Since the 2011 local government reform it has been part of the municipality ofArgos-Mykines, of which it is a municipal unit.[3] The municipal unit has an area of 138.138 km2.[4] It is 11 kilometres (7 miles) fromNafplion, which was its historic harbour. A settlement of great antiquity, Argos has been continuously inhabited as at least a substantial village for the past 7,000 years.[2]: 121-
A resident of the city of Argos is known as anArgive (/ˈɑːrɡaɪv/AR-ghyve,/-dʒaɪv/-jyve;Ancient Greek:Ἀργεῖος). However, this term is also used to refer to those ancient Greeks generally who assaulted the city of Troy during theTrojan War; the term is more widely applied by theHomeric bards.
Numerous ancient monuments can be found in the city today. Agriculture is the mainstay of the local economy.
There are several proposed etyma. The name is associated with the legendaryArgus, the third king of the city in ancient times, who renamed it after himself,[5] thus replacing its older name Phoronikon Asty (Φορωνικόν Άστυ, "Citadel ofPhoroneus").[6] Both thepersonal name andplacename are linked to the wordargós (αργός), which meant "white" or "shining";[7] possibly, this had to do with the visual impression given of the Argolic plain during harvest time. According toStrabo, the name could have even originated from the wordagrós (αγρός) 'field' bymetathesis of the consonants.[8]
Herodotus first recorded the myth of the traditional story of Argos being the origin of theancient Macedonian royal house of theArgead dynasty (Greek: Ἀργεάδαι, Argeádai) ofPhilip II andAlexander the Great.[10] As a strategic location on the fertile plain of Argolis, Argos was a major stronghold during the Mycenaean era. Inclassical times, Argos was a powerful rival ofSparta for dominance over the Peloponnese, but was eventually shunned by other Greek city-states after remaining neutral during theGreco-Persian Wars.[11]
TheHeraion of ArgosAncient PeloponneseAncient regions of Peloponnese (southern mainland Greece).
There is evidence of continuous settlement in the area starting with a village about 7,000 years ago in the lateNeolithic, located on the foot of Aspida hill.[2]: 124 Since that time, Argos has been continually inhabited at the same geographical location. And while the nameArgos is generally accepted to have aHellenicIndo-European etymology,Larissa is generally held to derive from aPre-Greek substrate.
The city is located at a rather propitious area, amongNemea,Corinth andArcadia. It also benefitted from its proximity to lakeLerna, which, at the time, was at a distance of one kilometre from the south end of Argos.
Argos was a major stronghold ofMycenaean times, and along with the neighbouring acropolis ofMycenae andTiryns became a very early settlement because of its commanding positions in the midst of the fertile plain of Argolis.
Argos experienced its greatest period of expansion and power under the energetic 7th century BC ruler KingPheidon. Under Pheidon, Argos regained sway over the cities of theArgolid and challengedSparta's dominance of the Peloponnese. Spartan dominance is thought to have been interrupted following theBattle of Hyssiae in 669–668 BC, in which Argive troops defeated the Spartans in a hoplite battle.[12] During the time of its greatest power, the city boasted a pottery and bronze sculpturing school, pottery workshops, tanneries and clothes producers. Moreover, at least 25 celebrations took place in the city, in addition to a regular local products exhibition.[13] A sanctuary dedicated to Hera was also found at the same spot where the monastery of Panagia Katekrymeni is located today. Pheidon also extended Argive influence throughout Greece, taking control of the Olympic Games away from the citizens of Elis and appointing himself organizer during his reign. Pheidon is also thought to have introduced reforms for standard weight and measures in Argos, a theory further reinforced with the unearthing of six "spits" of iron in an Argive Heraion, possibly remainders of a dedication from Pheidon.[citation needed]
In 494 BC, Argos suffered a crushing defeat at the hands of its regional rival, Sparta, at theBattle of Sepeia. Following this defeat,Herodotus tells us the city suffered a form ofstasis. The political chaos is thought to have resulted in a democratic transition in the city.[14] Argos did not participate in the Hellenic Alliance against thePersian Invasion of 480 BC. This resulted in a period of diplomatic isolation, although there is evidence of an Argive alliance withTegea prior to 462 BC.[15]
In 462 BC, Argos joined a tripartite alliance with Athens and Thessaly. This alliance was somewhat dysfunctional, however, and the Argives are only thought to have provided marginal contributions to the alliance at the Battle ofOenoe andTanagra.[15] For example, only 1,000 Argive hoplites are thought to have fought alongside the Athenians at theBattle of Tanagra. Following the allies' defeat at Tanagra in 457 BC, the alliance began to fall apart, resulting in its dissolution in 451 BC.[15]
Argos remained neutral or the ineffective ally ofAthens during theArchidamian War between Sparta and Athens. Argos' neutrality resulted in a rise of its prestige among other Greek cities, and Argos used this political capital to organize and lead an alliance against Sparta and Athens in 421 BC.[15] This alliance includedMantinea,Corinth,Elis,Thebes, Argos, and eventually Athens. This alliance fell apart, however, after the allied loss at theBattle of Mantinea in 418 BC.[15] This defeat, combined with the raiding of the Argolid by the Epidaurians, resulted in political instability and an eventual oligarchic coup in 417 BC.[15] Although democracy was restored within a year, Argos was left permanently weakened by this coup. This weakening led to a loss of power, which in turn led to the shift of commercial focus from the Ancient Agora to the eastern side of the city, delimited by Danaou and Agiou Konstadinou streets.
Argos played a minor role in theCorinthian Wars against Sparta, and for a short period of time considered uniting with Corinth to form an expanded Argolid state. For a brief period of time, the two poleis combined, but Corinth quickly rebelled against Argive domination, and Argos returned to its traditional boundaries. After this, Argos continued to remain a minor power in Greek affairs.
Argos was a democracy for most of the classical period, with only a brief hiatus between 418 and 416.[14] Democracy was first established after a disastrous defeat by the Spartans at theBattle of Sepeia in 494. So many Argives were killed in the battle that a revolution ensued, in which previously disenfranchised outsiders were included in the state for the first time.[17]
Argive democracy included an Assembly (called thealiaia), a Council (thebola), and another body called 'The Eighty,' whose precise responsibilities are obscure. Magistrates served six-month terms of office, with few exceptions, and were audited at the end of their terms. There is some evidence thatostracism was practiced.[18]
Under Roman rule, Argos was part of the province ofAchaea. While prosperous during the early principate, Argos along with much of Greece and the Balkans experienced disasters during the Crisis of the 3rd Century when external threats and internal revolts left the Empire in turmoil. During Gallienus' reign, marauding bands of Goths andHeruli sailed down from the Black Sea in 267 A.D. and devastated the Greek coastline and interior. Athens, Sparta, Corinth, Thebes and Argos were all sacked. Gallienus finally cut off their retreat north and destroyed them with great slaughter at Naissus in Moesia.[19][20][21][22]
With the death of the last emperor over a unified Empire,Theodosius I, theVisigoths under their leaderAlaric I descended into Greece in 396–397 A.D., sacking and pillaging as they went. Neither the eastern or western Roman warlords,Rufinus (consul) orStilicho, made an effective stand against them due to the political situation between them. Athens and Corinth were both sacked. While the exact level of destruction for Argos is disputed due to the conflicting nature of the ancient sources, the level of damage to the city and people was considerable. Stilicho finally landed in western Greece and forced the Visigoths north of Epirus.[23] Sites said to have been destroyed in Argos include the Hypostyle hall, parts of the agora, the odeion, and the Aphrodision.[24] In the late 7th century, it became part of theTheme of Hellas, and later of theTheme of the Peloponnese.
In the aftermath of theFourth Crusade, the Crusaders captured the castle built on Larisa Hill, the site of the ancient acropolis, and the area became part of thelordship of Argos and Nauplia. In 1388, it was sold to theRepublic of Venice, but was taken by theDespot of the MoreaTheodore I Palaiologos before the Venetians could take control of the city; he sold it anyway to them in 1394. The Crusaders established a Latin bishopric. Venetian rule lasted until 1463, when the Ottomans captured the city.
In 1397, the Ottomans plundered Argos, carrying off part of the population,[25] to sell as slaves.[26] The Venetians repopulated the town and region with Albanian settlers,[26] granting them long-term agrarian tax exemptions.[25] Together with the Greeks of Argos, they suppliedstratioti troops to the armies of Venice.[25] Throughout theOttoman–Venetian wars, many Albanians died or were captured in service to the Venetians; atNafpaktos,Nafplio, Argos,Methoni,Koroni andPylos. Furthermore, 8,000 Albanianstratioti, most of them along with their families, left the Peloponnese to continue their military service under theRepublic of Venice or theKingdom of Naples. At the end of the Ottoman–Venetian wars, a large number of Albanians had fled from the Peloponnese to Sicily.[27] Some historians consider the French military term "argoulet" to derive from the Greek "argetes", or inhabitant of Argos, as a large number of French stratioti came from the plain of Argos.[28]
The church of the Kimisis (Dormition) of the Virgin in Neo Ireo
During Ottoman rule, Argos was divided in fourmahalas, or quarters; the Greek (Rûm) mahala, Liepur mahala, Bekir Efenti mahala and Karamoutza or Besikler mahala, respectively corresponding to what is now the northeastern, the northwestern, the southwestern and southeastern parts of the city. The Greek mahala was also called the "quarter of the unfaithful of Archos town" in Turkish documents, whereas Liepur mahala (the quarter of the rabbits) was composed mostly ofAlbanian emigrants and well-reputed families. Karamoutza mahala was home to the most prominent Turks and boasted a mosque (modern-day church of Agios Konstadinos), a Turkish cemetery, Ali Nakin Bei'sserail,Turkish baths and a Turkish school. It is also at this period when the open market of the city is first organised on the site north to Kapodistrias' barracks, at the same spot where it is held in modern times. A mosque would have existed there, too, according to the city planning most Ottoman cities followed.
Argos grew exponentially during this time, with its sprawl being unregulated and without planning. As French explorerPouqueville noted, "its houses are not aligned, without order, scattered all over the place, divided by home gardens and uncultivated areas". Liepur mahala appears to have been the most organised, having the best layout, while Bekir mahala and Karamoutza mahala were the most labyrinthine. However, all quarters shared the same type of streets; firstly, they all had main streets which were wide, busy and public roads meant to allow for communication between neighbourhoods (typical examples are, to a great extent, modern-day Korinthou, Nafpliou and Tripoleos streets). Secondary streets were also common in all four quarters since they lead to the interior of each mahala, having a semi-public character, whereas the third type of streets referred to dead-end private alleys used specifically by families to access their homes. Remnants of this city layout can be witnessed even today, as Argos still preserves several elements of this Ottoman type style, particularly with its long and complicated streets, its narrow alleys and its densely constructed houses.
With the exception of a period ofVenetian domination in 1687–1715, Argos remained in Ottoman hands until the beginning of theGreek War of Independence in 1821, when wealthy Ottoman families moved to nearbyNafplio due to its stronger walling.
At that time, as part of the general uprising, many local governing bodies were formed in different parts of the country, and the "Consulate of Argos" was proclaimed on 28 March 1821, under thePeloponnesian Senate. It had a single head of state, Stamatellos Antonopoulos, styled "Consul", between 28 March and 26 May 1821.
Later, Argos accepted the authority of the unified Provisional Government of theFirst National Assembly at Epidaurus, and eventually became part of theKingdom of Greece. With the coming of governorIoannis Kapodistrias, the city underwent efforts of modernisation. Being an agricultural village, the need for urban planning was vital. For this reason, in 1828, Kapodistrias himself appointed mechanic Stamatis Voulgaris as the creator of a city plan which would offer Argos big streets, squares and public spaces. However, both Voulgaris and, later, French architect de Borroczun's plans were not well received by the locals, with the result that the former had to be revised by Zavos. Ultimately, none of the plans were fully implemented. Still, the structural characteristics of de Borroczun's plan can be found in the city today, despite obvious proof of pre-revolutionary layout, such as the unorganisedurban sprawl testified in the area from Inachou street to the point where the railway tracks can be found today.
After talks concerning the intentions of the Greek government to move the Greek capital fromNafplio toAthens, discussions regarding the possibility of Argos also being a candidate as the potential new capital became more frequent, with supporters of the idea claiming that, unlike Athens, Argos was naturally protected by its position and benefited from a nearby port (Nafplio). Moreover, it was maintained that construction of public buildings would be difficult in Athens, given that most of the land was owned by the Greek church, meaning that a great deal ofexpropriation would have to take place. On the contrary, Argos did not face a similar problem, having large available areas for this purpose. In the end, the proposition of the Greek capital being moved to Argos was rejected by the father ofking Otto,Ludwig, who insisted in making Athens the capital, something which eventually happened in 1834.[29]
During the German occupation, Argos airfield was frequently attacked by Allied forces. One of the raids was so large that it resulted in the bombing of the city on 14 October 1943, with the casualties of about 100 dead Argives and several casualties, and 75 of the Germans. The bombing started from the airfield heading southeast, hitting the monastery of Katakrykmeni and several areas of the city, up to the railway station.[30]
The city of Argos was believed to be the birthplace of the mythological characterPerseus, the son of the godZeus andDanaë, who was the daughter of the king of Argos,Acrisius.
After the original 17 kings of Argos, there were three kings ruling Argos at the same time (seeAnaxagoras),[33] one descended fromBias, one fromMelampus, and one fromAnaxagoras. Melampus was succeeded by his sonMantius, thenOicles, andAmphiaraus, and his house of Melampus lasted down to the brothersAlcmaeon andAmphilochus.
Bias was succeeded by his sonTalaus, and then by his sonAdrastus who, with Amphiaraus, commanded the disastrous war of theSeven against Thebes.Adrastus bequeathed the kingdom to his son,Aegialeus, who was subsequently killed in the war of theEpigoni.Diomedes, grandson of Adrastus through his son-in-law Tydeus and daughterDeipyle, replaced Aegialeus and was King of Argos during the Trojan war. This house lasted longer than those ofAnaxagoras andMelampus, and eventually the kingdom was reunited under its last member,Cyanippus, son of Aegialeus, soon after the exile of Diomedes.[34]
Argos has a hot-summerMediterranean climate (Köppen:Csa). It is one of the hottest places inGreece during summer. Argos has generally cold winters, although due to the local climate, some winter months may have little rainfall. The weather of Argos includes an abundant amount of sunny days throughout the year, even in the winter. Temperatures below zero degrees Celsius are recorded mostly in the nightly hours during the winter months. Snowfalls are generally rare there, although not unheard of. The most recent significant snowfall in Argos occurred in early January 2017 during a largeEuropean cold wave.[37] There is also a degree of variation in the annual rainfall volumes in Argos, as rainfall in Argos usually is between 300 and 800 millimeters depending the year.
The fountain of Argos was unveiled in 2022.The Argos fountain at night.The Nikitaras tap was unveiled in March 2021.
The city of Argos is delimited to the north bydry riverXerias, to the east by Inachos river and Panitsa stream (which emanates from the latter), to the west by theLarissa hill (site of homonymous castle and of a monastery calledPanagia Katakekrymeni-Portokalousa) and the Aspida Hill (unofficiallyProphetes Elias hill), and to the south by the Notios Periferiakos road.
The Agios Petros (Saint Peter) square, along with the eponymous cathedral (dedicated to saintPeter the Wonderworker), make up the town centre, whereas some other characteristic town squares are the Laiki Agora (Open Market) square, officially Dimokratias (Republic) square, where, as implied by its name, an open market takes place twice a week, Staragora (Wheat Market), officiallyDervenakia square, and Dikastirion (Court) square. Bonis Park is an essential green space of the city.
Currently, the most commercially active streets of the city are those surrounding the Agios Petros square (Kapodistriou, Danaou, Vassileos Konstantinou streets) as well as Korinthou street. The Pezodromi (Pedestrian Streets), i.e. the paved Michael Stamou, Tsaldari and Venizelou streets, are the most popular meeting point, encompassing a wide variety of shops and cafeterias. The neighborhood of Gouva, which extends around the intersection of Vassileos Konstantinou and Tsokri streets, is also considered a commercial point.
In the center of the city, next to the St. Peter's church, there is an artificial lake that was constructed and filled during an extensive redevelopment works in the city, which lasted between February 2015 and April 2016. During the work for the redevelopment of the city's square the floor of the old (now demolished) church of St. Nicholas was found, which was located north of the present-day church of St. Peter, that was built after 1865. Pursuant to a decision of the Central Archaeological Council, the floor and part of the sidewalls of the old church were covered with dirt in early March 2016.[39]
The statue of Hercules
On 15 February 2022 a new statue ofHeracles was unveiled. It is a replica of a statue made by Lysippus of Sicyon in the 4th century BC. The Roman copy of Lysippus' statue is known as theFarnese Hercules, and it is exhibited in Naples, Italy.
In March 2022 the construction of the fountain in St. Peter's square was completed.[40] In the base of the marble fountain there are four lions. Above the visitor can see four members of the Danaids.[41] The fountain has a width of 7 meters and a height of 5 meters, while the fountain was designed in collaboration with the Supreme School of Fine Arts in Athens.[42]
The city has three monasteries that are located in Larissa hill.
In 700 BC there were at least 5,000 people living in the city.[43] In the fourth century BC, the city was home to as many as 30,000 people.[44]Today, according to the 2021 Greek census, the city has a population of 21,891.[1] It is the largest city in Argolis, larger than the capital Nafplio.
Municipal marketThe old City Hall in 2002; built in 1830, it served as the headquarters of municipal government until 2012
The primary economic activity in the area is agriculture. Citrus fruits are the predominant crop, followed by olives and apricots. The area is also famous for its local melon variety, Argosmelons (or Argitiko). There is also important local production of dairy products, factories for fruits processing.
Considerable remains of the ancient and medieval city survive and are a popular tourist attraction.
Most of Argos' historical and archaeological monuments are currently unused, abandoned, or only partially renovated:
TheLarisa castle, built duringprehistoric time, which has undergone several repairs and expansions since antiquity and played a significant historical role during the Venetian domination of Greece and theGreek War of Independence.[45] It is located on top of the Larissa Hill, which also constitutes the highest spot of the city (289 m.). In ancient times, a castle was also found on neighbouring Aspida Hill. When connected with walls, these two castles fortified the city from enemy invasions.
Theancient theatre, built in the 3rd century B.C with a capacity of 20,000 spectators, replaced an older neighbouring theatre of the 5th century BC and communicated with the ancient agora. It was visible from any part of the ancient city and theArgolic gulf. In 1829, it was used byIoannis Kapodistrias for theFourth National Assembly of the new Hellenic State. Today, cultural events are held at its premises during the summer months.[46]
The ancient agora, adjacent to the ancient theatre, which developed in the 6th century B.C., was located at the junction of the ancient roads coming fromCorinth,Heraion andTegea. Excavations in the area have uncovered abouleuterion, built in 460 B.C. when Argos adopted the democratic regime, a Sanctuary ofApollo Lyceus and apalaestra.[47]
The "Criterion" of Argos, an ancient monument located on the southwest side of the town, on the foot of Larissa hill, which came to have its current structure during the 6th–3rd century BC period. Initially, it served as acourt of ancient Argos, similar toAreopagus ofAthens. According to mythology, it was at this area whereHypermnestra, one of the 50 daughters ofDanaus, the first king of Argos, was tried. Later, under the reigns ofHadrian, afountain was created to collect and circulate water coming from the Hadrianean aqueduct located in northern Argos. The site is connected via a paved path with the ancient theatre.[48]
The Barracks ofKapodistrias, a preservable building with a long history. Built in the 1690s during the Venetian domination of Greece, they initially served as a hospital run by theSisters of Mercy. During theTourkokratia, they served as a market and a post office. Later, in 1829, significant damage caused during the Greek revolution was repaired by Kapodistrias who turned the building into acavalry barrack, a school (1893–1894), an exhibition space (1899), a shelter for Greek refugees displaced during thepopulation exchange between Greece and Turkey (since 1920) and an interrogation and torture space (during theGerman occupation of Greece). In 1955–68, it was used by the army for the last time; it now accommodates the Byzantine Museum of Argos, local corporations and also serves as an exhibition space.[49]
The Municipal Neoclassical Market building (unofficially the "Kamares", i.e. arches, from the arches that it boasts), built in 1889, which is located next to Dimokratias square, is one of the finest samples of modern Argos' masterly architecture, inErnst Ziller style. The elongated, two corridor, preservable building accommodates small shops.[50]
The Kapodistrian school, in central Argos. Built by architect Labros Zavos in 1830, as part ofKapodistrias' efforts to provide places of education to the Greek people, it could accommodate up to 300 students. However, technical difficulties led to its decay, until it was restored several times, the last of which being in 1932. Today, its neoclassical character is evident, with the building housing the 1st elementary school of the town.[51]
The old Town Hall, built during the time of Kapodistrias in 1830, which originally served as a venue for ajustice of the peace, the local government of Argos, anarm of the carabineers and a prison. From 1987 to 2012, it housed the town hall, which is now located in Kapodistriou street.
The house of philhellene Thomas Gordon, built in 1829 that served as an all-girls school, a dance school and was home to the 4th Greek artillery regiment. Today it accommodates the French Institute of Athens (Institut Français d' Athènes).[52]
The house ofSpyridon Trikoupis (built in 1900), where the politician was born and spent his childhood. Also located in the estate, which is not open to public, is theSaint Charalambos chapel where Trikoupis was baptized.[53]
The house of general Tsokris, important military fighter in the Greek revolution of 1821 and later assemblyman of Argos.
The temple of Agios Konstadinos, one of the very few remaining buildings in Argos dating from theOttoman Greece era. It is estimated to have been built around 1570–1600, with aminaret also having existed in its premises. It served as a mosque and an Ottoman cemetery up to 1871, when it was declared a Christian temple.[54]
The chambered tombs of the Aspida hill.
TheHellinikon Pyramid. Dating back to late 4th century B.C., it has elicited many theories as to its purpose (tumulus, fortress). Together with the widely accepted scientific chronology, there are some people who claim it was built shortly after theGreat Pyramid of Giza as a symbol of the excellent relationship the citizens of Argos had withEgypt.
A great number of archaeological findings, dating from the prehistoric ages, can be found at the Argos museum, housed at the old building ofDimitrios Kallergis at Saint Peter's square. The Argosairfield, located in the homonymous area (Aerodromio) in the northwest outskirts of the city, is also worth mentioning. The area it covers was created in 1916–1917 and was heavily used during theGreco-Italian War and for the training of new Kaberos school aviators for theHellenic Air Force Academy. It also constituted an important benchmark in the organization of the Greek air forces in southernGreece. Furthermore, the airfield was used by theGermans for the release of their aerial troops during theBattle of Crete. It was last used as a landing/takeoff point for spray planes (for agricultural purposes in the olive tree cultivations) up until 1985.[55]
Argos is connected via regular bus services with neighbouring areas as well asAthens. In addition,taxi stands can be found at the Agios Petros as well as the Laiki Agora square. A good road network ensures the connection of the city with the surrounding towns, villages and the rest of Peloponnese and the country.
The city also has a railway station which, at the moment, remains closed due to an indefinite halt to all railway services in thePeloponnese area by theHellenic Railways Organisation. However, in late 2014, it was announced that the station would open up again, as part of an expansion of theAthens suburban railway in Argos,Nafplio andKorinthos, however the plan never came in fruition.[56][57] Finally in mid 2020 it was announced by the administration of Peloponnese Region their cooperation with theHellenic Railways Organisation for the metric line and stations maintenance for the purpose of the line's reoperation in the middle of 2021.[58][59] As of April 2023, no steps have been taken to prepare for reopening of the railway lines, to the dismay of the local population.
View of the second and third middle school of Argos, plus of the first high school of the city(top) Panoramic view of the First High School of Argos(bottom)
Argos has a wide range of educational institutes that also serve neighbouring sparsely populated areas and villages. In particular, the city has seven dimotika (primary schools), fourgymnasia (junior high), threelyceums (senior high), one vocational school, one music school as well as a Touristical Business and Cooking department and a post-graduateASPETE department. The city also has two public libraries.[60]
For the academic year 2020–2021, the beginning of operations for a faculty of Rural Economy of theUniversity of Peloponnese in Argos was planned. However, the creation of this faculty was cancelled by the Greek ministry of education.[61]
There is a municipal children's-youth library next to the Bonis Park, and another one next to Aggeli Bobou street.[62]
The municipality was established in 1834 and operated till 1914 and again since 1925 till 2010 when it was abolished. During 1914–1925, it was downgraded into community, due to having less than 10,000 population. Before theKapodistrias reform in 1997, municipality of Argos contained only the community of Argos. First mayor was Hristos Vlassis.[63]
1834–1838 Hristos Vlassis
1838–1841, 1852–1855 Konstantinos Vokos
1841–1848 Georgios Tsokris
1848–1852 Konstantinos Rodopoulos
1855–1858 Ioannis Vlassis (and congressman)
1858–1861 Petros Divanis (doctor)
1861–1866 Lambros Lambrinidis
1866–1870 Mihail Pashalinopoulos
1870–1874, 1879–1883 Mihail Papalexopoulos (doctor, congressman, governor)
1874–1875, 1883–1891, 1893–1899 Spilios Kalmouhos
1891–1893 Haralambos Mistakopoulos (1830–1894, died in office)
1899–1903 Emmanouil Roussos (doctor)
1903–1907 Dimitrios P. Kouzis (1870–1958) (senator and congressman)
1907–1914 Andreas Karatzas (lawyer)
1917–1918 Hristos Karagiannis (president of Argos Community)
1925-22 January 1928 Aggelis Bobos (1878–1928) merchant, (died in office)
1928–1941 Konstantinos Bobos (merchant). He succeeded his brother Angelis.
Argos hosts two major sport clubs with presence in higher national divisions and several achievements,Panargiakos F.C. football club, founded in 1926 andAC Diomidis Argous handball club founded in 1976. Other sport clubs that are based in Argos:[66]A.E.K. Argous,Apollon Argous,Aristeas Argous,Olympiakos Argous,Danaoi andPanionios Dalamanaras.
The city has a municipal sports' center, an indoor gym and a municipal swimming bath that was opened in May 2021.[67]
^Athanasios Vercetis; Stavroula Petraki (2010)."Σεπτεμβρίου ΑΡΓΟΛΙΚΗ ΑΡΧΕΙΑΚΗ ΒΙΒΛΙΟΘΗΚΗ ΙΣΤΟΡΙΑΣ ΚΑΙ ΠΟΛΙΤΙΣΜΟΥ" [Argolic Archival Library of History and Culture, September].argolikivivliothiki.gr (in Greek). Argolic Archival Library of History and Culture. Archived fromthe original on 5 February 2018. Retrieved5 February 2018.
^Oliver D. Hoover,Handbook of Coins of the Peloponnesos: Achaia, Phleiasia, Sikyonia, Elis, Triphylia, Messenia, Lakonia, Argolis, and Arkadia, Sixth to First Centuries BC [The Handbook of Greek Coinage Series, Volume 5], Lancaster/London, Classical Numismatic Group, 2011, pp. 157, 161.
^Sinnegen & Boak,A History of Rome to A.D. 565 6th Ed., MacMillan Publishing, New York, ç1977 p.391
^Durant,Caesar and Christ, Simon & Schuster, Inc., New York, ç1944 p.630
^Hartmann,The Third-Century Crisis, Encyclopedia of Ancient Battles, 1st Ed.,ISBN9781405186452, John Wiley & Sons Ltd., ç2017 p.12-13
^Southern,The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine, Routledge, London & New York, ç2001, p.105-106
^Jacobs,Production and Prosperity in the Theodosian Period, Peters, Walpole, ç2014, p.69-71
^Jacobs,Production and Prosperity in the Theodosian Period, Peters, Walpole, ç2014, p.88
^abcContingent countryside: settlement, economy, and land use in the southern Argolid since 1700 Authors Susan Buck Sutton, Keith W. Adams, Argolid Exploration Project Editors Susan Buck Sutton, Keith W. Adams Contributor Keith W. Adams Editionillustrated PublisherStanford University Press, 2000ISBN0-8047-3315-5,ISBN978-0-8047-3315-1 page 28
^abEventful Archaeologies: New Approaches to Social Transformation in the Archaeological Record The Institute for European and Mediterranean Archaeology Distinguished Monograph Series Author Douglas J. Bolender Editor Douglas J. Bolender Publisher SUNY Press, 2010ISBN1-4384-3423-5,ISBN978-1-4384-3423-0 page 129link
^abc"Twinnings"(PDF).Central Union of Municipalities & Communities of Greece. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 16 October 2015. Retrieved25 August 2013.
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