April 1957 Harekrushna Mahatab took oath as the Chief Minister.[citation needed] On 22 May 1959, a coalition of Congress and Gantantra Parishad formed the government. On 21 February 1961, the coalition collapsed. On 25 February,President's rule was imposed on the state.[citation needed]
On 12 February 1961, the new building of theLegislative Assembly of Odisha was inaugurated bySarvepalli Radhakrishnan then vice-president of India.[139] On 15 August 1961, theRegional Engineering College, Rourkela was founded.[140] The mid-term polls were held in 1961 and Biju Pattnaik formed a ministry on 23 June 1961.[citation needed] On 3 January 1962, thefoundation stone of theParadip Port was laid by Prime Minister Nehru. On 18 April 1966, it was declared the 8th major port of India.[141] Also in 1962, theBalimela Reservoir project was started.[142] In August 1963, theKamaraj Plan was formulated and Biju Patnaik was among the Chief Ministers to resign.[143] After him,Biren Mitra became the Chief Minister.[144] In April 1964, aHindustan Aeronautics Limited plant was set up inSunabeda to manufactureTumansky R-11 F2 engines forMIG-21 FLs.[145] In 1966, Mahatab leftIndian National Congress to form a new party called theJana Congress.[146] After the 1967 Assembly polls,Rajendra Narayan Singh Deo became the Chief Minister of a coalition government consisting of theSwatantra Party and theOrissa Jana Congress.[citation needed]
In 1971 Assembly poll, the government was formed by a coalition ofUtkal Congress,Swatantra Party andAll India Jharkhand Party, withBishwanath Das as the Chief Minister.[147] On 14 June 1972,Nandini Satpathy became the Chief Minister of Odisha, heading aCongress ministry.[148] On 1 March 1973, Chief Minister Nandini Satpathy resigned. In February 1974, mid-term polls were held. On 6 March 1974, Nandini Satpathy formed her second ministry. On 19 December 1976, Nandini Satpathy resigned again.[149] She was replaced byBinayak Acharya who remained in office for 4 months.[150] In 1977,Nilamani Routray became the Chief Minister after the Assembly poll, andJanata Party remained in power until 1980. The 1980 Assembly poll resulted inJanaki Ballabh Patnaik, ofIndian National Congress, as the Chief Minister.[citation needed]
In 1981,NALCO was founded with the collaboration of thePechiney company ofFrance. It was headquartered in Bhubaneswar.[citation needed] On 30 October 1984,Indira Gandhi was in Bhubaneswar giving a speech. The next day she was assassinated.[151] In 1985, Janaki Ballabh Patnaik was re-elected as the Chief Minister.[citation needed]Sachidananda Routray, Odia poet and novelist, received theJnanpith Award for his contributions to modern Odia poetry.[152] On 22 May 1989, theAgni-I was tested fired atChandipur.[153] On 6 December 1989,Janaki Ballabh Patnaik resigned as the Chief Minister and on 7 DecemberHemananda Biswal was sworn in.[154] On 16 December 1989,Rabi Ray becomes theSpeaker of Lok Sabha and he held the position until 9 July 1991.[155]
In 1990,Ranganath Misra became the 21stChief Justice of India.[156] In 1990, the Assembly polls were won by theJanata Dal and a government was formed under the leader ofBiju Patnaik.[157] In 1992, four new districts were created,Gajapati,Malkangiri,Rayagada andNabarangpur. In 1993, 10 more districts were created,Khurda,Nayagarh,Sonepur,Bargarh,Kendrapara,Jagatsinghpur,Jajpur,Nuapada,Angul andBhadrak. In 1994, three more were carved out,Jharsuguda,Deogarh andBoudh. This brought the number ofdistricts in Odisha to 30.[125] In 1993, Ranganath Misra became the first chairman of theNational Human Rights Commission of India.[156] The 1995 Assembly polls were won by theIndian National Congress and Janaki Ballabh Patnaik became the Chief Minister.[157] On 22 January 1999,Australian missionaryGraham Staines and his two sons were murdered. Staines was an Australian Christian missionary who, along with his two sons Philip (aged 10) and Timothy (aged 6), was burnt to death by a gang while sleeping in his station wagon at Manoharpur village in Keonjhar district in Odisha, India on 23 January 1999. In 2003, a Bajrang Dal activist, Dara Singh, was convicted of leading the gang that murdered Graham Staines and his sons, and was sentenced to life in prison.[158] Soon afterwards, Janaki Ballabh Patnaik resigned and was replaced byGiridhar Gamang.[159] In October 1999, acyclone struck Odisha causing economic loss estimated at $2.5 billion (1999USD) and about 10,000 deaths.[160][161] In December 1999, Gamang also resigned.[162] He was replaced byHemananda Biswal on 7 December.[163] In March 2000,Naveen Patnaik became the Chief Minister of aBJD-BJP alliance government who went ahead to serve for 24 years.[164]
On 20 February 2014, theOdia language was given the status of aclassical language of India, making it the sixth language to have the status.[165] TheAssembly Election 2024 was won byBJP andMohan Charan Majhi became the Chief Minister of the state.[166]
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{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help){{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)Finally Srutayudha, a valiant hero, was son Varuna and of the river Parnasa.
{{cite book}}:ISBN / Date incompatibility (help)When he came to Odra country (Orissa), he found one hundred Buddhist monasteries and a myriad of brethren, all Mahayanist. There were more than ten Asoka topes at places where the Buddha had preached. In the southwest of this country was the Pushpagiri Monastery. Xuanzang's description remained a mystery in the absence of any archaeological findings to prove it until recent excavations, which have brought to light what is called eastern India's oldest Ashokan stupa and stone inscription bearing his name, dating back to the third century B.C.E.
It is about the Kalinga war waged by the King around 1110, when the Chola army crossed the Vengi territory, destroyed an elephant corps, torched Kalingam, made mincemeat of the enemy army and in the end 'subdued the seven Kalingas'47, all for the innocuous reason that the Kalinga king forgot to pay his annual tribute.
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