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Hindi-Urdu, also known as Hindustani, has three noun cases (nominative, oblique, and vocative)[1][2] and five pronoun cases (nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, and oblique). The oblique case in pronouns has three subdivisions: Regular,Ergative, andGenitive. There are eight case-marking postpositions in Hindi and out of those eight the ones which end in the vowel-ā (thesemblative and thegenitive postpositions) also decline according to number, gender, and case.
All the case declension paradigms for nouns are shown below.
| Case | Nominative | Oblique | Vocative | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Masculine | ending in -ā | Boy | Singular | लड़का لڑکا laṛkā | लड़के لڑکے laṛke | |
| Plural | लड़के لڑکے laṛke | लड़कों لڑکوں laṛkõ | लड़को لڑکو laṛko | |||
| ending in -∅ | Tree | Singular | पेड़ پیڑ peṛ | |||
| Plural | पेड़ پیڑ peṛ | पेड़ों پیڑوں peṛõ | पेड़ो پیڑو peṛo | |||
| Feminine | ending in -i/ī | Girl | Singular | लड़की لڑکی laṛkī | ||
| Plural | लड़कियाँ لڑکیاں laṛkiyā̃ | लड़कियों لڑکیوں laṛkiyõ | लड़कियो لڑکیو laṛkiyo | |||
| ending in -∅ | Train | Singular | ट्रेन ٹرین ṭren | |||
| Plural | ट्रेनें ٹرینیں ṭrenẽ | ट्रेनों ٹرینوں ṭrenõ | ट्रेनो ٹرینو ṭreno | |||
Some masculine words ending in -ā (likepitā andkartā) retain 'ā' throughout their declension, only adding endings -õ and -o in oblique plural and vocative plural respectively.
The declension of all the pronouns of Hindi-Urdu are mentioned in the table below:
| Case | Personal | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st person | 2nd person | |||||||
| Singular | Plural | Singular | Plural | |||||
| Intimate | Familiar | Formal | ||||||
| Nominative | मैं میں ma͠i | हम ہم ham | तू تو tū | तुम تم tum | आप آپ āp | |||
| Dative | मुझे مجھے mujhe | हमें ہمیں hamẽ | तुझे تجھے tujhe | तुम्हें تمہیں/تمھیں tumhẽ | — | |||
| Accusative | ||||||||
| Oblique | Regular | मुझ مجھ mujh | हम ہم ham | तुझ تجھ tujh | तुम ہم tum | आप آپ āp | ||
| Ergative | मैं میں ma͠i | तू تو tū | ||||||
| Emphatic | मुझी مجھی mujhī | हमीं ہمیں hamī̃ | तुझी تجھی tujhī | तुम्हीं تمہیں/تمھیں tumhī̃ | — | |||
| Genitive | ♂ | मेरे میرے mere | हमारे ہمارے hamāre | तेरे تیرے tere | तुम्हारे تمہارے/تمھارے tumhāre | — | ||
| ♀ | मेरी میری merī | हमारी ہماری hamārī | तेरी تیری terī | तुम्हारी تمہاری/تمھاری tumhārī | ||||
| Case | 3rd person | ||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demonstrative | Relative | Interrogative | |||||||||||||
| Proximal | Non-proximal | Singular | Plural | Formal | Singular | Plural | Formal | ||||||||
| Singular | Plural | Formal | Singular | Plural | Formal | ||||||||||
| Nominative | Written/Read | यह یہ yah | ये یے ye | वह وہ vah | वे وے ve1 | जो جو jo | कौन, क्या کَون، کیا kaun, kyā | ||||||||
| Said colloquially | ये یے ye | वो وو vo | |||||||||||||
| Dative | इसे اِسے ise | इन्हें اِنہیں/اِنھیں inhẽ | उसे اُسے use | उन्हें اُنہیں/اُنھیں unhẽ | जिसे جسے jise | जिन्हें جنھیں/جنہیں jinhẽ | किसे کیسے kise | किन्हें کنھیں/کنہیں kinhẽ | |||||||
| Accusative | |||||||||||||||
| Oblique | Regular | इस اِس is | इन اِن in | उस اُس us | उन اُن un | जिस جس jis | जिन جن jin | किस کس kis | किन کن kin | ||||||
| Ergative | इन्हों اِنہوں/اِنھوں inhõ | उन्हों اُنہوں/اُنھوں unhõ | जिन्हों جنہوں/جنھوں jinhõ | किन्हों کنہوں/کنھوں kinhõ | |||||||||||
| Emphatic | इसी اِسی isī | इन्हीं اِنہیں/اِنھیں inhī̃ | उसी اُسی usī | उन्हीं اُنہیں/اُنھیں unhī̃ | — | — | किसी کسی kisī | किन्हीं کنہیں/کنھیں kinhī̃ | |||||||
1 Rarely used in Urdu.
| Pronoun | Masculine | Feminine | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative | Oblique/Vocative | Nominative | Oblique/Vocative | ||||||||||
| Singular | Plural | Formal | Singular | Plural | Formal | Singular | Plural | Formal | Singular | Plural | Formal | ||
| 1st Person | Singular | मेरा میرا (merā) | मेरे میرے (mere) | मेरी میری (merī) | |||||||||
| Plural | हमारा ہمارا (hamārā) | हमारे ہمارے (hamāre) | हमारी ہماری (hamārī) | ||||||||||
| 2nd Person | Intimate | तेरा تیرا (terā) | तेरे تیرے (tere) | तेरी تیری (terī) | |||||||||
| Familiar | तुम्हारा تمہارا/تمھارا (tumhārā) | तुम्हारे تمہارے/تمھارے (tumhāre) | तुम्हारी تمہاری/تمھاری (tumhārī) | ||||||||||
Note: The formal 2nd person pronoun आप آپ (āp) does not have possessive pronoun forms, instead the genitive postposition का کا (kā) is used with the oblique case to form the possessive pronoun.
The case-marking postpositions of Hindi-Urdu are mentioned in the table below on the left, and the declensions of the genitive and semblative postpositions are on the right:
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In the table below, ♦ represents the verbal root and suffixes are added to the verb roots to construct different participles and other verbal forms.
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