 | This articleneeds additional citations forverification. Please helpimprove this article byadding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "History of Moscow" – news ·newspapers ·books ·scholar ·JSTOR(March 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
The city ofMoscow gradually grew around theMoscow Kremlin, beginning in the 14th century. It was the capital of theGrand Duchy of Moscow (or Muscovy) and then theTsardom of Russia until the capital was moved toSaint Petersburg byPeter the Great. Moscow was the capital of theRussian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic from 1918, which then became theSoviet Union (1922 to 1991), and since 1991 has served as capital of theRussian Federation.[1]
Situated on either bank of the eponymousMoskva River, the city during the 16th to 17th centuries grew up in five concentric divisions, formerly separated from one another by walls: theKremlin ("fortress"),Kitaigorod ("walled town", but interpreted as "Chinatown" byfolk etymology),Bielygorod ("white town"),Zemlianoigorod ("earthworks town"), andMiestchanskygorod ("bourgeois town") outside the city walls.
After thefire of 1812, the city ramparts were replaced with theBoulevard Ring andGarden Ring roads, replacing the walls around Bielygorod and Zemlianoigorod, respectively. The city's population grew from 250,000 to over a million in the 19th century, and from one to ten million in the 20th century, putting it among the top twenty of theworld's most populous cities today.
The oldest evidence of humans on theterritory ofMoscow dates from theNeolithic Schukinskaya site on theMoscow River. Within the modern bounds of the city other late evidence was discovered to be a burial ground of theFatyanovskaya culture, as well as the site of anIron Age settlement of theDyakovo culture, on the territory of theKremlin,Sparrow Hills,Setun River and Kuntsevskiy forest park, etc.
The name of the city is thought to be derived from the name of theMoskva River.[2][3] There have been proposed several theories of the origin of the name of the river. FinnicMerya andMuroma people, who were among the several pre-Slavic tribes which originally inhabited the area, called the river supposedlyMustajoki, in English:Black river. It has been suggested that the name of the city derives from this term.[4][5]
In the 9th century, theOka River was part of theVolga trade route, and the upper Volga watershed became an area of contact between the indigenous Uralic peoples such as theMerya and the expandingTurkic (Volga Bulgars),Germanic (Varangians) andSlavic peoples.
The earliestEast Slavic tribes recorded as having expanded to the upper Volga in the 9th to 10th centuries are theVyatichi andKrivichi.The Moskva River was incorporated as part ofRostov-Suzdal into theKievan Rus in the 11th century. By CE 1100, a minor settlement had appeared on the mouth of theNeglinnaya River.
The first reference to Moscow dates from 1147 as a meeting place ofSviatoslav Olgovich andYuri Dolgorukiy. At the time it was a minor town on the western border of Vladimir-Suzdal Principality.
In 1156,KniazYury Dolgoruky fortified the town with a timber fence and a moat. In the course of theMongol invasion of Rus, theGolden Horde burned the city to the ground and killed its inhabitants.
The timber fortna Moskvě "on the Moscow river" was inherited byDaniel,[6] the youngest son ofAlexander Nevsky, in the 1260s, at the time considered the least valuable of his father's possessions.Daniel was still achild at the time, and the fort was governed bytiuns (deputies), appointed by Daniel's paternal uncle,Yaroslav of Tver.
Daniel came of age in the 1270s and became involved in the power struggles of theprincipality with lasting success, siding with his brotherDmitry in his bid for the rule of Novgorod. From 1283 he acted as the ruler of an independent principality alongside Dmitry, who became Grand Duke of Vladimir.Daniel has been credited with founding the first Moscow monasteries, dedicated to the Lord's Epiphany and to Saint Daniel.
Daniel ruled Moscow as Grand Duke until 1303 and established it as a prosperous city which would eventually eclipse its parent principality of Vladimir by the 1320s.
In 1282 Daniel founded the first monastery of Moscow on the right bank of theMoskva River, the wooden church of St. Daniel-Stylite. It is now known as theDanilov Monastery. Daniel died in 1303, at the age of 42. Before his death he became a monk and, according to his will, was buried in the cemetery of the St. Daniel Monastery.
Moscow was stable and prosperous for many years and attracted a large numbers of refugees from across Russia. The Rurikids maintained large landholdings by practicingprimogeniture, whereby all land was passed to the eldest sons, rather than dividing it up among all sons. By 1304,Yury of Moscow contested withMikhail of Tver for the throne of the principality ofVladimir.Ivan I eventually defeatedTver to become the sole collector of taxes for theMongol rulers, making Moscow the capital ofVladimir-Suzdal. By paying high tribute, Ivan won an important concession from theKhan.
While the Khan of theGolden Horde initially attempted to limit Moscow's influence, when the growth of theGrand Duchy of Lithuania began to threaten all of Russia, the Khan strengthened Moscow to counterbalance Lithuania, allowing it to become one of the most powerful cities in Russia. In 1380, princeDmitry Donskoy of Moscow led a united Russian army to an important victory over the Mongols in theBattle of Kulikovo. Afterwards, Moscow took the leading role in liberating Russia from Mongol domination. In 1480,Ivan III hadfinally broken the Russians free from Tatar control and overthrew the Mongols. Moscow later became the capital of an empire that would eventually encompass all of Russia andSiberia, and parts of many other lands.
_by_shakko_01.JPG)
In 1462Ivan III, known as Ivan the Great (1440–1505) became Grand Prince of Moscow (then part of the medieval Muscovy state). He began fighting the Tatars, enlarged the territory ofMuscovy, and enriched his capital city. By 1500 it had a population of 100,000 and was one of the largest cities in the world. He conquered the far larger principality of Novgorod to the north, which had been allied to the hostile Lithuanians. By this conquestIvan III enlarged his territory seven-fold, expanding from 430,000 to 2,800,000 square kilometers. He took control of the ancient "Novgorod Chronicle" and made it a propaganda vehicle for his regime.[7][8]
The originalMoscow Kremlin was built during the 14th century. It was reconstructed by Ivan, who in the 1480s invited architects fromItaly, such asPetrus Antonius Solarius, who designed the new Kremlin wall and its towers, andMarco Ruffo who designed the new palace for the prince. The Kremlin walls as they now appear are those designed by Solarius, completed in 1495. The Kremlin's Great Bell Tower was built in 1505–08 and augmented to its present height in 1600.A trading settlement, orposad, grew up to the east of the Kremlin, in the area known asZaradye (Зарядье). In the time of Ivan III, theRed Square, originally named the Hollow Field (Полое поле) appeared.
In 1508–1516, the Italian architectAleviz Fryazin (Novy) arranged for the construction of a moat in front of the eastern wall, which would connect theMoskva andNeglinnaya and be filled in with water from Neglinnaya. This moat, known as theAlevizov moat [ru], had a length of 541 meters, a width of 36 meters, and a depth of 9.5–13 m. It was lined with limestone and, in 1533, fenced on both sides with low, 4-meter-thick cogged brick walls.
In the 16th and 17th centuries, the three circular defenses were built:Kitay-gorod (Китай-город), the White City (Белый город) and the Earthen City (Земляной город). However, in 1547, two fires destroyed much of the town, and in 1571 theCrimean Tatars captured Moscow,burning everything except the Kremlin. The annals record that only 30,000 of 200,000 inhabitants survived.
The Crimean Tatars attacked again in 1591, but this time were held back by new defense walls, built between 1584 and 1591 by a craftsman namedFyodor Kon. In 1592, an outer earth rampart with 50 towers was erected around the city, including an area on the right bank of the Moscow River. As an outermost line of defense, a chain of strongly fortified monasteries was established beyond the ramparts to the south and east, principally theNovodevichy Convent andDonskoy,Danilov,Simonov,Novospasskiy, andAndronikov monasteries, most of which now house museums. From its ramparts, the city became poetically known asBielokamennaya, the "White-Walled". The limits of the city as marked by the ramparts built in 1592 are now marked by theGarden Ring.
Three square gates existed on the eastern side of the Kremlin wall, which in the 17th century, were known as: Konstantino-Eleninsky, Spassky, Nikolsky (owing their names to the icons of Constantine and Helen, the Savior and St. Nicholas which hung over them). The last two were directly opposite the Red Square, while the Konstantino-Elenensky gate was located behind Saint Basil's Cathedral.
TheRussian famine of 1601–1603 killed perhaps 100,000 in Moscow. From 1610 through 1612, troops of thePolish–Lithuanian Commonwealthoccupied Moscow, as its rulerSigismund III tried to take the Russian throne. In 1612, the people ofNizhny Novgorod and other Russian cities conducted by princeDmitry Pozharsky andKuzma Minin rose against the Polish-Lithuanian occupiers,besieged the Kremlin, and expelled them. In 1613, theZemsky sobor electedMichael Romanov tsar, establishing theRomanov dynasty.
During the first half of the 17th century, the population of Moscow doubled from roughly 100,000 to 200,000. It expanded beyond its ramparts in the later 17th century. By 1682, there were 692 households established north of the ramparts, byUkrainians andBelarusians abducted from their hometowns in the course ofRusso-Polish War (1654–1667). These new outskirts of the city came to be known as theMeshchanskayasloboda, after Ruthenianmeshchane "town people". The termmeshchane (мещане) acquired pejorative connotations in 18th-century Russia and today means "petty bourgeois" or "narrow-minded philistine".[9]
The entire city of the late 17th century, including theslobodas which grew up outside of the city ramparts, are contained within what is today Moscow'sCentral Administrative Okrug.
Numerous disasters befell the city. Theplague killed upwards of 80% of the people in 1654–55. Fires burned out much of the wooden city in 1626 and 1648.[10]
.png)
Moscow ceased to be Russia's capital (except for a brief period from 1728 to 1732 under the influence of theSupreme Privy Council) whenPeter the Great moved his government to the newly builtSaint Petersburg on the Baltic coast in 1712.
After losing the status as capital of the empire, the population of Moscow at first decreased, from 200,000 in the 17th century to 130,000 in 1750. But after 1750, the population grew more than tenfold over the remaining duration of the Russian Empire, reaching 1.8 million by 1915.
By 1700, the building of cobbled roads had begun. In November 1730, permanent street light was introduced, and by 1867 many streets were lit bygas. In 1883, near thePrechistinskiye Gates [ru], arc lamps were installed. In 1741 Moscow was surrounded by a barricade 25 miles long, theKamer-Kollezhsky rampart, with 16 gates at which customs tolls were collected. Its line is traced today by a number of streets calledval (Russian:вал).Between 1781 and 1804 theMytischinskiy water pipeline [ru] (the first in Russia) was built. In 1813 a Commission for the Construction of the City of Moscow was established. It launched a great program of rebuilding, including a partial replanning of the city-center. Among many buildings constructed or reconstructed at this time were theGrand Kremlin Palace and theKremlin Armoury, theMoscow University, theMoscow Manege (Riding School), and theBolshoi Theatre. In 1903 theMoskvoretskaya water pipeline [ru] began operations.In the early 19th century, the arch of theKonstantino-Eleninskaya Tower [ru]'s gate was paved with bricks, but theSpasskaya Tower was the main front gate of the Kremlin and used for royal entrances. From this gate, wooden and (following the 17th-century improvements) stone bridges stretched across the moat. Books were sold on this bridge, and stone platforms (roskaty [ru]) were built nearby for guns. TheTsar Cannon was located on the platform of theLobnoye mesto.
The road connecting Moscow with St. Petersburg, now theM10 highway, was completed in 1746, its Moscow end following the oldTver road which had existed since the 16th century. It became known asPeterburskoye Schosse after it was paved in the 1780s.Petrovsky Palace was built in 1776–1780 byMatvey Kazakov as a railway station specifically reserved for royal journeys from Saint Petersburg to Moscow, while coaches for lesser classes arrived and departed fromVsekhsvyatskoye station.
WhenNapoleoninvaded Russia in 1812, the Moscovites were evacuated. It is suspected today that theMoscow fire which ensued initially started as a result of Russian sabotage.[11] In the fire's wake, an estimated three-quarters of the city lay in ruin.
Moscow State University was established in 1755. Its main building was reconstructed after the 1812 fire byDomenico Giliardi. TheMoskovskiye Vedomosti newspaper appeared from 1756, originally in weekly intervals, and from 1859 as a daily newspaper.
TheArbat Street had been in existence since at least the 15th century, but it was developed into a prestigious area during the 18th century. It was destroyed in the fire of 1812 and was rebuilt completely in the early 19th century.
In the 1830s, generalAlexander Bashilov planned the first regular grid of city streets north from Petrovsky Palace.Khodynka field south of the highway was used for military training. Smolensky Rail station (forerunner of present-dayBelorussky Rail Terminal) was inaugurated in 1870.Sokolniki Park, in the 18th century the home of the tsar's falconers well outside of Moscow, became contiguous with the expanding city in the later 19th century and was developed into a public municipal park in 1878. The suburbanSavyolovsky Rail Terminal was built in 1902.
In January 1905, the institution of the City Governor, orMayor, was officially introduced in Moscow, andAlexander Adrianov [ru] became Moscow's first official mayor.[citation needed]
The 645-kilometer long railway between Moscow and Saint-Petersburg began operating in 1851. While technically it was not the first railway in Russia, its construction is generally seen as the beginning of the railway era in Russia. As railways grew in subsequent decades, Moscow served as the central railway hub of Russia.
When Catherine II came to power in 1762, the city's filth and smell of sewage was depicted by observers as a symptom of the disorderly lifestyles of lower-class Russians recently arrived from the farms. Elites called for improving sanitation, which became part of Catherine's plans for increasing control over social life. National political and military successes from 1812 through 1855 calmed the critics and validated efforts to produce a more enlightened and stable society. There was less talk about the smell and the poor conditions of public health. However, in the wake of Russia's failures in theCrimean War in 1855–56, confidence in the ability of the state to maintain order in the slums eroded, and demands for improved public health put filth back on the agenda.[12]
| External videos | |
|---|---|
 Song from the Soviet "New Moscow", 1938 film | |
| "The Best City on Earth" Song byMuslim Magomayev |
In November 1917, upon learning ofthe uprising happening in Petrograd, Moscow’s Bolsheviksalso began their uprising. On November 2 (15), 1917, after heavy fighting,Soviet power was established in Moscow.[13]
ThenVladimir Lenin, fearing possible foreign invasion, moved the capital from Petrograd (Saint Petersburg) back to Moscow on March 12, 1918.[14]
During theGreat Patriotic War, theSoviet State Committee of Defense and the General Staff of theRed Army were located in Moscow. In 1941, 16 divisions of the national volunteers (more than 160,000 people), 25 battalions (18,000 people) and 4 engineering regiments were formed among the Muscovites. On 6 December 1941, GermanArmy Group Centre was stopped at the outskirts of the city and then driven off in the course of theBattle of Moscow. Many factories were evacuated, together with much of the government, and from October 20 the city was declared to be in a state of siege. Its remaining inhabitants built and manned antitank defenses, while the city was bombarded from the air. On May 1, 1944 a medal "For the defense of Moscow" and in 1947 another medal "In memory of the 800th anniversary of Moscow" were instituted.
During the postwar years, there was a serious housing crisis, solved by the invention ofhigh-rise apartments. Apartments were built and partly furnished in the factory before being raised and stacked into tall columns. The popular Soviet-era comic filmIrony of Fate parodies this construction method.
The city ofZelenograd was built in 1958 at 37 km from the city center to the north-west, along theLeningradskoye Shosse, and incorporated as one of Moscow'sadministrative okrugs.Moscow State University moved to its campus onSparrow Hills in 1953.
On May 8, 1965 due to the actual 20thanniversary of the victory inWorld War II Moscow was awarded a title of theHero City. In 1980 it hosted theSummer Olympic Games.
TheMKAD ring road was opened in 1961. It had four lanes running 109 km along the city borders.The MKAD marked the administrative boundaries of the city of Moscow until the 1980s, when outlying suburbs beyond the ring road began to be incorporated.
In 1991 Moscow was the scene of acoup attempt by conservators opposed to theliberal reforms ofMikhail Gorbachev.
TheMoscow Metro opened in 1935 and immediately became the centerpiece of the transportation system. More than that it was a Stalinist device to awe and control the populace[citation needed], and give them an appreciation of Soviet realist art. It became the prototype for future Soviet large-scale technologies.Lazar Kaganovich was in charge; he designed the subway so that citizens would absorb the values and ethos of Stalinist civilization as they rode. The artwork of the 13 original stations became nationally and internationally famous. For example, the Sverdlov Square subway station featured porcelain bas-reliefs depicting the daily life of the Soviet peoples, and the bas-reliefs at the Dynamo Stadium sports complex glorified sports and the physical prowess of the powerful new "Homo Sovieticus." (Soviet man).[15] The metro was touted as the symbol of the new social order—a sort of Communist cathedral of engineering modernity.[16] Soviet workers did the labor and the art work, but the main engineering designs, routes, and construction plans were handled by specialists recruited from the London Underground. The Britons called for tunneling instead of the "cut-and-cover" technique, the use of escalators instead of lifts, and designed the routes and the rolling stock.[17] The paranoia of Stalin and the NKVD was evident when the secret police arrested numerous British engineers for espionage—that is for gaining an in-depth knowledge of the city's physical layout. Engineers for the Metropolitan Vickers Electrical Company were given a show trial and deported in 1933, ending the role of British business in the USSR.[18]
Until nowadays Moscow metro is one of the most important heritage of architecture of the USSR period. The most inspiringmetro stations of the Stalin's era are Revolution Square, Kievskaya, Beloruskaya, Mayakovskaya, Novoslobodskaya, Dostoevskaya, Prospekt mira, Komsomolskaya and Taganskaya.
When the USSR was dissolved in the same year, Moscow became the capital of theRussian Federation. Since then a market economy has emerged in Moscow, producing an explosion of Western-style retailing, services, architecture, and lifestyles.
Even with Russia's population shrinking by 6 million after the fall of the USSR, Moscow has continued to grow during the 1990s to 2000s, its population rising from below nine to above ten million. Mason and Nigmatullina argue that Soviet-era urban-growth controls (before 1991) produced controlled and sustainable metropolitan development, typified by the greenbelt built in 1935. Since then however, there has been a dramatic growth of low-density suburban sprawl, created by a heavy demand for single-family dwellings as opposed to crowded apartments. In 1995–1997 the MKAD ring road was widened from the initial four to ten lanes. In December 2002Bulvar Dmitriya Donskogo became the first Moscow Metro station that opened beyond the limits of MKAD. TheThird Ring Road, intermediate between the early 19th-centuryGarden Ring and the Soviet era outer ring road, was completed in 2004. The greenbelt is becoming more and more fragmented, and satellite cities are appearing at the fringe. Summer dachas are being converted into year-round residences, and with the proliferation of automobiles there is heavy traffic congestion.[19]
The city's population is rapidly increasing. The ubiquitous presence of legal and illegal permanent and temporary migrants plus merging suburbs raise the total population to about 13.5 million people.[20]
|
|
|
A very minor city, first mentioned in the chronicles under the year 1147, Moscow had been given in appanage to the youngest son of Alexander Nevsky, Daniel.
