 | You can helpexpand this article with text translated fromthe corresponding article in Japanese. (February 2019)Click [show] for important translation instructions.
|
Christianity in Japan is among the nation's minority religions in terms of individuals who state an explicit affiliation or faith. In 2024, there were 1.87 million Christians according to one study.[1] In Japan, the number went down from 1.9 million[2] Christian in 2019.[3] In the early years of the 21st century, between less than 1 percent[4][5] and 1.5%[1] of the population claimedChristian belief or affiliation. As of December 31, 2023, according to the Department of Religious Affairs of the Ministry of Culture of Japan, the total Christian denominations in Japan numbered 2,383 parishes (communities), 4,367 clergy, and 300,921 followers (0.73% of the total population of Japan).[6][7]
Although formally banned in 1612 and today critically portrayed as a foreign "religion of colonialism", Christianity has played a role in the shaping of the relationship between religion and the Japanese state for more than four centuries.[8] Most largeChristian denominations, includingCatholicism,Protestantism,Oriental Orthodoxy, andOrthodox Christianity, are represented inJapan today.Christian culture has a generally positive image inJapan.[9] The majority of Japanese people are, traditionally, of theShinto orBuddhist faith. The majority of Japanese couples, about 60–70%, are wed in "nonreligious" Christian ceremonies. This makes Christian weddings the most influential aspect of Christianity in contemporary Japan.[10]
The Japanese word for Christianity (キリスト教,Kirisuto-kyō) is a compound of kirisuto (キリスト) the Japanese adaptation of the Portuguese word for Christ,Cristo, and theSino-Japanese word for doctrine (敎,kyō; a teaching or precept, fromMiddle Chinesekæ̀w 敎), as inBukkyō (仏教, Japanese for Buddhism).[11]
The first appearance of Christianity in Japan was the arrival of thePortugueseCatholics in 1549.[12]NavarresemissionaryFrancis Xavier arrived in Japan with three Japanese Catholic converts intending to start a church inJapan. The localJapanese people initially assumed that the foreigners were from India and that Christianity was a newIndian faith. These mistaken impressions were due to already existing ties between the Portuguese and India; the Indian state ofGoa was a central base forPortuguese India at the time, and a significant portion of the crew on board their ships wereIndian Christians.[13]
Later on, theCatholic missionary activities were exclusively performed byJesuits andmendicant orders, such as theFranciscans andDominicans. Francis Xavier (who would later becanonized a Catholicsaint for his missionary work),[14]Cosme de Torres (a Jesuit priest), andJuan Fernández were the first who arrived inKagoshima hoping to bring Christianity to Japan. Xavier and the Jesuit order were held in good esteem, and his efforts seem to have been rewarded with a thriving community of converts.[15] At baptism, these converts were given PortugueseChristian names and forced to adopt Western cultural habits. This practice contributed to suspicions that the converts were in reality foreign agents working to subvert the local social order.[note 1][15]
The earliest success Christianity witnessed in Japan occurred inKyushu. Conversions of local warlords likeŌmura Sumitada,Arima Yoshisada, andŌtomo Sōrin led to the conversion of many of their subjects.[16] The conversion of several elites in the area was likely due to the decentralized nature of theSengoku period (1467-1615) where warlords vied for control among themselves. Thispower vacuum led some warlords to believe that being more open to external sources of power and legitimacy as a possible method to gain an advantage.[16] As several daimyos and their subjects converted to Christianity, the destruction ofShinto shrines and Buddhist temples would often accompany it, with the Jesuits also contributing to the destruction and persecutions.[16] Buddhist monks and Shinto priests would face persecution by being forcefully evicted out of their religious sites, be forced to marry, or forced to convert.[16][17]
UnderOda Nobunaga, the Jesuits enjoyed the favor of his regency. The successor of Oda,Toyotomi Hideyoshi at first protected Christianity, however later changed his policy with the publishing of theBateren Edict, banning missionary activities. After conquering Kyushu, Hideyoshi visited Hakozaki and came to believe that Jesuits were selling Japanese people as slaves overseas, Christians were destroying shrines and temples, and people were being forced to convert to Christianity, resulting in the aforementioned edict.Alessandro Valignano, on 14 December 1582 wrote a letter toGovernor-General of the Philippines Francisco de Sande Picón stating that it would be impossible to conquer Japan by military power and converting Japan to Christianity was the most important task of church.[18][19] Scholars also theorise that Hideyoshi believed the true mission of the Christian missionaries was to convert the Japanese population to Christianity, overthrow the government, and turn it into a colony.[20][21][22][23][24]
Under Hideyoshi and the succeedingTokugawa shogunate, Catholic Christianity was repressed and adherents were persecuted. During Toyotomi rule especially, foreign missionaries were killed in Japan, some by (Japanese-style)crucifixion; most famously, thetwenty-six martyrs of Japan were tortured and crucified on crosses outside Nagasaki to discourage Christianity in 1597. (Hideyoshi nonetheless showed favor todaimyō who had converted, such asKonishi Yukinaga.)[25] Following a brief respite asTokugawa Ieyasu rose to power and pursued trade with the Portuguese powers, there were further persecutions and martyrdoms in 1613, 1622 (Great Genna Martyrdom), 1623 (Great Martyrdom of Edo) 1630, 1632 and 1634.[26]
The Tokugawa shoguns eradicated Christianity in Japan via murder, persecution and decrees. In 1637,Matsukura Katsuie imposed a high tax onto people and oppressed Christians. This, combined with famine, led in 1638 to the Christian-ledShimabara Rebellion, where an estimated 37,000 people (mostly Christians), were massacred. The rebellion started as a peasant movement, but later Christians joined the cause. This was the largest rebellion in the history of Japan. In 50 years, the crackdown policies of the shoguns reduced the number of Christians to near zero.
By this point, after the Shimabara Rebellion, the remaining Christians had been forced to publicly renounce their faith. Many continued practicing Christianity in secret, in modern times becoming known as the "hidden Christians" (隠れキリシタン,kakure kirishitan).[27] These secret believers would often conceal Christian iconography in closedshrines, lanterns or inconspicuous buildings. For example,Himeji Castle has a Christian cross on one of its 17th-century roof tiles, in place of amon, indicating that one of its occupants was a secret Christian.[28]
Drawn from the oral histories of Japanese Catholic communities,Shūsaku Endō's historical novelSilence provides detailed fictionalised accounts of the persecution of Christian communities and the suppression of the Church.[29]
.png)
CaptainHerbert Clifford was an officer in theRoyal Navy during theNapoleonic Wars and the founder of theLoochoo Naval Mission (1843).[30] Clifford worked with missionary the Rev.Bernard Jean Bettelheim, who was the first Christianmissionary toOkinawa.
After Japan was opened to greater foreign interaction in 1853, many Christian clergymen were sent from Catholic, Protestant, and Orthodox churches, though proselytism was still banned. After theMeiji Restoration, freedom of religion was introduced in 1871, giving all Christian communities the right to legal existence and preaching.
Quakers have had a significant impact in Japan. The American QuakerElizabeth Janet Gray Vining was hired by Emperor Hirohito in 1946 to be a private tutor to his son, Crown Prince Akihito. She taught English and introduced all of the children of the Imperial Household to western culture and values. "Vining was chosen because she was not only a Quaker known to be a pacifist but also an author of children’s literature, whom the Japanese expected to be sympathetic to the 12-year-old crown prince in the midst of the postwar confusion. Some also write that the imperial side found Vining more ideal than the other candidate [a Presbyterian], as she, having lost her beloved husband in an accident, had experienced the utmost sorrow in life and therefore would have compassion for others."[31]
Quaker influence is thought by many to be the foundation of the Pacifism promoted by members the Royal Family. This pacifism has stood in stark contrast to right-wing nationalists.[32]
Japan remains one of the most secular nations in the world according to theWorld Values Survey.
Christianity in Japan is spread among many denominational affiliations. In the early 2000s, 70 percent of Japanese churches had an average attendance of less than 50, though membership was often almost double this figure.[33]
The celebration of selected Christian holidays has gained popularity in Japan since theSecond World War – primarily as commercial events, but with also an emphasis on sharing time with loved ones, either significant others or close family.
Except in Japan's minority Christian communities,Easter is not typically marked by any special form of celebration.
Christmas in Japan is celebrated on a much larger scale as a commercial and secular festival, but again is not an official public holiday.Christmas lights,[34] Santa Claus, parties, gift exchanges, and eating Western-inspired Christmas foods, especiallyKentucky Fried Chicken andstrawberry shortcake, are all familiar features of this event.[35] Many Christians have criticized this as acommercialization of the holiday, being contrary to the teachings ofJesus Christ.[36][37] In Japan, rather than being a family or religious occasion, Christmas is seen as a time to spend with friends or a significant other.Christmas Eve is celebrated as a couple's holiday on which romantic gifts are exchanged.
St. Valentine's Day in Japan is also celebrated, but the normal Western cultural traditions are often reversed – women give men a gift of chocolate, and onWhite Day, one month later, the favor is returned. Gifts are not exclusive to romantic relationships; women exchange gifts most frequently between one another and will occasionally give male co-workers chocolate, although this latter exchange is often referred to as an obligation gift. It is not as common for couples to go out on dates together; that element seems to be reflected in Christmas Eve instead.
Christian weddings have become prominent as an alternative (or addition) to traditionalShinto ceremonies. This is partially due to the successful missionary efforts of Japanese Christian churches and commercial endeavors. Architecturally resembling churches,wedding chapels have sprung up across Japan to meet the needs of Japanese who do not join Christian churches but still desire the ceremony.[10]
Catholicism in Japan operates in communion with the worldwideCatholic Church under the authority of thePope in Rome. In 2021 there were approximately 431,000 Catholics inJapan (0.34% of the total population), 6,200 of whom are clerics, religious and seminarians.[38] Japan has 15dioceses, including threemetropolitan archdioceses, with 34bishops, 1,235priests, and 40deacons[39] spread out across 957churches (parishes, quasi-parishes,mission stations, and assembly centres).[40][41] The patron saints of Japan are Francis Xavier andPeter Baptist.[42]
When Francis Xavier arrived in Japan in 1549 as the first Catholic missionary to the archipelago, Catholicism was Japan's first contact with organized Christianity. The Catholic Church remained the only major source of Christianization in Japan until the fall of theshogunate in 1867 and theMeiji restoration of 1868. TheSociety of Jesus started the initialmissions, joined later on by the less cautiousFranciscan order. Twenty Catholic missionaries operated in Japan by 1570.[43]Nagasaki became the center of Japanese Catholicism, and maintained close cultural and religious ties to itsPortuguese origins. These ties were severed once Christianity was outlawed in the early-17th century; at this point, Catholicism went underground, its rites preserved by theKakure Kirishitan, or "hidden Christians", who continued practicing their faith in secret private devotion.
ThesamuraiHasekura Tsunenaga led a diplomatic mission, accompanied by over one hundred Japanese Christians and twenty-two samurai, to seePope Paul V. Hasekura arrived inAcapulco, Mexico (thenNew Spain) in 1614; and would then travel to Spain. After meeting with KingPhilip III, Hasekura was baptized as a Catholic under the name Felipe Francisco de Fachicura. After traveling to France andRome, Hasekura returned to Japan in 1620 and was forced to renounce his adopted religion after Christianity was banned.[44]
A multitude of Japanese Catholics were brutally tortured and killed for their faith, thus becomingmartyrs. Many of these martyrs have beencanonized, and theirliturgicalmemorial is celebrated each year onFebruary 6 in honor of their fidelity to "Christ and his Church" unto death.
In 1981Pope John Paul II paid a visit to Japan, during which he met with Japanese people, the clergy, and Catholic lay-people, heldHoly Mass in theKorakuen Stadium (Tokyo), and visited thePeace Memorial Park in Hiroshima, theHill of Martyrs inNagasaki, town of the Immaculate founded by St.Maximilian Kolbe in Nagasaki, and other places.[45]Pope Francis also visited Japan in 2019.
Eastern Orthodoxy is a minor religion in Japan. The current primate of Japan is vacant.[46] The primate'sseat is theHoly Resurrection Cathedral in Chiyoda,Tokyo. Founded in 1891, the cathedral has been known as Nikolai-do in honor of its founderNicholas Kasatkin. The cathedral serves as theseat of the nationalprimate of Japan and continues to be the main center of Orthodox Christian worship in Japan.
Eastern Orthodoxy was brought to Japan in the 19th century by St. Nicholas (baptized as Ivan Dmitrievich Kasatkin),[47] who was sent in 1861 by theRussian Orthodox Church toHakodate,Hokkaidō as priest to a chapel of the Russian Consulate.[48] St. Nicholas of Japan made his own translation of theNew Testament and some other religious books (Lenten Triodion,Pentecostarion,Feast Services,Book of Psalms,Irmologion) into Japanese.[49] ThePatriarchate of Moscow glorified (that is, canonized as a saint) Nicholas in 1970; he is now recognized as St. Nicholas,Equal-to-the-Apostles. His commemoration day is February 16.Andronic Nikolsky, appointed the first Bishop ofKyoto and later martyred as the archbishop of Perm during the Russian Revolution, was also canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church as a Saint and Martyr in the year 2000.
TheEcumenical Patriarchate is also present with the Greek Orthodox Exarchate of Japan under theOrthodox Metropolis of Korea.
In 2020, Protestants in Japan constituted a religious minority of about 0.45% of the total population or 600,000 people.[50] TheUnited Church of Christ in Japan is the largest Protestant denomination.[51]
James Curtis Hepburn,M.D.,LL.D. (March 13, 1815 – June 11, 1911) was the firstPresbyterianmissionary to Japan, arriving in 1859, the same year as the first ordained representatives of theAnglican Communion, the Rev., later Bishop,Channing Moore Williams, founder ofRikkyo University, Tokyo, and the Rev.John Liggins of theEpiscopal Church in the United States of America.[52]
Hepburn went toJapan initially as amedical missionary with theAmerican Presbyterian Mission[52] opening a clinic inKanagawa Prefecture, near present-dayTokyo. He later founded the Hepburn School, which developed intoMeiji Gakuin University, and wrote a Japanese–English dictionary. In the dictionary's third edition,[53] published in 1886, Hepburn adopted a new system forromanization of the Japanese language (Rōmajikai). This system is widely known asHepburn romanization because Hepburn's dictionary popularized it. Hepburn also contributed to the Protestant translation of theBible into Japanese. Hepburn returned to the United States in 1892. On March 14, 1905, Hepburn's 90th birthday, he was awarded the decoration of theOrder of the Rising Sun, third class. Hepburn was the second foreigner to receive this honor.[54]
Divie Bethune McCartee was the first ordainedPresbyterian ministermissionary to visit Japan, in 1861–1862. His gospeltract translated intoJapanese was among the first Protestant literature in Japan. In 1865 McCartee moved back to Ningbo,China, but others have followed in his footsteps. There was a burst of growth of Christianity in the late 19th century when Japan reopened its doors to the West. Protestant church growth slowed dramatically in the early 20th century under the influence of the military government during theShōwa period.
The post-World War II years have seen increasing activity by evangelicals, initially with North American influence, and some growth occurred between 1945 and 1960. TheJapanese Bible Society was established in 1937 with the help of National Bible Society of Scotland (NBSS, now called theScottish Bible Society), theAmerican Bible Society, theBritish and Foreign Bible Society.[55]The Seventh-day Adventist Church's Japan presence: William Calhoun Grainger was an educator, college president, and pioneer missionary to Japan. Teruhiko Okohira, who had been a Healdsburg College student from Japan, invited Grainger to accompany him back to his homeland to spread the Advent message there. In 1896 the Foreign Mission Board agreed to send him to Japan. He arrived at Yokohama Harbor on November 19, 1896. Before long he and Okohira opened Shiba Japanese-English Bible School in Tokyo. By the end of 1899 the first Seventh-day Adventist Church in Japan was organized with thirteen members. As of June 30, 2023 the denomination reported 97 Churches, 48 Companies and 15,095 official members.
In 2020, the number ofJehovah's Witnesses was 212,683 activepublishers, united in 2,964congregations; 273,856 people attended annual celebration ofLord's Evening Meal in 2020.[56] Before 1945 they were banned in Japan. Many Jehovah's Witnesses were jailed; one of them, Katsuo Miura, was in theHiroshima prison during theatomic bombing of Hiroshima.[57]
As of year-end 2009,The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) reported 29stakes, 14districts, 163wards, 125branches, 7missions, and 3temples in Japan.[58] As of July 2016, there are 128,216 members.[59] The LDS Church was established in Japan in1901[58] when the firstLDS Church missionaries arrived on August 12, 1901. Among them wasHeber J. Grant, at the time a member of theQuorum of the Twelve, and later the7thPresident of the Church.[60]
As of March 15, 2011 there were over 630LDS missionaries serving in the church's six missions in Japan.[61]
Christian art in Japan dates back to the 16th century, with traditional shrines and Japanese artwork depicting the Christian faith within Japan.[62][63][64][65] When Christianity was illegal in Japan, the local Christians developed distinctive forms of Christian art,literature, and cultural practices.[66][67]
Ryunosuke Akutagawa depicts a Christian monastery in his short story, "The Martyr."Yukiko Takayama mentioned having written a novel about a Christiansamurai in her interview withG-Fan.
Christian media is prevalent within the popular culture of Japan, despite its relatively small Christian population.Superbook was a mainstreamanime during the 1980s, and it remains a popular Christian media franchise worldwide.[68] Because of this Christianity remains a popular topic inmanga and anime, includingTrigun andSaint Young Men.[69][70]Gospel andcontemporary Christian music are part of popular music in the country, the largestChristian music festival in the country is the Sunza Rock Festival, which is where many of Japan's CCM artists and bands perform.[71][72][73]
International Christian University is the alma mater of several Japanese media professionals, includingKaz Hirai, the former chairman ofSony.[74] Sony owns several Christian media studios and outlets through its subsidiaryAffirm Films, including the Pure Flix streaming service.[75]
During the first Catholic missions from the 17th century, several high ranked people converted, includingDom Justo Takayama andHosokawa Gracia. Among the originaltwenty-six martyrs of Japan,Paulo Miki is the best known. Catholics venerate him as one of thepatron saints of Japan.
Christianity in theMeiji-period saw several major educators and Christian converts as follows:
In the 20th century, two major contributors to Protestant Christiantheology emerged in Japan:Kosuke Koyama (小山晃佑,Koyama Kōsuke), who has been described as a leading contributor to global Christianity, andKazoh Kitamori (北森嘉蔵,Kitamori Kazō), who wroteThe Theology of the Pain of God (神の痛みの神学,kami no itami no shingaku). Social rights activist and authorToyohiko Kagawa ((賀川豊彦,Kagawa Toyohiko), who was nominated for both the Nobel Peace Prize and the Nobel Prize in Literature, has also become known outside Japan, due to his evangelical work mainly in Japan, social work, and labor activism.
Mitsuo Fuchida (淵田美津雄,Fuchida Mitsuo) (3 December 1902 – 30 May 1976) was aCaptain[76] in theImperial Japanese Navy Air Service and a bomber pilot in theImperial Japanese Navy before and duringWorld War II. After World War II ended, Fuchida became aChristian and anevangelistic preacher.[77] In 1952, Fuchida toured the United States as a member of the Worldwide Christian Missionary Army of Sky Pilots. Fuchida spent the rest of his life telling others what God had done for him around the world. In February 1954,Reader's Digest published Fuchida's story of the attack on Pearl Harbor.[78] He also wrote and co-wrote books including,From Pearl Harbor to Golgotha (aka From Pearl Harbor to Calvary). His story is told inGod's Samurai: Lead Pilot at Pearl Harbor (The Warriors).[79]
Chiune Sugihara (杉原 千畝,Sugihara Chiune; 1 January 1900 – 31 July 1986) was aJapanesediplomat who served as Vice Consul for theJapanese Empire inLithuania. He converted toOrthodox Christianity in 1935[80][81] while serving in China as a diplomat. DuringWorld War II, he helped several thousandJews leave the country by issuing transit visas toJewish refugees so that they could travel to Japan. Most of the Jews who escaped were refugees fromGerman-occupiedPoland or residents of Lithuania. Sugihara wrote travel visas that facilitated the escape of more than 6,000 Jewish refugees to Japanese territory,[82][83] risking his career and his family's life. In 1985,Israel honored him asRighteous Among the Nations for his actions.[82][83]
The 20th century also saw two Christian novelists of renown:Ayako Miura (三浦綾子,Miura Ayako; 1922–1999) was a Protestant writer known for her works, one of the most influential beingShiokari Pass (塩狩峠,shiokari tōge; 1968).[citation needed]Shusaku Endo (遠藤周作,Endō Shusaku) was a Catholic novelist renowned for his works focusing on Christianity in Japan, includingSilence (沈黙,chinmoku).
While Christians account only for 1% of the population, there have been nine ChristianPrime Ministers of Japan (three Catholics and six Protestants).
In Japan's2025 House of Councillors election, 522 people ran for office. Of these, three disclosed their Christian faith.[85]
 | This articleusesbare URLs, which are uninformative and vulnerable tolink rot. Please consider converting them tofull citations to ensure the article remainsverifiable and maintains a consistent citation style.Several templates and tools are available to assist in formatting, such asreFill (documentation) andCitation bot (documentation).(August 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) |
... followers of the Christian faith constitute only about a half percent of the Japanese population
Christian culture in general has a positive image.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913)."Japan" .Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
| Sovereign states |
|
|---|---|
| States with limited recognition | |
| Dependencies and other territories | |
