Thehistory ofAnguilla runs from thebeginning of human habitation, probably via settlement fromSouth America, through itscolonization by theEnglish in theearly modern period, to thepresent day. Following a series of rebellions and a short-lived period as anindependent republic during the 1960s, Anguilla has been a separateBritish overseas territory since 1980.
The earliest inhabitants of Anguilla wereAmerindian people from South America, commonly (if imprecisely) referred to asArawaks. These people travelled to the island on rafts and in dugout canoes, settling in fishing, hunting and farming groups. Forty Arawak villages have been excavated, the largest being those at Island Harbour, Sandy Ground, Sandy Hill, Rendezvous Bay, and Shoal Bay East.[1] The Amerindian name for the island wasMalliouhana. The earliest Amerindian artefacts found on Anguilla have been dated to around 1300 BC, and remains of settlements dating from AD 600 have been uncovered. Religious artifacts and remnants of ceremonies found at locations, such asBig Springs and Fountain Cavern, suggest that the pre-European inhabitants were extremely religious in nature. The Arawaks are popularly said to have been later displaced by fiercerCarib, but this version of events and characterisation is disputed by some.[2]
The European discovery and renaming of the island is uncertain. Some[who?] claim it had been sighted byColumbus; others[who?] credit it to theFrench explorerRené Goulaine de Laudonnière during his voyages in 1564 and 1565.[3] TheDutch West India Company established a fort on the island in 1631. The Dutch withdrew after the destruction of the fort by Spanish forces in 1633.[4]
Anguilla was conquered and colonised byEnglish settlers fromSt. Christopher beginning in 1650.[5] A local council was formed, overseen byAntigua. Six years later, natives from another island attacked, killing most of the men and enslaving the women and children.[1] In 1666, 300 Frenchmen attacked the island, driving the settlers into the forests.[1] It was subsequently returned to the English by the terms of the1667 Treaty of Breda. The French army assisted by a limited number of Anglo-Irish attacked in 1688, driving the English off the island toAntigua, and periods of drought during the 1680s left conditions so poor that many Anguillians left forSt Croix and theBritish Virgin Islands in 1694.[1] During this drought laden period there were several abortive attempt to settle onCrab Island off the coast of Puerto Rico, as the island was seen as more habitable in comparison to dry and arid Anguilla. The effort to settle Crab Island was led byAbraham Howell, and saw a handful of Anguillians partake, however, the settlers were eventually forcibly evicted by Spanish forces. In 1724, the population had rebuilt to 360 Europeans and 900 Africans.[6]
In 1744, during theWar of the Austrian Succession, 300 Anguillians and 2privateers from St. Christopher invaded the French half of neighboringSaint Martin, holding it until the 1748Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle.[1] Two French frigates landed 700[1] or 1000[6] men at Crocus Bay on Anguilla in 1745but were repulsed by 150 militiamen under Governor Hodge.[1]
On 27 November 1796,[7] amid theNapoleonic Wars, the French warshipsDécius andVaillante landed 400 Frenchmen at Rendezvous Bay underVictor Hugues.[6] These were able to destroy the villages at South Hill and The Valley, but the local British regrouped on the Long Path before Sandy Hill Fort. The frigateHMSLapwing, sailing from St. Christopher under Captain Barton,[6] was able to defeat the French ships and the assault again ended in failure.[1]
Attempts were made to develop Anguilla into aplantation-based economy employing enslaved Africans, but the island's soil and climate were unfavourable and the plantations were largely unsuccessful. Despite this, slaves in Anguilla were not immune to the atrocities of chattel slavery as slaves were still subject to brutal punishment, forced labor and ill-treatment at the hands of their masters.[8] Anguilla's population is estimated to have fallen from a peak of around 10,000[citation needed] to just 2000.[citation needed] In 1819, there were 360 Europeans, 320 free Africans, and 2451 slaves.[6] Several mixed-racemulatto slaves that were children of their masters were often willed freedom and in some cases willed land.[8] In addition to the mulatto class of manumissions, there are cases of Anguillian slaves being rented for their labour to other islands and using the compensation to purchase their freedom and plots of land for paltry sums, as the land was often seen as fruitless by their previous masters.[9] The British abolished slavery in their colonies during the 1830s. Emancipation increased the number of slave runaways to the Anguilla from the neighboring French and Dutch islands, who were yet to be freed. While the plantation owners returned to Europe, the freedmen continued to eke out livings on Anguilla as subsistence farmers and fishermen. There were droughts and famines in the 1830s and 1840s. This furthered the already present destitution on the island and led to widespread poverty and suffering on the island, which in turn made theft and smuggling abundant as a means of survival. The British government attempted to send the entire population of the island toDemerara inBritish Guiana (modernGuyana) but most remained.[1] In the 19th century, the large lake in the center of the island was exploited for salt exported to theUnited States; around 3,000,000bushels were produced each year.[6] This formed the island's principal trade, althoughsugar,cotton, andtobacco were also produced.[10]
In 1871, Anguilla was forced into a federation withSt Kitts; the next year, the islands petitioned the British colonial office to permit separate and direct rule. Around this time, the population had risen to 3000.[10] In 1882,Nevis was added.[1] The population had risen to 3890 by the time of theFirst World War.[11] By that time,charcoal production had essentiallydeforested the entire island, but the expanded pastureland permitted export ofcattle toSaint Thomas.Phosphate of lime was also produced.[11]
It was not until 1951 that Anguilla had a greater say in its administration, the British colony ofSaint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla, itself part of theFederal Colony of the Leeward Islands. Between 1958 and 1962, the tri-state was part of theWest Indies Federation.[1]
On 27 February 1967 (58 years ago) (1967-02-27), Britain granted the territory ofSaint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla the status of "associated state", with its own constitution and a considerable degree of self-government. Many Anguillans strenuously objected to the continuing political subservience to Saint Kitts, and on 30 May 1967 (known as "Anguilla Day"), the Kittian police were evicted from the island.[1] The provisional government requested United States administration, which was declined. On 11 July 1967 a referendum on Anguilla's secession from the fledgling state was held. The results were 1,813 votes for secession and 5 against.[1] A separate legislative council was immediately declared. Peter Adams served as the first Chairman of the Anguilla Island Council. After eight days of negotiation on Barbados, on July 31, Adams agreed to return Anguilla to the Anguilla–St Kitts–Nevis federation, in exchange for granting Anguilla limited self-rule similar to that enjoyed by Nevis.[12] Adams agreed to support this pact in principle, but the Council rejected it, replacing Adams as Chairman withRonald Webster.[13][14] In December, two members of Britain'sParliament worked out an interim agreement by which for one year a British official would exercise basic administrative authority along with the Anguilla Council. Tony Lee took the position in January 1968,[1] but by the end of the term no agreement have been reached on the long-term future of the island's government.
On 7 February 1969 Anguilla held a second referendum resulting in a vote of 1,739 to 4 against returning to association with Saint Kitts. At this point Anguilla declared itself an independent republic, with Webster again serving as Chairman.[citation needed] A new British envoy,William Whitlock, arrived on 11 March 1969 with a proposal for a new interim British administration. He was quickly expelled.[1] On 19 March 1969, a contingent of2nd Battalion, theParachute Regiment, and 40Metropolitan Police officerspeacefully landed on the island, ostensibly to "restore order".[citation needed] That autumn the troops left and Army engineers were brought in to improve the public works. Tony Lee returned as Commissioner and in 1971 worked out another "interim agreement" with the islanders.[1] Effectively Anguilla was allowed to secede fromSaint Kitts and Nevis, receiving its first constitution on 12 February 1976. It was not until 19 December 1980 that Anguilla was formally disassociated from Saint Kitts to become a separate British dependency by theAnguilla Act 1980.[1] While Saint Kitts and Nevis went on to gain full independence from Britain in 1983, Anguilla still remains a British overseas territory.
In recent years Anguilla has become an up-market tourist destination, and tourism is one of the mainstays of the economy. Fishing is another important economic activity, and a financial services sector is also being developed. The modern population of Anguilla is largely of African descent, with a minority having European (mainly English) ancestry.[15]
