Named for the abundant ash trees lining theSan Joaquin River, Fresno was founded in 1872 as a railway station of theCentral Pacific Railroad before it wasincorporated in 1885. It has since become an economic hub of Fresno County and the San Joaquin Valley, with much of the surrounding areas in theMetropolitan Fresno region predominantly tied to large-scale agricultural production. Fresno is near the geographic center of California, approximately 220 miles (350 km) north ofLos Angeles, 170 miles (270 km) south of the state capital,Sacramento, and 185 miles (300 km) southeast ofSan Francisco.Yosemite National Park is about 60 miles (100 km) to the north,Kings Canyon National Park 60 miles (100 km) to the east, andSequoia National Park 75 miles (120 km) to the southeast.
The original inhabitants of theSan Joaquin Valley region were theYokuts people andMiwok people, who engaged in trading with other Californian tribes of Native Americans including coastal peoples such as theChumash of the Central California coast, with whom they are thought to have traded plant and animal products.
The first European to enter the San Joaquin Valley wasPedro Fages in 1772.[15] The county of Fresno was formed in 1856 after theCalifornia Gold Rush and was named for the abundant ash trees (Spanish: fresno) lining theSan Joaquin River.
The San Joaquin River flooded on December 24, 1867, inundatingMillerton. Some residents rebuilt, others moved. Flooding also destroyed the town of Scottsburg on the nearbyKings River that winter. Rebuilt on higher ground, Scottsburg was renamedCenterville.[16]
In 1867, Anthony Easterby purchased land bounded by the present Chestnut, Belmont, Clovis and California avenues, that today is called theSunnyside district. Unable to grow wheat for lack of water, he hired sheep man Moses Church in 1870 to create an irrigation system.[17] Building new canals and purchasing existing ditches, Church then formed the Fresno Canal and Irrigation Company, a predecessor of the Fresno Irrigation District.
In 1872, theCentral Pacific Railroad established a station near Easterby's—by now a hugely productive wheat farm—for its newSouthern Pacific line. Soon there was a store near the station and the store grew into the town of Fresno Station, later called Fresno. At that time, Mariposa street was the main artery, a rough dusty or muddy depression.[18] Many Millerton residents, drawn by the convenience of the railroad and worried about flooding, moved to the new community. Fresno became an incorporated city in 1885. In 1903, the faltering San Joaquin Power Company was renamed the San Joaquin Light and Power Corporation and included the Fresno City Water Company and the Fresno City Railway.[19] By 1931 the railway, now known as theFresno Traction Company, operated 47streetcars over 49 miles (79 km) of track.[20]
Two years after the station was established, county residents voted to move the county seat from Millerton to Fresno. When theFriant Dam was completed in 1944, the site of Millerton became inundated by the waters ofMillerton Lake. In extreme droughts, when the reservoir shrinks, ruins of the original county seat can still be observed.
In the nineteenth century, with so much wooden construction and in the absence of sophisticated firefighting resources, fires often ravaged American frontier towns. The greatest of Fresno's early-day fires, in 1882, destroyed an entire block of the city. Another devastating blaze struck in 1883.
As a result of its remoteness from the great universities of theSan Francisco Bay Area andGreater Los Angeles, Fresno became a statewide leader in educational innovation. In 1910,Fresno High School was the first California high school to take advantage of the Upward Extension Act of 1907 to offer lower-division college-level coursework to local high school graduates who wanted to attend college but were reluctant to move hundreds of miles away to do so.[22] The high school's Collegiate Department evolved intoFresno City College, the oldest community college in California and the second oldest in the United States.[22] In the 1920s and 1930s, Fresno State Teachers College was at the forefront of the evolution of the state teachers colleges into state colleges offering a broadliberal arts education.[23] The state colleges later became theCalifornia State University and Fresno State becameCalifornia State University, Fresno.
Fresno entered the ranks of the 100 most populous cities in the United States in 1960 with a population of 134,000. Thirty years later, in the 1990 census, it moved up to 47th place with 354,000, and in the census of 2000, it achieved 37th place with 428,000.[24]
Downtown Fresno in 1904
TheFresno Municipal Sanitary Landfill was the first modernlandfill in the United States, and incorporated several important innovations to waste disposal, including trenching, compacting, and the daily covering of trash with dirt. It was opened in 1937 and closed in 1987. It is aNational Historic Landmark as well as aSuperfund site.[25]
Before World War II, Fresno had many ethnic neighborhoods, including Little Armenia, German Town, Little Italy, andChinatown. In 1940, theCensus Bureau reported Fresno's population as 94.0% white, 3.3% black and 2.7% Asian.[26] Chinatown was primarily a Japanese neighborhood and today few Japanese-American businesses remain.[27] During 1942,Pinedale, in what is now North Fresno, was the site of thePinedale Assembly Center, an interim facility for the relocation of Fresno areaJapanese Americans tointernment camps.[28] TheFresno Fairgrounds were also utilized as an assembly center.
Row crops and orchards gave way to urban development particularly in the period after World War II; this transition was particularly vividly demonstrated in locations such as theBlackstone Avenue corridor.
Fresno's geographical remoteness also made it an early pioneer in the field now known asfintech, long before the term was invented. In September 1958,Bank of America launched a new product calledBankAmericard in Fresno. The city was specifically selected in part for its remoteness, to limit damage to the bank's image in case the project failed.[29] After a troubled gestation during which its creator resigned, BankAmericard went on to become the world's first successfulcredit card. This financial instrument was usable across a large number of merchants and also allowed cardholders to revolve a balance (earlier financial products could do one or the other but not both). In 1970, BankAmericard was spun off into a separate company, and in 1976, that company becameVisa Inc.
In the 1960s, Fresno suffered numerous demolitions of historic buildings, including the oldFresno County Courthouse and the original buildings ofEdison High School. This was the result of car-centric urban planning focused on making more room for cars and parking lots, a commonplace approach in the United States at that time.
The dance style commonly known aspopping evolved in Fresno in the 1970s.[30]
In 1995, theFederal Bureau of Investigation'sOperation Rezone sting resulted in several prominent Fresno andClovis politicians being charged in connection with taking bribes in return forrezoning farmland for housing developments. Before the sting brought a halt to it, housing developers could buy farmland cheaply, pay off council members to have it rezoned, and make a large profit building and selling inexpensive housing. Sixteen people were eventually convicted as a result of the sting.[31]
Fresno has a total area of 116 square miles (300 km2) with 98.96% land covering 114.79 square miles (297.3 km2), and 1.04% water, 1.21 square miles (3.1 km2).
Because Fresno sits at the junction of Highways41 and99 (SR 41 is Yosemite National Park's southern access road, and SR 99 bypassesInterstate 5 to serve the urban centers of the San Joaquin Valley), the city is a major gateway for Yosemite visitors coming fromLos Angeles. The city also serves as an entrance into Sierra National Forest via Highway168, and Sequoia and Kings Canyon National Parks via Highway180.
Tulare Street in Downtown Fresno
Fresno has three large public parks, two in the city limits and one in county land to the southwest.Woodward Park, which features theShinzenJapanese Gardens, boasts numerous picnic areas and several miles of trails. It is in North Fresno and is adjacent to theSan Joaquin River Parkway.Roeding Park, near Downtown Fresno, is home to theFresno Chaffee Zoo, and Rotary Storyland andPlayland.Kearney Park is the largest of the Fresno region's park system and is home to historic Kearney Mansion and plays host to the annual Civil War Revisited, the largest reenactment of the Civil War in the west coast of the U.S.[32][33]
In its 2023 ParkScore ranking,The Trust for Public Land, a national land conservation organization, reported that Fresno had one of the worst park systems among the 100 most populous U.S. cities, with only 5% of city land being used for parks and recreation.[34] The survey measures median park size, park acres as percent of city area, residents' access to parks, spending on parks per resident, and playgrounds per 10,000 residents.
[35] The Central Pacific Railroad built a small wooden depot in 1872. In 1889, the Southern Pacific Railroad, which had acquired Central Pacific, constructed a new depot on the original depot site. The brick Queen Anne style depot was a jewel for the city and is one of Fresno's oldest standing buildings. In 1971, 99 years after it first opened for business on its current site, the Depot closed its rail operations due to the decline in business.[36]
Fulton Street in Downtown Fresno was Fresno's main financial and commercial district before being converted into one of the nation's firstpedestrian malls in 1964.[39] Renamed theFulton Mall, the area contains the densest collection of historic buildings in Fresno. While the Fulton Mall corridor has suffered a sharp decline from its heyday, the Mall includes some of the finest public art pieces in the country, including a casting ofPierre-Auguste Renoir's bronze "The Washer Woman", reportedly the only one of the six castings that one can walk up to and touch. In October 2017, the City of Fresno finished and opened Fulton Mall to traffic, becoming Fulton Street. This change was celebrated with a large public parade featuring current mayor Lee Brand and former mayor Ashley Swearengin.[40] The public art pieces will be restored and placed near their current locations and will feature wide sidewalks (up to 28' on the east side of the street) to continue with the pedestrian-friendly environment of the district.[41]
The historicTower Theatre, which is included on the National Register of Historic Places,[42] is the center of the Tower District. The theater was built in 1939 at the corner of Olive and Wishon Avenues. The Tower District neighborhood is just north of downtown Fresno proper, and one-half mile south of Fresno City College.[43] Although the neighborhood was known as a residential area, the early commercial establishments of the Tower District began with small shops and services that flocked to the area shortly after World War II. The character of small local businesses largely remains today. To some extent, the businesses of the Tower District were developed due to the proximity of the original Fresno Normal School (later renamedCalifornia State University at Fresno). In 1916, the college moved to what is now the site ofFresno City College one-half mile north[44] of the Tower District.
After decades of neglect and suburban flight, the neighborhood revival followed the re-opening of the Tower Theatre in the late 1970s, which at that time showed second- and third-run movies, along with classic films. Roger Rocka's Dinner Theater &Good Company Players also opened nearby in 1978,[45] at Olive and Wishon Avenues. Fresno nativeAudra McDonald performed in the leading roles of Evita and The Wiz at the theater while she was a high school student. McDonald subsequently became a leading performer onBroadway in New York City and aTony award-winning actress. Also in the Tower District is Good Company Players' 2nd Space Theatre.
The main library atCity College was built in 1933.
The Tower District is a hub for community events such as Jamaica My Weekend, Mardi Gras in February,Gay Pride Parade, car shows, A Taste of The Tower, Halloween in the Tower, theFarmers' market opened on the northwest corner of Olive and Van Ness and LitHop, an annual literary festival, featuring mostly local writers.
The neighborhood features restaurants, live theater and nightclubs, as well as several independent shops and bookstores on or near Olive Avenue. Since renewal, the Tower District has become an attractive area for restaurant and other local businesses. The Tower District is known as the center of Fresno'sLGBT andhipster communities.[46]
In the northeastern part of Fresno,Woodward Park was founded by the late Ralph Woodward, a long-time Fresno resident. He bequeathed a major portion of his estate in 1968 to provide a regional park andbird sanctuary in Northeast Fresno. The park lies on the southern bank of the San Joaquin River between Highway 41 and Friant Road. The initial 235 acres (0.95 km2), combined with additional acres acquired later by the city, brings the park to a sizable 300 acres (1.2 km2).[47] Now packed with amenities, Woodward Park is the only Regional Park of its size in the Central Valley. The park has a multi-useamphitheatre that seats up to 2,500 people, an authentic Japanese Garden, fenced dog park, bike park, two playgrounds, two-mile (3 km) equestrian trail, exercise par course, three children's playgrounds, a lake, three small ponds, seven picnic areas, and five miles (8 km) of multipurpose trails that are part of the San Joaquin River Parkway's Lewis S. Eaton Trail. When complete, the Lewis S. Eaton trail system will cover 22 miles (35 km) between Highway 99 and Friant Dam. The park's amphitheatre was renovated in 2010, and has hosted performances by acts such asDeftones,Tech N9ne, andSevendust as well as numerous others. Woodward Park hosts the annualCalifornia Interscholastic Federation State Championshipcross country meet. It is the home of theWoodward Shakespeare Festival which began performances in the park in 2005.[48]
Located in the western portion of Fresno,Old Fig Garden is an unincorporated community that, over time, has been completely encircled by the city of Fresno. Fig Garden was created in 1947, as the then-known Fig Garden Men's club achieved nonprofit corporate status, allowing itself to have much more governance.[49]
In 1979, the name was changed to Fig Garden Home Owners Association.[49] Fig Garden is unique to the rest of Fresno, as it features largely no sidewalks and is lined with various large trees. The homes are well-maintained and landscaped due to strict regulations from the homeowners association. Due to a tax Fig Garden residents voted for, there is nearly round-the-clock sheriff service within the district.[49] The district hosts the Fig Garden Christmas Tree Lane, which is a nationally recognized event.[50] There is also an upscale swim and racquet club located in northwestern Fig garden, which has multiple amenities including a heated lap pool, massage therapy, daycare, etc.[51] Towards the northern boundary there is a shopping center called Fig Garden Village which hosts a plethora of upscale shopping opportunities.[52]
Fresno has asemi-arid climate (Köppen climate classificationBSh, borderingBSk), with cool, mild winters and long, hot, dry summers.[53] December and January are the coldest months, averaging 47.5 °F (8.6 °C) and 48.0 °F (8.9 °C), respectively; mornings see temperatures at or below freezing, with the coldest night of the year typically bottoming out around 29 °F (−1.7 °C).[54] July is the warmest month, averaging 83.5 °F (28.6 °C); normally, there are 38 days of 100 °F (37.8 °C)+ highs and 113 days of 90 °F (32.2 °C)+ highs, and between July and August, there are only 3.6 days where the high does not reach 90 °F (32.2 °C).[54] Summers provide considerable sunshine, with July exceeding 96 percent of the total possible sunlight hours; conversely, December is the lowest with only 42 percent of the daylight time in sunlight because oftule fog. However, the year averages 81% of possible sunshine, for a total of 3550 hours.[55] Average annual precipitation is around 11 inches (279 mm). Most of the wind rose direction occurrences derive from the northwest, as winds are driven downward along the axis of theCalifornia Central Valley; in December, January and February there is an increased presence of southeastern wind directions in the wind rose statistics.[56] Fresno meteorology was selected in a nationalU.S. Environmental Protection Agency study for analysis ofequilibrium temperature for use of ten-yearmeteorological data to represent a warm, dry western United States locale.[57]
Climate chart for Fresno
The official record high temperature for Fresno is 115 °F (46.1 °C), set on July 8, 1905, while the official record low is 17 °F (−8 °C), set on January 6, 1913. The average windows for temperatures of 100 °F (37.8 °C)+ are June 2 through September 15; for temperatures of 90 °F (32.2 °C)+, April 25 through October 10; and for freezing temperatures, December 14 through January 24, although no freeze occurred during the 1983–84 or 2020–21 winter seasons. Annual rainfall has ranged from 23.57 inches (598.7 mm) in the "rain year" from July 1982 to June 1983 down to 4.43 inches (112.5 mm) from July 1933 to June 1934. The most rainfall in one month was 9.54 inches (242.3 mm) in November 1885 and the most rainfall in 24 hours was 3.55 inches (90.2 mm) on November 18, 1885.[54] Measurable precipitation falls on an average of 46.5 days annually. Snow is a rarity; the heaviest snowfall at the airport was 2.2 inches (5.6 cm) on January 21–22, 1962.[54]
Climate data for Fresno, California (Fresno Airport), 1991–2020 normals,[a] extremes 1881–present[b]
Fresno is home to numerous ethnic minority communities, such as theArmenian andHmong communities. In 1920,Armenians comprised 9% of the population of the city of Fresno, with 4,000 Armenian residents at the time.[64]Old Armenian Town was the old Armenian neighborhood in the center of Fresno. TheHmong community of Fresno, along with that ofMinneapolis–Saint Paul, is one of the largest two urbanU.S. ethnic Hmong communities, with just over 24,000 people, or about 5% of the city's population, being of Hmong descent.[65]
Fresno, California – Racial and ethnic composition Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
The census reported that 98.1% of the population lived in households, 1.0% lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0.9% were institutionalized.[70]
There were 175,944 households, out of which 39.7% included children under the age of 18, 40.6% were married-couple households, 9.0% werecohabiting couple households, 30.8% had a female householder with no partner present, and 19.5% had a male householder with no partner present. 22.8% of households were one person, and 9.2% were one person aged 65 or older. The average household size was 3.02.[70] There were 123,337families (70.1% of all households).[71]
The age distribution was 27.7% under the age of 18, 10.5% aged 18 to 24, 28.6% aged 25 to 44, 20.7% aged 45 to 64, and 12.4% who were 65years of age or older. The median age was 32.2years. For every 100 females, there were 97.0 males.[70]
There were 184,226 housing units at an average density of 1,599.5 units per square mile (617.6 units/km2), of which 175,944 (95.5%) were occupied. Of these, 48.3% were owner-occupied, and 51.7% were occupied by renters.[70]
In 2023, the US Census Bureau estimated that the median household income was $66,804, and theper capita income was $31,012. About 16.3% of families and 20.9% of the population were below the poverty line.[72]
Map of racial distribution in Fresno, 2010 U.S. Census. Each dot is 25 people:⬤ White⬤ Black⬤ Asian⬤ Hispanic⬤ Other
The Census reported that 485,798 people (98.2% of the population) lived in households, 4,315 (0.9%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 4,552 (0.9%) were institutionalized.
There were 158,349 households, of which 68,511 (43.3%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 69,284 (43.8%) wereopposite-sex married couples living together, 30,547 (19.3%) had a female householder with no husband present, 11,698 (7.4%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 12,843 (8.1%)unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 1,388 (0.9%)same-sex married couples or partnerships. 35,064 households (22.1%) were made up of individuals, and 12,344 (7.8%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.07. There were 111,529families (70.4% of all households); the average family size was 3.62.
The age distribution of the population shows 148,823 people (30.1%) under the age of 18, 62,601 people (12.7%) aged 18 to 24, 135,076 people (27.3%) aged 25 to 44, 102,064 people (20.6%) aged 45 to 64, and 46,101 people (9.3%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 29.3 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 93.5 males.
There were 171,288 housing units at an average density of 1,525.2 per square mile (588.9/km2), of which 158,349 were occupied, of which 77,757 (49.1%) were owner-occupied, and 80,592 (50.9%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.6%; the rental vacancy rate was 7.6%. 235,430 people (47.6% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 250,368 people (50.6%) lived in rental housing units.
Fresno is the center ofMetropolitan Fresno and serves as the regional hub for theSan Joaquin Valley and the greaterCentral Valley region. The unincorporated area and rural cities surrounding Fresno remain predominantly tied to large-scale agricultural production.
Collegiate sports are very popular.Fresno State Bulldogs football program is considered to be the biggest event in terms of sporting events in the city. The term "Red Wave" is the name given to the fans of Fresno State athletics, and as well as "Pride of the Valley" since the university's fanbase represents all of Fresno and California's San Joaquin Valley.
The Fresno Yacht Club established in 1959 hosts the High Sierra Regatta onHuntington Lake every July (barring extreme drought) and regular sailing onMillerton Lake.[85][86]
Fresno has astrong-mayor form of government. The mayor (executive branch) is directly elected and the seven city council members (legislative branch) are elected by district with no "at-large" seats. The mayor and council members are elected for no more than two 4-year terms. The mayor's office and council positions are officially nonpartisan and not affiliated with any political party. The current mayor isJerry Dyer, who is aRepublican. Should the Mayor pass away, be incapacitated, or be removed from office, the Council President shall serve as Mayor until a new Mayor is elected in a special election, per the Charter.
District 3 - Miguel Arias (Council Vice President)
District 4 - Tyler Maxwell
District 5 - Brandon Vang
District 6 - Nick Richardson
District 7 - Nelson Esparza
Prior to 1901, Fresno's government was under award system which allowed for a board of trustees. From the trustees elected by the city wards, a president of the board of trustees would act asex-officio mayor however did not hold the title of mayor. Because of this, the president of the board of trustees is not recognized as mayors of the City of Fresno.
Fresno is the county seat of Fresno County. It maintains the main county courthouse on Van Ness in the Fresno County Plaza for criminal and some civil court cases.
Fresno is also the seat of theCourt of Appeal for the Fifth Appellate District, for which a new courthouse was built in 2007 in the old Armenian Town section of downtown Fresno across from the Fresno Convention Center. The Fifth District Court of Appeal's courthouse was formally dedicated as the George N. Zenovich Building, after formerstate senator andassociate justice of the Fifth District,George N. Zenovich.
KMJ, AM 580, 50,000-watt and FM 105.9, is Fresno's first radio station; it began broadcasting in 1922. Its powerful 50,000-watt signal can clearly be heard throughout much of California.
88.1KFCF is Fresno's Pacifica station, and one of Fresno's few non-commercial, non-corporate radio stations.
89.3KVPR, provides National Public Radio Programming & classical music throughout the Central California region.
90.7KFSR is another non-commercial, non-corporate station that plays a full spectrum format, including Jazz, eclectic, Armenian, and others. Based on the CSUF campus.
94.9KBOS-FM More commonly known as B95 – Fresno's Hip-Hop Station
In partnership with the City ofClovis, the City of Fresno opened the Community Media Access Collaborative (CMAC) in April 2012, apublic, education and government access television station.
Since 2010, statewidedroughts in California have strained both Fresno's and the entire Central Valley'swater security.[92][93] The city uses surface water from Millerton Lake and Pine Flat Reservoir to supply a pair of water treatment plants.[94]
Fresno is the most populous U.S. city not directly linked to anInterstate highway.[95] When the Interstate Highway System was created in the 1950s, the decision was made to build what is nowInterstate 5 on the west side of the Central Valley, and thus bypass many of the population centers in the region, instead of upgrading what is now State Route 99.[96] Due to rapidly rising population and traffic in cities along SR 99, as well as the desirability of Federal funding, much discussion has been made to upgrade it to interstate standards and eventually incorporate it into the interstate system, most likely asInterstate 7 or 9. Major improvements to signage, lane width, median separation, vertical clearance, and other concerns are currently underway.
Fresno Area Express (FAX) is the city's primarypublic transit system, which operates eighteen routes and Handy Ride, aparatransit operation. FAX introduced a frequent bus service called FAX15 in January 2017 with buses operating every 15 minutes on Cedar and Shaw Avenues. The FAX Q line, which the agency brands as bus rapid transit, was introduced in February 2018 and offers service as often as every 10 minutes on Blackstone Avenue, Ventura Avenue and Kings Canyon Road.[97]
The city once providedtrolley service during the late 19th and early 20th century. Known as the Fresno City Railway Company and later theFresno Traction Company, the service operated horse-drawn streetcars from 1887 to 1901. Electric streetcars were introduced in 1903. The electric streetcars were used until 1939.[100] A proposal to include a modernlight rail system in long-term transportation plans was rejected by the Fresno County Board of Supervisors in January 1987.[101]
Fresno Yosemite International Airport (airport code: FAT), formerly known as Fresno Air Terminal, provides regularly scheduled commercial airline service. The airport serves an estimated 1.3 million passengers annually.
Fresno Chandler Executive Airport (airport code: FCH) is 2 mi (3.2 km) southwest of Downtown Fresno. Built in the 1920s by theWorks Projects Administration, it is one of the oldest operational airports in California. The airport currently serves as a general aviation airport.
Sierra Sky Park Airport (airport code: E79) in Northwest Fresno is a privately owned airport, but is open to the public. Extra-wide streets surrounding the airport allow for residents of the community to land, taxi down the extra-wide streets, and park their aircraft in a garage at their home. Sierra Sky Park is recognized as the firstresidential aviation community in the world.[102]
Freight rail service is provided by both theBNSF Railway and theUnion Pacific Railroad, which both operate Bakersfield-Stockton mainlines that cross in Fresno, and both railroads maintain railyards within the city. The shortlineSan Joaquin Valley Railroad also operates former Southern Pacific branch lines heading west and south out of the city.
BBC documentarian,Louis Theroux, visited Fresno, and rode with Fresno police as they dealt with the high drug usage in the city. Additionally, he interviewed many of the individuals involved in the drug scene, some languishing in their habit, and others working to overcome it. From that footage, he produced a British documentaryThe City Addicted to Crystal Meth, first aired on August 9, 2009.[104]
^Mean maxima and minima (i.e., the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
^Official records for Fresno kept September 1881 to 15 August 1887 at downtown, 16 August 1887 to June 1939 at Fresno City Offices, July 1939 to 20 August 1949 at Chandler Field, and at Fresno Yosemite Int'l since 21 August 1949. For more information, seeThreadex
^Capace, Nancy (1999).Encyclopedia of California. North American Book Dist LLC. Page 410.ISBN9780403093182.
^Durham, David L. (1998).California's Geographic Names: A Gazetteer of Historic and Modern Names of the State. Clovis, California: Word Dancer Press. p. 1014–1015.ISBN1-884995-14-4.
^History, Synagogue Website. Archived from theOriginal on December 24, 2009.
^abBoggs, George R. (2021)."Chapter 1: Beginnings". In Boggs, George R.; Galizio, Lawrence A. (eds.).A College for All Californians: A History of the California Community Colleges. New York: Teachers College Press. pp. 1–15.ISBN9780807779873. (At p. 5.)
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